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1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 Disposal of corpses in the DMZ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 - - - - - - Work in the DMZ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 - - - - - - Opening of the DMZ for North-South exchanges - - - - - - 1 - 2 - - - - 2 - - - - - - - MDL border markers - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 - - - - - - Identification of personnel, vehicles and aeroplanes - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 - - - - - - Navigation of civilian boats in the Han River - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - Arrival and departure of personnel and replacement of equipment - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 - - - - - - Withdrawal of foreign troops - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 1 - - - - - - - Criticism of political issues - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - * Source: Kukbang chôngbo ponbu, Kunsa chôngjôn wiwônhoe p’yôllam: che 2 chip, 1993, pp. 453-7. * Notes: a) The original has been reorganized by the author. b) The upper row refers to UNC/MAC, the middle to KPA/CPV and the lower to commonly raised issues. 674 Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsula
) 1960-1969 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Rearmaments - - 2 2 1 3 4 2 - 1 8 8 6 2 3 6 6 3 - 5 Reduction of military forces - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - Defending suspension of Paragraph 13(d) - 4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Large-scale military exercise - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 Violations in the DMZ 1 1 7 9 2 6 11 12 12 9 1 - 5 15 8 18 9 20 37 17 a) MDL crossings - 1 2 - - 1 5 - 2 - - - - - 2 2 2 - - - b) Shootings - - 5 6 1 1 5 12 5 6 - - 4 9 5 7 4 15 21 11 c) Militarization of the DMZ - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 1 - d) Building military facilities - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - e) Introduction of heavy firearms 1 - - - - 2 1 - 1 - 1 - - 2 1 6 3 5 13 4 f) Espionage acts - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 3 - - - - - - g) Intrusions - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - 2 h) Kidnappings of personnel - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - i) Deliberate arson - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - j) Guards’ identification marks - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - k) Violation of rules in the JSA - - - - 1 2 - - 3 - - - - - - 3 - - 2 - Opening of the DMZ/MDL - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - 1 - - - Intrusion of spies - 1 - - 3 3 - - 7 - 1 - - - - - - 1 - - Appendix 675
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KINU Research Monograph 09-15 Peace
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Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsu
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CONTENTS Acronyms Preface Acknowled
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CONTENTS 4.3 North-South Dialogue a
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CONTENTS Appendix ········
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Acronyms AA Armistice Agreement ASM
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Preface This monograph is the resea
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Acknowledgements Firstly, I wish to
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Chapter 1 Introduction
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(DMZ): “An invisible war now cont
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formation takes place nonviolently.
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the same criteria. The game theory
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News Agency, one article from a jou
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is the 1953 Armistice Agreement, wh
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1.6 Korean Names and Terminology Ko
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Chapter 2 The Foundation of the MAC
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pended, how the suspensions were en
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However, following strong pressure
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flag rank.” The other two “...
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secret designs or characteristics o
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hospital). To implement its tasks,
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cations themselves. In contrast, Sw
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as an “aide” and a soldier to c
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the way, reloading could freely be
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“Checks at the railway stations h
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the inspection teams did not work w
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fighter planes in transport contain
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Korea whether prisoners of war were
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armistice North Korea began to buil
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econnaissance flights by one airpla
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asserted that its investigation of
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On November 16, a North Korean comp
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taken photos. 41 The South admitted
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than at the plenary meetings. Howev
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ment rejected the proposal for pass
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the Korean issue should be transfer
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dispatched to investigate the incid
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At the 63rd MAC meeting proposed by
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Marshal General Headquarters. 52 Ar
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According to Weilenmann (2004), sin
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1953, was the first man to point ou
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Treaty that obligated the US to com
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were committed by North Korea and t
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without any harm to the armistice c
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ports of entry had reached a dead e
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earming South Korea in violation of
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the NNSC to work in North Korea and
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At the same time, the South Korean
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emaining teams became “subteams
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ment “... regulating the activiti
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violating Paragraph 13(d). The UNC/
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The UNC/MAC representative maintain
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Wigforss, pointed out the symbolic
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menting its provisions had become i
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to establish that the plane was arm
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The UNC informed the NNSC about its
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pointed out that the North abused t
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an informal meeting in the part of
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Swiss view was again that the issue
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alance. In a missive letter from th
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NNSC to reduce tension in the Far E
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Affairs that work was mainly routin
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2.9 The Parties’ Views of the NNS
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were also invited to get some orien
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negative peace. The defection from
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existence of a neutral commission w
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the 1956-57 events a dissolution wa
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3.1 Introduction As we saw in Chapt
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President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s
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Kim (2003) notes that since the sup
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The military build-up repeatedly ca
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illion in 1967. 106 This extraordin
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As in the late 1950s, the KPA/CPV u
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for about ten years but from the su
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When large-scale North Korean intru
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was foolish; the issue was an inter
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When the 227th meeting proposed by
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incidents had been fabricated by th
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data, that he was not a returning d
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on American and South Korean forces
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14, at about 11 P.M., shortly befor
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number of killed South Koreans fell
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woman who sold eggs in the village.
