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According to Lee (2001b), if the appointment had been accepted, South Korea would have been accepted as a de facto signatory power of the Armistice Agreement. North Korea would thereby lose a vital opportunity for direct negotiations with the US to turn the agreement into a peace treaty and to demand the withdrawal of American forces from South Korea. It would also become harder to coerce South Korea into accepting its unification formula through the establishment of the Confederal Republic of Koryô that had been suggested already on June 23, 1973, and to gradually absorb the South under its own terms. While North Korea had previously recognized the participation of two South Korean officers in the MAC in order to bind the South’s military to the Armistice Agreement as one party of it, following the appointment, the North declared through Radio P’yôngyang on March 27: “...it is impossible to exchange telephone messages and letters signed by the senior member and to hold meetings with the MAC in the future.” The message was conveyed to representatives of the NNSC member countries, who were invited individually to Kaesông on March 27-28. The Commission’s work after this would not be affected at all, but the hope was that the NNSC would actively interfere to cancel the appointment. However, the NNSC decided at the April 2 meeting not to respond; the issue was not one for the Commission to handle. After the appointment of Major General Hwang, North Korea did not recognize the new generals to the NNSC. The KPA/CPV Senior Member declared that in the future North Korea only wanted to maintain contacts with the US representative in the MAC to discuss Lee, op. cit., 2001(b), pp. 120, 122; Mueller-Lhotska and Millett, op. cit., p. 119. 388 Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsula
issues to be raised in the Commission. On April 6, the party paper Rodong Sinmun [Workers’ Daily] accused the US of the appointment, which was motivated by the wish “...to avoid its legal duty to replace the Armistice Agreement with a peace treaty [between the U.S. and North Korea] and to remain in South Korea permanently.” 302 On April 10, the KPA urged the UNC to arrange an informal meeting between the two Korean Senior Members to restore the functions of the MAC, but the UNC dismissed the proposal, arguing that other tactics were behind it. Moreover, the UNC/MAC Senior Member could not meet his KPA/CPV counterpart as an individual informally. On the same day, North Korea announced that the annual visit by the NNSC to Kim Il Sung’s birthday (April 15) and the Korean People’s Army’s Foundation Day (April 25) was postponed indefinitely. Additionally, since the NNSC in essence did not at all contribute to solving the issues of the Armistice Agreement, the Commission was not needed any more, which was in sharp contrast to previous views. At the 459th MAC meeting called by the KPA/CPV held on February 13, 1991, the North protested against Team Spirit ’91, which it regarded as an offensive exercise in preparation for war and demanded an immediate halt. The exercise violated the preamble of the Armistice Agreement and Paragraph 13(c) and (d). The UNC/MAC Senior Member responded that he well knew the North’s position and 302_ Bucheli, ibid., p. 66; Chông, “Nambuk wiwônhoe-ûi yangsan-gwa hyujôn ch’eje- ûi hôjôm - 7.27 hyujôn 39nyôn, chôngjôn kwalli kinûng-ûi mabi sangt’ae,” Chayu kongnon (1992.7), pp. 92, 93; Holmberg, Månadsrapport april (n. p., April 30, 1991), p. 4; Jhe, op. cit., 2000, p. 111; Kim, ibid., 2006(a), p. 86; Lee, ibid., 2001 (b), pp. 121-2: op. cit., 2004, p. 230; Sandoz, op. cit., 1993(a), p. 217. Original quotation from Bucheli, ibid., p. 66. North Korea Incapacitates the MAC and the NNSC in the 1990s 389
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KINU Research Monograph 09-15 Peace
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Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsu
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CONTENTS Acronyms Preface Acknowled
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CONTENTS 4.3 North-South Dialogue a
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CONTENTS Appendix ········
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Acronyms AA Armistice Agreement ASM
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Preface This monograph is the resea
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Acknowledgements Firstly, I wish to
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Chapter 1 Introduction
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(DMZ): “An invisible war now cont
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formation takes place nonviolently.
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the same criteria. The game theory
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News Agency, one article from a jou
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is the 1953 Armistice Agreement, wh
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1.6 Korean Names and Terminology Ko
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Chapter 2 The Foundation of the MAC
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pended, how the suspensions were en
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However, following strong pressure
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flag rank.” The other two “...
