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prevented them from escalating and resolved them and thereby contributed greatly to reducing tension and maintaining peace. 350 However, the opinions of Ch’oe and Kim that the MAC has resolved incidents does not match well with this study, albeit with a few but important exceptions. There are also somewhat more cautious evaluations of the Commission. According to Ha (2003), the MAC has not worked well owing to North Korea’s obstructions, a view that concurs with that of many observers quoted in this study. But Ha also notes that peace has been preserved thanks to the role of the UNC on the basis of the armistice regime and the American troops’ presence. The Armistice Agreement is the legal and systemic basis for maintaining peace in the Korean peninsula which, as we have seen, was confirmed when the Basic Agreement was signed in 1991. By implementing the Armistice Agreement and exercising control over the MAC, the UNC has played a decisive role in preventing war. Both the MAC and the NNSC have prevented war. In 2006, the UNC was still responsible for the administration of the DMZ and in 2008, it was the longest peace enforcement coalition in the history of the UN. Quinones (2001) notes that the MAC was for many years the only institutionalized, politically accepted and functioning channel of communication between the two Koreas. But its role as the sole channel of communication has greatly diminished since the two 350_ Ch’oe, T’allaengjôn ihu Pukhan-ûi yuenkunsaryôngbu muryôkhwa-e taehan tongin yôn’gu, 2004, p. 18; Harrison, Military Armistice in Korea: A Case Study for Strategic Leaders, pp. 18-19, 23; Kim, “1960nyôndae kunsa chôngjôn wiwônhoe-wa ‘chôngjôn ch’eje,’” 2003, p. 166; Kim, “Kunsa chôngjôn wiwônhoe (UNCMAC),” 2006(a), pp. 81, 83; Lee, Panmunjom, Korea, 2004, pp. xviii-xix. Original quotation from Kim, ibid., 2003. 462 Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsula
Korean governments began in 1972 to expand the number of officially sanctioned channels of communication such as direct dialogue and contacts through liaison offices at Panmunjom. The purpose of the dialogue was to perpetuate the armistice and not to resolve the conflict’s underlying causes, nor to promote reconciliation or pursue a durable peace (cf. p. 383). On the contrary, as we have seen, dialogue through the MAC was not negotiation but a stage for two armies to berate and belittle one another. Nevertheless, he concludes: “Although the Military Armistice Commission is more or less dysfunctional and certainly no longer the sole channel of communication between the two Koreas, the Armistice backed by deterrence’s balance of terror continues to prevent war” (cf. “balance of fear,” p. 372). Finally, Jhe (2004) records, to the author’s knowledge, the most negative recent evaluation of the MAC that was made by the Ministry of Unification in 1994, arguing that there had been hardly any cases in which incidents were resolved through dialogue and negotiations. On the contrary, North Korea had utilized the Commission as a propaganda instrument to rationalize its own opinions and attack the South. 351 Although this opinion is supported by this study, the MAC has undoubtedly contributed to securing “negative peace” but since, as previously noted, its work has been hampered by being composed of war combatants and the absence of a referee to judge on armistice violations: the degree of contribution should not be overvalued. As the highest South Korean official ever, President Kim Dae 351_ Frisk, “NNSC:s arbete pågränsen mellan Nordoch Sydkorea,” November 22, 2006; Ha, op. cit., pp. 49-51; Jhe, op. cit., 2004, pp. 99, 100; Lee, “Seoul seeks flexibility on OPCON transfer,” The Korea Herald, April 9, 2008; Quinones, “South Korea’s Approaches to North Korea,” pp. 20, 26-7, 45. Expanding Relations but Continuing Tension since 2000 463
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KINU Research Monograph 09-15 Peace
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Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsu
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CONTENTS Acronyms Preface Acknowled
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CONTENTS 4.3 North-South Dialogue a
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CONTENTS Appendix ········
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Acronyms AA Armistice Agreement ASM
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Preface This monograph is the resea
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Acknowledgements Firstly, I wish to
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Chapter 1 Introduction
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(DMZ): “An invisible war now cont
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formation takes place nonviolently.