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October 21, 1966 armed ambush of a
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Before the UNC/MAC at the 289th mee
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harvest holiday) celebration. Accor
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demand was repeated at the followin
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As we have seen, in 1958 Joint Obse
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sequently removed the bodies from t
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to fish in territory that extended
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KPA/CPV convened on August 5, 1966,
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abductees were that North Korean au
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informed of the result when availab
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and kidnappings of fishermen had be
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was shot down close to the Swedish
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in the air. 143 At the 206th meetin
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North Korea over the East Sea 50 mi
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the words of Mobley (2003), a “ca
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outine training mission, with a cre
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lost and therefore flew into your t
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3.6 The Work of the MAC and the NNS
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many armistice violations were comm
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His compatriot Chief of Staff, Majo
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een fighting an ideological war at
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parties, thereby easing tense relat
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among the armistice parties that th
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Nonetheless, the woodcutters report
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estimated its risks. His view is sh
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According to Downs (1999), on the a
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which had not suffered a seizure in
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aggressors.” The “South Korean
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etaliation. Considering the game th
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According to the Swedish NNSC Deleg
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Pak tried to draw out the complete
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North Korea without South Korea’s
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of the 661st Unit of the Korean Peo
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The general reiterated that the ass
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should refuse to abandon their pres
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discuss specific arrangements for t
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of 82 former crew members of the Pu
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Following the signing of the docume
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water zone claimed by North Korea a
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Offensive launched in late January,
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controversial at the top-political
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assassination attempt on President
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Chapter 4 North-South Dialogue and
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NNSC played during the crisis but i
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The October 9 incident was raised a
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side of it not had made a request.
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The outcome was two against and two
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ecorded in Chapter 2 of having an e
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On October 24, the NNSC had receive
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for the first time to acknowledge r
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was going on in Panmunjom.” He co
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South Korea that were a battle for
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Seoul by Yi Hu-rak, Head of the Kor
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egarded as a stronger indication of
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workers carrying out routine work f
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strengthened its war preparations b
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military exercises. The South denie
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y the KPA/CPV held on January 26, 1
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een brought into the JSA and reject
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command are responsible for enforci
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UNC control. North Korea asserted o
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that the UNC and South Korea should
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clumsy and collided with the North
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North Korea admitted that it had su
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none of the crew could be rescued.
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then requested identification but s
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y the UNC/MAC, repeated the “stri
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KPA/CPV Senior Member, Major Genera
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North Korea also proposed to hold t
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maintained quiet discipline, but th
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Assembly, Second Session, convened
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tree should be pruned. That the tre
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As a result of the axe murder, the
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latter’s request addressed to the
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On August 21, work to cut down the
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and made an important contribution
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prevent the provocation. Our side w
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on August 28, the US repeated its d
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Why did the axe murder take place?