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secret designs or characteristics o
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hospital). To implement its tasks,
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cations themselves. In contrast, Sw
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as an “aide” and a soldier to c
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the way, reloading could freely be
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“Checks at the railway stations h
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the inspection teams did not work w
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fighter planes in transport contain
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Korea whether prisoners of war were
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armistice North Korea began to buil
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econnaissance flights by one airpla
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asserted that its investigation of
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On November 16, a North Korean comp
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taken photos. 41 The South admitted
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than at the plenary meetings. Howev
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ment rejected the proposal for pass
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the Korean issue should be transfer
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dispatched to investigate the incid
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At the 63rd MAC meeting proposed by
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Marshal General Headquarters. 52 Ar
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According to Weilenmann (2004), sin
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1953, was the first man to point ou
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Treaty that obligated the US to com
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were committed by North Korea and t
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without any harm to the armistice c
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ports of entry had reached a dead e
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earming South Korea in violation of
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the NNSC to work in North Korea and
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At the same time, the South Korean
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emaining teams became “subteams
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ment “... regulating the activiti
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violating Paragraph 13(d). The UNC/
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The UNC/MAC representative maintain
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Wigforss, pointed out the symbolic
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menting its provisions had become i
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to establish that the plane was arm
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The UNC informed the NNSC about its
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pointed out that the North abused t
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an informal meeting in the part of
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Swiss view was again that the issue
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alance. In a missive letter from th
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NNSC to reduce tension in the Far E
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Affairs that work was mainly routin
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2.9 The Parties’ Views of the NNS
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were also invited to get some orien
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negative peace. The defection from
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existence of a neutral commission w
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the 1956-57 events a dissolution wa
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3.1 Introduction As we saw in Chapt
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President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s
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Kim (2003) notes that since the sup
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The military build-up repeatedly ca
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illion in 1967. 106 This extraordin
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As in the late 1950s, the KPA/CPV u
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for about ten years but from the su
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When large-scale North Korean intru
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was foolish; the issue was an inter
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When the 227th meeting proposed by
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incidents had been fabricated by th
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data, that he was not a returning d
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on American and South Korean forces
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14, at about 11 P.M., shortly befor
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number of killed South Koreans fell
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woman who sold eggs in the village.
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October 21, 1966 armed ambush of a
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Before the UNC/MAC at the 289th mee
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harvest holiday) celebration. Accor
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demand was repeated at the followin
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As we have seen, in 1958 Joint Obse
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sequently removed the bodies from t
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to fish in territory that extended
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KPA/CPV convened on August 5, 1966,
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abductees were that North Korean au
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informed of the result when availab
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and kidnappings of fishermen had be
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was shot down close to the Swedish
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in the air. 143 At the 206th meetin
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North Korea over the East Sea 50 mi
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the words of Mobley (2003), a “ca
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outine training mission, with a cre
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lost and therefore flew into your t
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3.6 The Work of the MAC and the NNS
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many armistice violations were comm
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His compatriot Chief of Staff, Majo
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een fighting an ideological war at
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parties, thereby easing tense relat
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among the armistice parties that th
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Nonetheless, the woodcutters report
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estimated its risks. His view is sh
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According to Downs (1999), on the a
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which had not suffered a seizure in
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aggressors.” The “South Korean
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etaliation. Considering the game th
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According to the Swedish NNSC Deleg
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Pak tried to draw out the complete
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North Korea without South Korea’s
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of the 661st Unit of the Korean Peo
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The general reiterated that the ass
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should refuse to abandon their pres
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discuss specific arrangements for t
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of 82 former crew members of the Pu
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Following the signing of the docume
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water zone claimed by North Korea a
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Offensive launched in late January,
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controversial at the top-political
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assassination attempt on President
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Chapter 4 North-South Dialogue and
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NNSC played during the crisis but i
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The October 9 incident was raised a
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side of it not had made a request.
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The outcome was two against and two
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ecorded in Chapter 2 of having an e
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On October 24, the NNSC had receive
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for the first time to acknowledge r
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was going on in Panmunjom.” He co
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South Korea that were a battle for
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Seoul by Yi Hu-rak, Head of the Kor
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egarded as a stronger indication of
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workers carrying out routine work f
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strengthened its war preparations b
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military exercises. The South denie
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y the KPA/CPV held on January 26, 1
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een brought into the JSA and reject
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command are responsible for enforci
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UNC control. North Korea asserted o
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that the UNC and South Korea should
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clumsy and collided with the North
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North Korea admitted that it had su
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none of the crew could be rescued.
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then requested identification but s
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y the UNC/MAC, repeated the “stri
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KPA/CPV Senior Member, Major Genera
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North Korea also proposed to hold t
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maintained quiet discipline, but th
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Assembly, Second Session, convened
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tree should be pruned. That the tre
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As a result of the axe murder, the
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latter’s request addressed to the
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On August 21, work to cut down the
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and made an important contribution
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prevent the provocation. Our side w
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on August 28, the US repeated its d
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Why did the axe murder take place?
