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5.1 Introduction As we saw in Chapter 4, armistice violations continued throughout the 1970s, but a difference was that North-South dialogue took place for the first time. The 1976 Panmunjom axe murder was a serious violation that could even have led to war. Since the Joint Security Area (JSA) was divided after the incident, the impact of this division is analyzed in this chapter. The first section investigates rearmaments by recording data on the militarization of the DMZ, both during the 1980s and afterwards, to give a representative view of this issue that had recurred ever since the 1950s, including the zone’s impact on inter-Korean relations. Since rearmaments, the status of American troops and military exercises such as the recurring “Team Spirit” remained contentious issues within the MAC; how the Commission handled these interrelated issues is then analyzed. Whether the Seoul 1988 Olympic Games affected developments is analyzed here and afterwards. Whether the two sides’ positions differed from those previously expressed or not is also investigated. The following section deals with major armistice violations, including the incident when a Soviet citizen defected across the MDL in 1984, that were raised in the MAC. In contrast to previous chapters, no distinction is made between violations that took place on land, at sea and in the air since the number of incidents covered in this chapter is smaller. Statistics on armistice violations are recorded and compared to find out whether developments differed from or resembled previous periods. As in 1971-73, a period of thaw in inter-Korean relations deve- 326 Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsula
loped in 1984-85 when a dialogue was held and cross-border contacts took place. The background to the dialogue, how it was pursued, what concrete results it brought and why it was interrupted is analyzed with great consideration given to the role of the NNSC in the process. Whether the NNSC on its own could promote peace or not is also analyzed. 5.2 Rearmaments, Military Exercises and American Troops raised in the MAC As we have seen, the DMZ is all but demilitarized. The North Korean Captain Sin Chong-ch’ôl, who had worked 12 years in the DMZ and defected through the zone to South Korea on May 7, 1983, the 93rd defector since 1953, stated that there were 18 heavily armed, strongly fortified guard posts in his division area. Each guard post had 36 personnel assigned. There were altogether 648 well-armed men in each division sector, comprising more than half of the total number of 1,024 men authorized in the entire North Korean part of the DMZ. The number of personnel allowed on each side of the DMZ had been raised to 1,024 when “The Rules for Civil Shipping in the Han River Estuary and Related Matters” allowing 24 civil police to maintain order and enforcing the provisions of these rules in that area were approved at the 22nd MAC meeting called by the UNC/MAC held on October 3, 1953. The rules would be enforced from October 10. Captain Sin also described in detail extensive illegal fortifications and tunnels, barriers, electric fences, mines, illegal arms, including automatic weapons, machine guns, grenade launchers, anti-aircraft artillery, recoilless rifles and hand-held surface-to-air missiles in the Continued Tension but Renewed Dialogue during the 1980s 327
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KINU Research Monograph 09-15 Peace
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Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsu
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CONTENTS Acronyms Preface Acknowled
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CONTENTS 4.3 North-South Dialogue a
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CONTENTS Appendix ········
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Acronyms AA Armistice Agreement ASM
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Preface This monograph is the resea
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Acknowledgements Firstly, I wish to
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Chapter 1 Introduction
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(DMZ): “An invisible war now cont
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formation takes place nonviolently.
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the same criteria. The game theory
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News Agency, one article from a jou
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is the 1953 Armistice Agreement, wh
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1.6 Korean Names and Terminology Ko
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Chapter 2 The Foundation of the MAC
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pended, how the suspensions were en
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However, following strong pressure
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flag rank.” The other two “...
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secret designs or characteristics o
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hospital). To implement its tasks,
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cations themselves. In contrast, Sw
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as an “aide” and a soldier to c
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the way, reloading could freely be
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“Checks at the railway stations h
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the inspection teams did not work w
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fighter planes in transport contain
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Korea whether prisoners of war were
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armistice North Korea began to buil
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econnaissance flights by one airpla
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asserted that its investigation of
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On November 16, a North Korean comp
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taken photos. 41 The South admitted
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than at the plenary meetings. Howev
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ment rejected the proposal for pass
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the Korean issue should be transfer
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dispatched to investigate the incid
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At the 63rd MAC meeting proposed by
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Marshal General Headquarters. 52 Ar
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According to Weilenmann (2004), sin
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1953, was the first man to point ou
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Treaty that obligated the US to com
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were committed by North Korea and t
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without any harm to the armistice c
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ports of entry had reached a dead e
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earming South Korea in violation of
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the NNSC to work in North Korea and
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At the same time, the South Korean
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emaining teams became “subteams
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ment “... regulating the activiti
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violating Paragraph 13(d). The UNC/
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The UNC/MAC representative maintain
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Wigforss, pointed out the symbolic
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menting its provisions had become i
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to establish that the plane was arm
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The UNC informed the NNSC about its
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pointed out that the North abused t
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an informal meeting in the part of
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Swiss view was again that the issue
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alance. In a missive letter from th
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NNSC to reduce tension in the Far E
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Affairs that work was mainly routin
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2.9 The Parties’ Views of the NNS
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were also invited to get some orien
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negative peace. The defection from
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existence of a neutral commission w
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the 1956-57 events a dissolution wa
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3.1 Introduction As we saw in Chapt
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President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s
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Kim (2003) notes that since the sup
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The military build-up repeatedly ca
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illion in 1967. 106 This extraordin
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As in the late 1950s, the KPA/CPV u
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for about ten years but from the su
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When large-scale North Korean intru
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was foolish; the issue was an inter
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When the 227th meeting proposed by
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incidents had been fabricated by th
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data, that he was not a returning d
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on American and South Korean forces
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14, at about 11 P.M., shortly befor
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number of killed South Koreans fell
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woman who sold eggs in the village.