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According to Downs (1999), Presiden
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Since on November 15, 1974 steam as
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North Korean defector Kim Pu-sông
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Korean War to protect them from Ame
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North Korea to destroy all tunnels,
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past 25 years had a restraining and
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quo formed a “positive symmetry
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Chapter 5 Continued Tension but Ren
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loped in 1984-85 when a dialogue wa
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areas from the rear of the northern
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in 1981 and accusations of war prep
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of Korea. At the 417th meeting call
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also been raised at two previous me
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secretary meeting held on March 23,
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ground forces which had crossed the
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vessel followed the boat that was e
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under UNC and South Korean control
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The UNC/MAC claimed that the men we
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photographical and physical evidenc
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The North regarded the intrusion on
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the US make this assessment plausib
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opportunity to introduce security-a
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the name of the North Korean Red Cr
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NNSC conference room, as were the f
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In 1987, North Korea forwarded to t
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Korea’s liberation from Japan in
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the UNC/MAC Senior Member called th
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counterpart to provide humanitarian
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6.1 Introduction Tension continued
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protest to the South Korean governm
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of terror by the amassing of armies
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and were authorized to have officia
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women were invited to Seoul to part
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6.3 Reactivation of Dialogue and th
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the military demarcation line speci
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1991 Joint Declaration. When in May
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eopening Team Spirit, deploying Pat
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February 1998 were working contacts
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According to Lee (2001b), if the ap
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had invited North Korea to observe
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According to Lee (2001a), since 195
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were informally invited to P’yôn
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Korean peninsula.” 307 In contras
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since November 1984 (cf. pp. 349-35
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the US in reality signed the Armist
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US participated in the war to help
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meeting requested by the North, had
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the new organization demonstrativel
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new peace regime. The UNC/MAC respo
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asked forgiveness for his “grave
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was regarded as a preparation for w
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Armistice Agreement in accordance w
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At the second round of talks reques
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ecurrence, punishment of those resp
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characterized not only the MAC secr
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claimed: “North Korea’s claim t
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6.6 North Korea Expels the Czech Re
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the NNSC expressed its unanimous op
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that it would withdraw on April 10.
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friendly gesture was later interpre
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On February 9, the Deputy Head of t
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On February 24, the South Korean Fo
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oth sides; North Korea’s unilater
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According to the Swedish officer Bo
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Lhotska (1997), for both Sweden and
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However, what Mueller-Lhotska (1997
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evidently with their own consent to
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incident “only serves to further
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As we have seen, North Korea had on
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northern side when they were appreh
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signed the 1994 Agreed Framework th
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Chapter 7 Expanding Relations but C
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with previous periods. The account
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835,838 cases, 832,260 of them on l
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settling serious incidents have hel
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Korean governments began in 1972 to
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from the UNC. The investigation of
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achieve improvements in contacts in
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Agreement should be the basis for o
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enforced. Ten paragraphs remained i
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was no demand for navigation in the
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epatriation of prisoners-of-war was
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were held because of the building o
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In September, four meetings were he
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In 2002 and 2003, joint exhumations
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firing by machine guns had taken pl
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“...to ensure an independent and
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Paengnyông only about 12 kilometre
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In February, Swedish and Swiss NNSC
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7.4 Expansion of Inter-Korean Excha
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Whether this is true or not, two ye
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General Thomas A. Schwartz, stated
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The two Koreas’ different positio
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with the US continue was published
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energy supplies and technical aid.
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335). While the sunshine policy was
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to Kaesông to take place on Decemb
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services from December 1 in protest
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ealize this.” 385 On March 2, the
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“The successful launch of the sat
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the Demilitarized Zone and to the l
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the DMZ and observing US-South Kore
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8.1 Contributions of the MAC and th
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enormous damage. Also, it is virtua
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peace-keeping took place in differe
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Otherwise, its mere presence has he
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will remain so until it is replaced
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progress in the military field in p
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The axe murder is the only incident
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South Korea to the US. In the 1990s
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held in March 2009 is hard to asses
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Appendix Ⅰ Maps a) Map of the Kor
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) Map of the Joint Security Area be
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d) Buildings in the Joint Security
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Appendix Ⅱ Text of The Korean War
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Commission. Other personnel shall n
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(c) Cease the introduction into Kor
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prevent unnecessary delays, the use
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whom shall be appointed by the Comm
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33. The Joint Observer teams shall
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ment of its own as it may desire; p
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Sinanju............................