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the same criteria. The game theory
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News Agency, one article from a jou
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is the 1953 Armistice Agreement, wh
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1.6 Korean Names and Terminology Ko
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Chapter 2 The Foundation of the MAC
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pended, how the suspensions were en
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However, following strong pressure
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flag rank.” The other two “...
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secret designs or characteristics o
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hospital). To implement its tasks,
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cations themselves. In contrast, Sw
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as an “aide” and a soldier to c
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the way, reloading could freely be
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“Checks at the railway stations h
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the inspection teams did not work w
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fighter planes in transport contain
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Korea whether prisoners of war were
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armistice North Korea began to buil
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econnaissance flights by one airpla
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asserted that its investigation of
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On November 16, a North Korean comp
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taken photos. 41 The South admitted
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than at the plenary meetings. Howev
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ment rejected the proposal for pass
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the Korean issue should be transfer
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dispatched to investigate the incid
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At the 63rd MAC meeting proposed by
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Marshal General Headquarters. 52 Ar
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According to Weilenmann (2004), sin
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1953, was the first man to point ou
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Treaty that obligated the US to com
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were committed by North Korea and t
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without any harm to the armistice c
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ports of entry had reached a dead e
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earming South Korea in violation of
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the NNSC to work in North Korea and
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At the same time, the South Korean
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emaining teams became “subteams
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ment “... regulating the activiti
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violating Paragraph 13(d). The UNC/
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The UNC/MAC representative maintain
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Wigforss, pointed out the symbolic
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menting its provisions had become i
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to establish that the plane was arm
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The UNC informed the NNSC about its
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pointed out that the North abused t
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an informal meeting in the part of
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Swiss view was again that the issue
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alance. In a missive letter from th
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NNSC to reduce tension in the Far E
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Affairs that work was mainly routin
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2.9 The Parties’ Views of the NNS
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were also invited to get some orien
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negative peace. The defection from
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existence of a neutral commission w
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the 1956-57 events a dissolution wa
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3.1 Introduction As we saw in Chapt
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President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s
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Kim (2003) notes that since the sup
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The military build-up repeatedly ca
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illion in 1967. 106 This extraordin
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As in the late 1950s, the KPA/CPV u
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for about ten years but from the su
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When large-scale North Korean intru
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was foolish; the issue was an inter
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When the 227th meeting proposed by
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incidents had been fabricated by th
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data, that he was not a returning d
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on American and South Korean forces
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14, at about 11 P.M., shortly befor
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number of killed South Koreans fell
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woman who sold eggs in the village.
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October 21, 1966 armed ambush of a
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Before the UNC/MAC at the 289th mee
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harvest holiday) celebration. Accor
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demand was repeated at the followin
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As we have seen, in 1958 Joint Obse
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sequently removed the bodies from t
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to fish in territory that extended
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KPA/CPV convened on August 5, 1966,
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abductees were that North Korean au
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informed of the result when availab
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and kidnappings of fishermen had be
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was shot down close to the Swedish
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in the air. 143 At the 206th meetin
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North Korea over the East Sea 50 mi
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the words of Mobley (2003), a “ca
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outine training mission, with a cre
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lost and therefore flew into your t
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3.6 The Work of the MAC and the NNS
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many armistice violations were comm
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His compatriot Chief of Staff, Majo
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een fighting an ideological war at
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parties, thereby easing tense relat
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among the armistice parties that th
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Nonetheless, the woodcutters report
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estimated its risks. His view is sh
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According to Downs (1999), on the a
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which had not suffered a seizure in
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aggressors.” The “South Korean
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etaliation. Considering the game th
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According to the Swedish NNSC Deleg
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Pak tried to draw out the complete
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North Korea without South Korea’s
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of the 661st Unit of the Korean Peo
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The general reiterated that the ass
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should refuse to abandon their pres
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discuss specific arrangements for t
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of 82 former crew members of the Pu
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Following the signing of the docume
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water zone claimed by North Korea a
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Offensive launched in late January,
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controversial at the top-political
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assassination attempt on President
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Chapter 4 North-South Dialogue and
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NNSC played during the crisis but i
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The October 9 incident was raised a
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side of it not had made a request.