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October 21, 1966 armed ambush of a
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Before the UNC/MAC at the 289th mee
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harvest holiday) celebration. Accor
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demand was repeated at the followin
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As we have seen, in 1958 Joint Obse
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sequently removed the bodies from t
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to fish in territory that extended
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KPA/CPV convened on August 5, 1966,
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abductees were that North Korean au
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informed of the result when availab
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and kidnappings of fishermen had be
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was shot down close to the Swedish
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in the air. 143 At the 206th meetin
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North Korea over the East Sea 50 mi
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the words of Mobley (2003), a “ca
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outine training mission, with a cre
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lost and therefore flew into your t
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3.6 The Work of the MAC and the NNS
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many armistice violations were comm
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His compatriot Chief of Staff, Majo
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een fighting an ideological war at
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parties, thereby easing tense relat
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among the armistice parties that th
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Nonetheless, the woodcutters report
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estimated its risks. His view is sh
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According to Downs (1999), on the a
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which had not suffered a seizure in
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aggressors.” The “South Korean
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etaliation. Considering the game th
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According to the Swedish NNSC Deleg
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Pak tried to draw out the complete
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North Korea without South Korea’s
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of the 661st Unit of the Korean Peo
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The general reiterated that the ass
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should refuse to abandon their pres
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discuss specific arrangements for t
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of 82 former crew members of the Pu
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Following the signing of the docume
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water zone claimed by North Korea a
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Offensive launched in late January,
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controversial at the top-political
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assassination attempt on President
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Chapter 4 North-South Dialogue and
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NNSC played during the crisis but i
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The October 9 incident was raised a
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side of it not had made a request.
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The outcome was two against and two
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ecorded in Chapter 2 of having an e
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On October 24, the NNSC had receive
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for the first time to acknowledge r
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was going on in Panmunjom.” He co
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South Korea that were a battle for
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Seoul by Yi Hu-rak, Head of the Kor
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egarded as a stronger indication of
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workers carrying out routine work f
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strengthened its war preparations b
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military exercises. The South denie
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y the KPA/CPV held on January 26, 1
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een brought into the JSA and reject
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command are responsible for enforci
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UNC control. North Korea asserted o
Page 293 and 294: that the UNC and South Korea should
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Page 297 and 298: North Korea admitted that it had su
Page 299 and 300: none of the crew could be rescued.
Page 301 and 302: then requested identification but s
Page 303 and 304: y the UNC/MAC, repeated the “stri
Page 305 and 306: KPA/CPV Senior Member, Major Genera
Page 307 and 308: North Korea also proposed to hold t
Page 309 and 310: maintained quiet discipline, but th
Page 311 and 312: Assembly, Second Session, convened
Page 313 and 314: tree should be pruned. That the tre
Page 315 and 316: As a result of the axe murder, the
Page 317 and 318: latter’s request addressed to the
Page 319 and 320: On August 21, work to cut down the
Page 321 and 322: and made an important contribution
Page 323 and 324: prevent the provocation. Our side w
Page 325 and 326: on August 28, the US repeated its d
Page 327 and 328: Why did the axe murder take place?