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hand them over to the Neutral Natio
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and shall visit the prisoner-of-war
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prisoners of war shall be delivered
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Article Ⅳ. Recommendations to the
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Appendix Ⅲ To the Stationmaster o
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August 8 At the ninth MAC meeting,
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November 16 At the 89th MAC secreta
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April 15 The UNC Commander in a let
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December 1 North Korea suggests a m
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August 6 At the 63rd MAC meeting, t
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armbands. July 1 The UNC Headquarte
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December 11 At the 90th MAC meeting
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March 3 At the 115th MAC meeting, t
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584 Peace-keeping in the Korean Pen
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June 24 At the 142nd MAC meeting, t
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October 22-23 Premier Kim Il Sung p
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August 19 At 186th MAC plenary meet
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September 30 The “Freedom House
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July 22 At the 227th MAC meeting, t
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Page 616 and 617:
Page 618 and 619:
March 22 North Korea reports that t
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December 30 At the 283rd MAC meetin
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October 23 At the 296th MAC meeting
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1971-1980 North Korea commits altog
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1972 January 26 At the 327th MAC me
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March 12 At the 337th MAC meeting,
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November- January 1974 612 Peace-ke
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Page 634 and 635:
March 21 Defectors Kim Pu-sông and
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August 5 At the 378th MAC meeting,
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1978 The Swiss NNSC delegation is r
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North rejects the accusation. Augus
Page 642 and 643: 624 Peace-keeping in the Korean Pen
Page 646 and 647: October 31 At the 422nd MAC plenary
Page 650 and 651: April 3 At the 437th MAC meeting, t
Page 654 and 655: 1991-99 310 corpses of American sol
Page 656 and 657: December 1991. October 1 South Kore
Page 658 and 659: January 19 North Korea declares tha
Page 660 and 661: April Both parties cease to supply
Page 662 and 663: December 1 South Korea acquires ope
Page 664 and 665: March 2 At the MAC secretary meetin
Page 666 and 667: November 14 At the MAC secretary me
Page 668 and 669: June 26 At the MAC secretary meetin
Page 670 and 671: June 22 At the seventh round of Gen
Page 672 and 673: 2001 Six UNC/MAC Secretariat-KPA Se
Page 674 and 675: December The US cuts off oil suppli
Page 676 and 677: February 25-28 The second round of
Page 678 and 679: November 7 At the NNSC consultation
Page 680 and 681: August 8 North Korea blames the US
Page 682 and 683: Appendix Ⅴ Violations claimed by
Page 684 and 685: Appendix Ⅵ Types of Violations of
Page 686 and 687: e) 1990-1993 1990 1991 1992 1993 Ai
Page 688 and 689: c) 1970-1979 1970 1971 1972 1973 19
Page 690 and 691: Appendix Ⅷ Types of Issues raised
Page 694 and 695: 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966
Page 696 and 697: 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976
Page 698 and 699: 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Page 700 and 701: Appendix Ⅸ Casualties from North
Page 702 and 703: Appendix Ⅹ Number of Proposed MAC
Page 704 and 705: Appendix XI KPA/CPV Senior Members,
Page 706 and 707: No Name Rank Mandate Period Number
Page 708 and 709: Appendix XIV Heads of Polish Delega
Page 710 and 711: Appendix XV Heads of Swedish Delega
Page 712 and 713: Appendix XVI Heads of Swiss Delegat
Page 714 and 715: Appendix XVII(a) The Neutral Nation
Page 717 and 718: Bibliography Ahlgren, Kjell. “Ins
Page 719 and 720: Commission in Panmunjom (Korea) 195
Page 721 and 722: [KINU], 2006, pp. 17-22. . “Puk h
Page 723 and 724: Europa Publications. The Far East a
Page 725 and 726: . Månadsrapport, mars 1975: Bilaga
Page 727 and 728: Harrison, William. Military Armisti
Page 729 and 730: . Slurapport: Bilaga: Generalmajor
Page 731 and 732: June 16, 2003. Accessed December 13
Page 733 and 734: Edition (2004-2006).] Hapch’am ch
Page 735 and 736: Means of Firing Power.”] In Kim,
Page 737 and 738: . “DMZ-nôn ôptta.” [“There
Page 739 and 740: day. Lerner, Mitchell B. The Pueblo
Page 741 and 742: Machiavelli, Nicoló. The Prince. C
Page 743 and 744:
Norlin, Per. “Lugnt hos svenskar
Page 745 and 746:
[Ministry of Foreign Affairs.] Prom
Page 747 and 748:
Swedish Group NNSC. Slutrapport H:1
Page 749 and 750:
. “MAC Meet: UNC Hits Dispatching
Page 751 and 752:
Werner, Finn. Månadsrapport januar
Page 753 and 754:
Agreed Framework / 384-5, 452, 499,
Page 755 and 756:
408-409, 431, 456, 472, 522 Chinese
Page 757 and 758:
in, 240, 249-250, 297 Julin, Sven /
Page 759 and 760:
peace, 42, 186, 234, 258-9, 322-3,
Page 761 and 762:
North Korea / 2, 3, 16, 17, 18, 19,
Page 763 and 764:
P’yôngyang / 25, 89, 102, 111, 1
Page 765 and 766:
Ulchin-Samch’ôk area/incident /
Page 768:
Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsu
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