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The outcome was two against and two
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ecorded in Chapter 2 of having an e
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On October 24, the NNSC had receive
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for the first time to acknowledge r
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was going on in Panmunjom.” He co
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South Korea that were a battle for
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Seoul by Yi Hu-rak, Head of the Kor
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egarded as a stronger indication of
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workers carrying out routine work f
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strengthened its war preparations b
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military exercises. The South denie
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y the KPA/CPV held on January 26, 1
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een brought into the JSA and reject
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command are responsible for enforci
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UNC control. North Korea asserted o
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that the UNC and South Korea should
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clumsy and collided with the North
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North Korea admitted that it had su
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none of the crew could be rescued.
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then requested identification but s
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y the UNC/MAC, repeated the “stri
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KPA/CPV Senior Member, Major Genera
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North Korea also proposed to hold t
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maintained quiet discipline, but th
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Assembly, Second Session, convened
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tree should be pruned. That the tre
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As a result of the axe murder, the
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latter’s request addressed to the
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On August 21, work to cut down the
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and made an important contribution
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prevent the provocation. Our side w
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on August 28, the US repeated its d
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Why did the axe murder take place?
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According to Downs (1999), Presiden
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Since on November 15, 1974 steam as
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North Korean defector Kim Pu-sông
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Korean War to protect them from Ame
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North Korea to destroy all tunnels,
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past 25 years had a restraining and
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quo formed a “positive symmetry
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Chapter 5 Continued Tension but Ren
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loped in 1984-85 when a dialogue wa
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areas from the rear of the northern
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in 1981 and accusations of war prep
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of Korea. At the 417th meeting call
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also been raised at two previous me
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secretary meeting held on March 23,
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ground forces which had crossed the
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vessel followed the boat that was e
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under UNC and South Korean control
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The UNC/MAC claimed that the men we
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photographical and physical evidenc
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The North regarded the intrusion on
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the US make this assessment plausib
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opportunity to introduce security-a
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the name of the North Korean Red Cr
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NNSC conference room, as were the f
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In 1987, North Korea forwarded to t
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Korea’s liberation from Japan in
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the UNC/MAC Senior Member called th
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counterpart to provide humanitarian
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6.1 Introduction Tension continued
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protest to the South Korean governm
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of terror by the amassing of armies
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and were authorized to have officia
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women were invited to Seoul to part
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6.3 Reactivation of Dialogue and th
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the military demarcation line speci
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1991 Joint Declaration. When in May
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eopening Team Spirit, deploying Pat
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February 1998 were working contacts
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According to Lee (2001b), if the ap
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had invited North Korea to observe
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According to Lee (2001a), since 195
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were informally invited to P’yôn
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Korean peninsula.” 307 In contras
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since November 1984 (cf. pp. 349-35
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the US in reality signed the Armist
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US participated in the war to help
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meeting requested by the North, had
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the new organization demonstrativel
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new peace regime. The UNC/MAC respo
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asked forgiveness for his “grave
Page 430 and 431: was regarded as a preparation for w
Page 432 and 433: Armistice Agreement in accordance w
Page 434 and 435: At the second round of talks reques
Page 436 and 437: ecurrence, punishment of those resp
Page 438 and 439: characterized not only the MAC secr
Page 440 and 441: claimed: “North Korea’s claim t
Page 442 and 443: 6.6 North Korea Expels the Czech Re
Page 444 and 445: the NNSC expressed its unanimous op
Page 446 and 447: that it would withdraw on April 10.