Page 329 and 330: According to Downs (1999), Presiden
Page 331 and 332: Since on November 15, 1974 steam as
Page 333 and 334: North Korean defector Kim Pu-sông
Page 335 and 336: Korean War to protect them from Ame
Page 337 and 338: North Korea to destroy all tunnels,
Page 339 and 340: past 25 years had a restraining and
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Page 343: Chapter 5 Continued Tension but Ren
Page 347 and 348: areas from the rear of the northern
Page 349 and 350: in 1981 and accusations of war prep
Page 351 and 352: of Korea. At the 417th meeting call
Page 353 and 354: also been raised at two previous me
Page 355 and 356: secretary meeting held on March 23,
Page 357 and 358: ground forces which had crossed the
Page 359 and 360: vessel followed the boat that was e
Page 361 and 362: under UNC and South Korean control
Page 363 and 364: The UNC/MAC claimed that the men we
Page 365 and 366: photographical and physical evidenc
Page 367 and 368: The North regarded the intrusion on
Page 369 and 370: the US make this assessment plausib
Page 371 and 372: opportunity to introduce security-a
Page 373 and 374: the name of the North Korean Red Cr
Page 375 and 376: NNSC conference room, as were the f
Page 377 and 378: In 1987, North Korea forwarded to t
Page 379 and 380: Korea’s liberation from Japan in
Page 381 and 382: the UNC/MAC Senior Member called th
Page 383: counterpart to provide humanitarian
Page 386 and 387: 6.1 Introduction Tension continued
Page 388 and 389: protest to the South Korean governm
Page 390 and 391: of terror by the amassing of armies
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women were invited to Seoul to part
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6.3 Reactivation of Dialogue and th
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the military demarcation line speci
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1991 Joint Declaration. When in May
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eopening Team Spirit, deploying Pat
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February 1998 were working contacts
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According to Lee (2001b), if the ap
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had invited North Korea to observe
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According to Lee (2001a), since 195
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were informally invited to P’yôn
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Korean peninsula.” 307 In contras
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since November 1984 (cf. pp. 349-35
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the US in reality signed the Armist
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US participated in the war to help
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meeting requested by the North, had
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the new organization demonstrativel
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new peace regime. The UNC/MAC respo
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asked forgiveness for his “grave
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was regarded as a preparation for w
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Armistice Agreement in accordance w
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At the second round of talks reques
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ecurrence, punishment of those resp
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characterized not only the MAC secr
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claimed: “North Korea’s claim t
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6.6 North Korea Expels the Czech Re
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the NNSC expressed its unanimous op
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that it would withdraw on April 10.
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friendly gesture was later interpre
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On February 9, the Deputy Head of t
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On February 24, the South Korean Fo
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oth sides; North Korea’s unilater
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According to the Swedish officer Bo
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Lhotska (1997), for both Sweden and
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However, what Mueller-Lhotska (1997
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evidently with their own consent to
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incident “only serves to further
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As we have seen, North Korea had on
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northern side when they were appreh
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signed the 1994 Agreed Framework th
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Chapter 7 Expanding Relations but C
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with previous periods. The account
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835,838 cases, 832,260 of them on l
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settling serious incidents have hel
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Korean governments began in 1972 to
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from the UNC. The investigation of
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achieve improvements in contacts in
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Agreement should be the basis for o
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enforced. Ten paragraphs remained i
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was no demand for navigation in the
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epatriation of prisoners-of-war was
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were held because of the building o
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In September, four meetings were he
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In 2002 and 2003, joint exhumations
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firing by machine guns had taken pl
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“...to ensure an independent and
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Paengnyông only about 12 kilometre
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In February, Swedish and Swiss NNSC
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7.4 Expansion of Inter-Korean Excha
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Whether this is true or not, two ye
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General Thomas A. Schwartz, stated
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The two Koreas’ different positio
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with the US continue was published
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energy supplies and technical aid.
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335). While the sunshine policy was
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to Kaesông to take place on Decemb
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services from December 1 in protest
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ealize this.” 385 On March 2, the
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“The successful launch of the sat
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the Demilitarized Zone and to the l
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the DMZ and observing US-South Kore
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8.1 Contributions of the MAC and th
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enormous damage. Also, it is virtua
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peace-keeping took place in differe
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Otherwise, its mere presence has he
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will remain so until it is replaced
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progress in the military field in p
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The axe murder is the only incident
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South Korea to the US. In the 1990s
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held in March 2009 is hard to asses
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Appendix Ⅰ Maps a) Map of the Kor
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) Map of the Joint Security Area be
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d) Buildings in the Joint Security
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Appendix Ⅱ Text of The Korean War
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Commission. Other personnel shall n
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(c) Cease the introduction into Kor
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prevent unnecessary delays, the use
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whom shall be appointed by the Comm
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33. The Joint Observer teams shall
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ment of its own as it may desire; p
Page 574 and 575:
Sinanju............................