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According to Downs (1999), Presiden
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Since on November 15, 1974 steam as
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North Korean defector Kim Pu-sông
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Korean War to protect them from Ame
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North Korea to destroy all tunnels,
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past 25 years had a restraining and
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quo formed a “positive symmetry
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Chapter 5 Continued Tension but Ren
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loped in 1984-85 when a dialogue wa
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areas from the rear of the northern
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in 1981 and accusations of war prep
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of Korea. At the 417th meeting call
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also been raised at two previous me
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Page 359 and 360: vessel followed the boat that was e
Page 361 and 362: under UNC and South Korean control
Page 363 and 364: The UNC/MAC claimed that the men we
Page 365 and 366: photographical and physical evidenc
Page 367 and 368: The North regarded the intrusion on
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Page 375 and 376: NNSC conference room, as were the f
Page 377 and 378: In 1987, North Korea forwarded to t
Page 379 and 380: Korea’s liberation from Japan in
Page 381 and 382: the UNC/MAC Senior Member called th
Page 383: counterpart to provide humanitarian
Page 386 and 387: 6.1 Introduction Tension continued
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Page 396 and 397: 6.3 Reactivation of Dialogue and th
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Page 400 and 401: 1991 Joint Declaration. When in May
Page 402 and 403: eopening Team Spirit, deploying Pat
Page 404 and 405: February 1998 were working contacts
Page 408 and 409: had invited North Korea to observe
Page 410 and 411: According to Lee (2001a), since 195
Page 412 and 413: were informally invited to P’yôn
Page 414 and 415: Korean peninsula.” 307 In contras
Page 416 and 417: since November 1984 (cf. pp. 349-35
Page 418 and 419: the US in reality signed the Armist
Page 420 and 421: US participated in the war to help
Page 422 and 423: meeting requested by the North, had
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Page 426 and 427: new peace regime. The UNC/MAC respo
Page 428 and 429: asked forgiveness for his “grave
Page 430 and 431: was regarded as a preparation for w
Page 432 and 433: Armistice Agreement in accordance w
Page 434 and 435: At the second round of talks reques
Page 436 and 437: ecurrence, punishment of those resp
Page 438 and 439: characterized not only the MAC secr
Page 440 and 441: claimed: “North Korea’s claim t
Page 442 and 443: 6.6 North Korea Expels the Czech Re
Page 444 and 445: the NNSC expressed its unanimous op
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Page 448 and 449: friendly gesture was later interpre
Page 450 and 451: On February 9, the Deputy Head of t
Page 452 and 453: On February 24, the South Korean Fo
Page 454 and 455: oth sides; North Korea’s unilater
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According to the Swedish officer Bo
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Lhotska (1997), for both Sweden and
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However, what Mueller-Lhotska (1997
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evidently with their own consent to
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incident “only serves to further
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As we have seen, North Korea had on
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northern side when they were appreh
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signed the 1994 Agreed Framework th
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Chapter 7 Expanding Relations but C
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with previous periods. The account
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835,838 cases, 832,260 of them on l
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settling serious incidents have hel
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Korean governments began in 1972 to
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from the UNC. The investigation of
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achieve improvements in contacts in
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Agreement should be the basis for o
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enforced. Ten paragraphs remained i
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was no demand for navigation in the
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epatriation of prisoners-of-war was
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were held because of the building o
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In September, four meetings were he
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In 2002 and 2003, joint exhumations
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firing by machine guns had taken pl
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“...to ensure an independent and
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Paengnyông only about 12 kilometre
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In February, Swedish and Swiss NNSC
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7.4 Expansion of Inter-Korean Excha
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Whether this is true or not, two ye
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General Thomas A. Schwartz, stated
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The two Koreas’ different positio
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with the US continue was published
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energy supplies and technical aid.
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335). While the sunshine policy was
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to Kaesông to take place on Decemb
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services from December 1 in protest
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ealize this.” 385 On March 2, the
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“The successful launch of the sat
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the Demilitarized Zone and to the l
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the DMZ and observing US-South Kore
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8.1 Contributions of the MAC and th
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enormous damage. Also, it is virtua
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peace-keeping took place in differe
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Otherwise, its mere presence has he
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will remain so until it is replaced
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progress in the military field in p
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The axe murder is the only incident
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South Korea to the US. In the 1990s
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held in March 2009 is hard to asses
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Appendix Ⅰ Maps a) Map of the Kor
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) Map of the Joint Security Area be
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d) Buildings in the Joint Security
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Appendix Ⅱ Text of The Korean War
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Commission. Other personnel shall n
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(c) Cease the introduction into Kor
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prevent unnecessary delays, the use
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whom shall be appointed by the Comm
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33. The Joint Observer teams shall
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ment of its own as it may desire; p
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Sinanju............................