Page 448 and 449: friendly gesture was later interpre
Page 450 and 451: On February 9, the Deputy Head of t
Page 452 and 453: On February 24, the South Korean Fo
Page 454 and 455: oth sides; North Korea’s unilater
Page 456 and 457: According to the Swedish officer Bo
Page 458 and 459: Lhotska (1997), for both Sweden and
Page 460 and 461: However, what Mueller-Lhotska (1997
Page 462 and 463: evidently with their own consent to
Page 464 and 465: incident “only serves to further
Page 466 and 467: As we have seen, North Korea had on
Page 468 and 469: northern side when they were appreh
Page 470 and 471: signed the 1994 Agreed Framework th
Page 473 and 474: Chapter 7 Expanding Relations but C
Page 475 and 476: with previous periods. The account
Page 477 and 478: 835,838 cases, 832,260 of them on l
Page 479: settling serious incidents have hel
Page 483 and 484: from the UNC. The investigation of
Page 485 and 486: achieve improvements in contacts in
Page 487 and 488: Agreement should be the basis for o
Page 489 and 490: enforced. Ten paragraphs remained i
Page 491 and 492: was no demand for navigation in the
Page 493 and 494: epatriation of prisoners-of-war was
Page 495 and 496: were held because of the building o
Page 497 and 498: In September, four meetings were he
Page 499 and 500: In 2002 and 2003, joint exhumations
Page 501 and 502: firing by machine guns had taken pl
Page 503 and 504: “...to ensure an independent and
Page 505 and 506: Paengnyông only about 12 kilometre
Page 507 and 508: In February, Swedish and Swiss NNSC
Page 509 and 510: 7.4 Expansion of Inter-Korean Excha
Page 511 and 512: Whether this is true or not, two ye
Page 513 and 514: General Thomas A. Schwartz, stated
Page 515 and 516: The two Koreas’ different positio
Page 517 and 518: with the US continue was published
Page 519 and 520: energy supplies and technical aid.
Page 521 and 522: 335). While the sunshine policy was
Page 523 and 524: to Kaesông to take place on Decemb
Page 525 and 526: services from December 1 in protest
Page 527 and 528: ealize this.” 385 On March 2, the
Page 529 and 530: “The successful launch of the sat
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the Demilitarized Zone and to the l
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the DMZ and observing US-South Kore
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8.1 Contributions of the MAC and th
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enormous damage. Also, it is virtua
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peace-keeping took place in differe
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Otherwise, its mere presence has he
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will remain so until it is replaced
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progress in the military field in p
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The axe murder is the only incident
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South Korea to the US. In the 1990s
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held in March 2009 is hard to asses
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Appendix Ⅰ Maps a) Map of the Kor
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) Map of the Joint Security Area be
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d) Buildings in the Joint Security
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Appendix Ⅱ Text of The Korean War
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Commission. Other personnel shall n
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(c) Cease the introduction into Kor
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prevent unnecessary delays, the use
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whom shall be appointed by the Comm
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33. The Joint Observer teams shall
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ment of its own as it may desire; p
Page 574 and 575:
Sinanju............................
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hand them over to the Neutral Natio
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and shall visit the prisoner-of-war
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prisoners of war shall be delivered
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Article Ⅳ. Recommendations to the
Page 584 and 585:
Appendix Ⅲ To the Stationmaster o
Page 586 and 587:
August 8 At the ninth MAC meeting,
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November 16 At the 89th MAC secreta
Page 590 and 591:
April 15 The UNC Commander in a let
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December 1 North Korea suggests a m
Page 594 and 595:
August 6 At the 63rd MAC meeting, t
Page 596 and 597:
armbands. July 1 The UNC Headquarte
Page 598 and 599:
December 11 At the 90th MAC meeting
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March 3 At the 115th MAC meeting, t
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584 Peace-keeping in the Korean Pen