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hand them over to the Neutral Natio
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and shall visit the prisoner-of-war
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prisoners of war shall be delivered
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Article Ⅳ. Recommendations to the
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Appendix Ⅲ To the Stationmaster o
Page 586 and 587:
August 8 At the ninth MAC meeting,
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November 16 At the 89th MAC secreta
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April 15 The UNC Commander in a let
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December 1 North Korea suggests a m
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August 6 At the 63rd MAC meeting, t
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armbands. July 1 The UNC Headquarte
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December 11 At the 90th MAC meeting
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March 3 At the 115th MAC meeting, t
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584 Peace-keeping in the Korean Pen
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June 24 At the 142nd MAC meeting, t
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October 22-23 Premier Kim Il Sung p
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August 19 At 186th MAC plenary meet
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September 30 The “Freedom House
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July 22 At the 227th MAC meeting, t
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Page 616 and 617:
Page 618 and 619:
March 22 North Korea reports that t
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December 30 At the 283rd MAC meetin
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October 23 At the 296th MAC meeting
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1971-1980 North Korea commits altog
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1972 January 26 At the 327th MAC me
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March 12 At the 337th MAC meeting,
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November- January 1974 612 Peace-ke
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Page 634 and 635:
March 21 Defectors Kim Pu-sông and
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August 5 At the 378th MAC meeting,
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1978 The Swiss NNSC delegation is r
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North rejects the accusation. Augus
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Page 644 and 645:
Page 646 and 647:
October 31 At the 422nd MAC plenary
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April 3 At the 437th MAC meeting, t
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Page 654 and 655:
1991-99 310 corpses of American sol
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December 1991. October 1 South Kore
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January 19 North Korea declares tha
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April Both parties cease to supply
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December 1 South Korea acquires ope
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March 2 At the MAC secretary meetin
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November 14 At the MAC secretary me
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June 26 At the MAC secretary meetin
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June 22 At the seventh round of Gen
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2001 Six UNC/MAC Secretariat-KPA Se
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December The US cuts off oil suppli
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February 25-28 The second round of
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November 7 At the NNSC consultation
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August 8 North Korea blames the US
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Appendix Ⅴ Violations claimed by
Page 684 and 685:
Appendix Ⅵ Types of Violations of
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e) 1990-1993 1990 1991 1992 1993 Ai
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c) 1970-1979 1970 1971 1972 1973 19
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Appendix Ⅷ Types of Issues raised
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1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
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1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966
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1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976
Page 698 and 699:
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
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Appendix Ⅸ Casualties from North
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Appendix Ⅹ Number of Proposed MAC
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Appendix XI KPA/CPV Senior Members,
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No Name Rank Mandate Period Number
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Appendix XIV Heads of Polish Delega
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Appendix XV Heads of Swedish Delega
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Appendix XVI Heads of Swiss Delegat
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Appendix XVII(a) The Neutral Nation
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Bibliography Ahlgren, Kjell. “Ins
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Commission in Panmunjom (Korea) 195
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[KINU], 2006, pp. 17-22. . “Puk h
Page 723 and 724:
Europa Publications. The Far East a
Page 725 and 726:
. Månadsrapport, mars 1975: Bilaga
Page 727 and 728:
Harrison, William. Military Armisti
Page 729 and 730:
. Slurapport: Bilaga: Generalmajor
Page 731 and 732:
June 16, 2003. Accessed December 13
Page 733 and 734:
Edition (2004-2006).] Hapch’am ch
Page 735 and 736:
Means of Firing Power.”] In Kim,
Page 737 and 738:
. “DMZ-nôn ôptta.” [“There
Page 739 and 740:
day. Lerner, Mitchell B. The Pueblo
Page 741 and 742:
Machiavelli, Nicoló. The Prince. C
Page 743 and 744:
Norlin, Per. “Lugnt hos svenskar
Page 745 and 746:
[Ministry of Foreign Affairs.] Prom
Page 747 and 748:
Swedish Group NNSC. Slutrapport H:1
Page 749 and 750:
. “MAC Meet: UNC Hits Dispatching
Page 751 and 752:
Werner, Finn. Månadsrapport januar
Page 753 and 754:
Agreed Framework / 384-5, 452, 499,
Page 755 and 756:
408-409, 431, 456, 472, 522 Chinese
Page 757 and 758:
in, 240, 249-250, 297 Julin, Sven /
Page 759 and 760:
peace, 42, 186, 234, 258-9, 322-3,
Page 761 and 762:
North Korea / 2, 3, 16, 17, 18, 19,
Page 763 and 764:
P’yôngyang / 25, 89, 102, 111, 1
Page 765 and 766:
Ulchin-Samch’ôk area/incident /
Page 768:
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