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hand them over to the Neutral Natio
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and shall visit the prisoner-of-war
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prisoners of war shall be delivered
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Article Ⅳ. Recommendations to the
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Appendix Ⅲ To the Stationmaster o
Page 586 and 587:
August 8 At the ninth MAC meeting,
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November 16 At the 89th MAC secreta
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April 15 The UNC Commander in a let
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December 1 North Korea suggests a m
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August 6 At the 63rd MAC meeting, t
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armbands. July 1 The UNC Headquarte
Page 598 and 599:
December 11 At the 90th MAC meeting
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March 3 At the 115th MAC meeting, t
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584 Peace-keeping in the Korean Pen
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June 24 At the 142nd MAC meeting, t
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October 22-23 Premier Kim Il Sung p
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August 19 At 186th MAC plenary meet
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September 30 The “Freedom House
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July 22 At the 227th MAC meeting, t
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Page 616 and 617:
Page 618 and 619:
March 22 North Korea reports that t
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December 30 At the 283rd MAC meetin
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October 23 At the 296th MAC meeting
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1971-1980 North Korea commits altog
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1972 January 26 At the 327th MAC me
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March 12 At the 337th MAC meeting,
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November- January 1974 612 Peace-ke
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Page 634 and 635:
March 21 Defectors Kim Pu-sông and
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August 5 At the 378th MAC meeting,
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1978 The Swiss NNSC delegation is r
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North rejects the accusation. Augus
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Page 644 and 645:
Page 646 and 647:
October 31 At the 422nd MAC plenary
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April 3 At the 437th MAC meeting, t
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Page 654 and 655:
1991-99 310 corpses of American sol
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December 1991. October 1 South Kore
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January 19 North Korea declares tha
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April Both parties cease to supply
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December 1 South Korea acquires ope
Page 664 and 665:
March 2 At the MAC secretary meetin
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November 14 At the MAC secretary me
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June 26 At the MAC secretary meetin
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June 22 At the seventh round of Gen
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2001 Six UNC/MAC Secretariat-KPA Se
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December The US cuts off oil suppli
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February 25-28 The second round of
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November 7 At the NNSC consultation
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August 8 North Korea blames the US
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Appendix Ⅴ Violations claimed by
Page 684 and 685:
Appendix Ⅵ Types of Violations of
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e) 1990-1993 1990 1991 1992 1993 Ai
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c) 1970-1979 1970 1971 1972 1973 19
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Appendix Ⅷ Types of Issues raised
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1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
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1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966
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1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976
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1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
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Appendix Ⅸ Casualties from North
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Appendix Ⅹ Number of Proposed MAC
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Appendix XI KPA/CPV Senior Members,
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No Name Rank Mandate Period Number
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Appendix XIV Heads of Polish Delega
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Appendix XV Heads of Swedish Delega
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Appendix XVI Heads of Swiss Delegat
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Appendix XVII(a) The Neutral Nation
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Bibliography Ahlgren, Kjell. “Ins
Page 719 and 720:
Commission in Panmunjom (Korea) 195
Page 721 and 722:
[KINU], 2006, pp. 17-22. . “Puk h
Page 723 and 724:
Europa Publications. The Far East a
Page 725 and 726:
. Månadsrapport, mars 1975: Bilaga
Page 727 and 728:
Harrison, William. Military Armisti
Page 729 and 730:
. Slurapport: Bilaga: Generalmajor
Page 731 and 732:
June 16, 2003. Accessed December 13
Page 733 and 734:
Edition (2004-2006).] Hapch’am ch
Page 735 and 736:
Means of Firing Power.”] In Kim,
Page 737 and 738:
. “DMZ-nôn ôptta.” [“There
Page 739 and 740:
day. Lerner, Mitchell B. The Pueblo
Page 741 and 742:
Machiavelli, Nicoló. The Prince. C
Page 743 and 744:
Norlin, Per. “Lugnt hos svenskar
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[Ministry of Foreign Affairs.] Prom
Page 747 and 748:
Swedish Group NNSC. Slutrapport H:1
Page 749 and 750:
. “MAC Meet: UNC Hits Dispatching
Page 751 and 752:
Werner, Finn. Månadsrapport januar
Page 753 and 754:
Agreed Framework / 384-5, 452, 499,
Page 755 and 756:
408-409, 431, 456, 472, 522 Chinese
Page 757 and 758:
in, 240, 249-250, 297 Julin, Sven /
Page 759 and 760:
peace, 42, 186, 234, 258-9, 322-3,
Page 761 and 762:
North Korea / 2, 3, 16, 17, 18, 19,
Page 763 and 764:
P’yôngyang / 25, 89, 102, 111, 1
Page 765 and 766:
Ulchin-Samch’ôk area/incident /
Page 768:
Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsu
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