Page 604 and 605:
June 24 At the 142nd MAC meeting, t
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October 22-23 Premier Kim Il Sung p
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August 19 At 186th MAC plenary meet
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September 30 The “Freedom House
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July 22 At the 227th MAC meeting, t
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Page 616 and 617:
Page 618 and 619:
March 22 North Korea reports that t
Page 620 and 621:
December 30 At the 283rd MAC meetin
Page 622 and 623:
October 23 At the 296th MAC meeting
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1971-1980 North Korea commits altog
Page 626 and 627:
1972 January 26 At the 327th MAC me
Page 628 and 629:
March 12 At the 337th MAC meeting,
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November- January 1974 612 Peace-ke
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Page 634 and 635:
March 21 Defectors Kim Pu-sông and
Page 636 and 637:
August 5 At the 378th MAC meeting,
Page 638 and 639:
1978 The Swiss NNSC delegation is r
Page 640 and 641:
North rejects the accusation. Augus
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Page 644 and 645:
Page 646 and 647:
October 31 At the 422nd MAC plenary
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Page 650 and 651:
April 3 At the 437th MAC meeting, t
Page 652 and 653:
Page 654 and 655:
1991-99 310 corpses of American sol
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December 1991. October 1 South Kore
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January 19 North Korea declares tha
Page 660 and 661:
April Both parties cease to supply
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December 1 South Korea acquires ope
Page 664 and 665:
March 2 At the MAC secretary meetin
Page 666 and 667:
November 14 At the MAC secretary me
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June 26 At the MAC secretary meetin
Page 670 and 671:
June 22 At the seventh round of Gen
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2001 Six UNC/MAC Secretariat-KPA Se
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December The US cuts off oil suppli
Page 676 and 677:
February 25-28 The second round of
Page 678 and 679:
November 7 At the NNSC consultation
Page 680 and 681:
August 8 North Korea blames the US
Page 682 and 683:
Appendix Ⅴ Violations claimed by
Page 684 and 685:
Appendix Ⅵ Types of Violations of
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e) 1990-1993 1990 1991 1992 1993 Ai
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c) 1970-1979 1970 1971 1972 1973 19
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Appendix Ⅷ Types of Issues raised
Page 692 and 693:
1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
Page 694 and 695:
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966
Page 696 and 697:
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976
Page 698 and 699:
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Page 700 and 701:
Appendix Ⅸ Casualties from North
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Appendix Ⅹ Number of Proposed MAC
Page 704 and 705:
Appendix XI KPA/CPV Senior Members,
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No Name Rank Mandate Period Number
Page 708 and 709:
Appendix XIV Heads of Polish Delega
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Appendix XV Heads of Swedish Delega
Page 712 and 713:
Appendix XVI Heads of Swiss Delegat
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Appendix XVII(a) The Neutral Nation
Page 717 and 718:
Bibliography Ahlgren, Kjell. “Ins
Page 719 and 720:
Commission in Panmunjom (Korea) 195
Page 721 and 722:
[KINU], 2006, pp. 17-22. . “Puk h
Page 723 and 724:
Europa Publications. The Far East a
Page 725 and 726:
. Månadsrapport, mars 1975: Bilaga
Page 727 and 728:
Harrison, William. Military Armisti
Page 729 and 730:
. Slurapport: Bilaga: Generalmajor
Page 731 and 732:
June 16, 2003. Accessed December 13
Page 733 and 734:
Edition (2004-2006).] Hapch’am ch
Page 735 and 736:
Means of Firing Power.”] In Kim,
Page 737 and 738:
. “DMZ-nôn ôptta.” [“There
Page 739 and 740:
day. Lerner, Mitchell B. The Pueblo
Page 741 and 742:
Machiavelli, Nicoló. The Prince. C
Page 743 and 744:
Norlin, Per. “Lugnt hos svenskar
Page 745 and 746:
[Ministry of Foreign Affairs.] Prom
Page 747 and 748:
Swedish Group NNSC. Slutrapport H:1
Page 749 and 750:
. “MAC Meet: UNC Hits Dispatching
Page 751 and 752:
Werner, Finn. Månadsrapport januar
Page 753 and 754:
Agreed Framework / 384-5, 452, 499,
Page 755 and 756:
408-409, 431, 456, 472, 522 Chinese
Page 757 and 758:
in, 240, 249-250, 297 Julin, Sven /
Page 759 and 760:
peace, 42, 186, 234, 258-9, 322-3,
Page 761 and 762:
North Korea / 2, 3, 16, 17, 18, 19,
Page 763 and 764:
P’yôngyang / 25, 89, 102, 111, 1
Page 765 and 766:
Ulchin-Samch’ôk area/incident /
Page 768:
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