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South Korea to the US. In the 1990s, the explanation was that South Korea had not signed the Armistice Agreement, a decision that made North Korea doubt its wish to end the war. Considering tension caused by the nuclear issue and armistice violations such as the KPA declaration not to abide by the Armistice Agreement in April 1996 and the North Korean submarine incident in September the same year, the latter causing around 30 casualties, the level of negative peace remained as high as previously. However, since the nuclear issue is not included in the Armistice Agreement and the agreement’s enforcement mechanisms became severely weakened, it is somewhat difficult to compare the period with previous ones; the 1990s were the most turbulent period for both the MAC and the NNSC. Since the introduction of the sunshine policy in 1998 led to an unprecedented expansion of contacts and a fourth period of thaw that lasted until 2008, the level of negative peace was lower than ever. However the degree should not be exaggerated in view of the West Sea battles in June 1999 and June 2002 that led to more than 40 casualties, the reappearance of the nuclear issue in 2002 and North Korea’s nuclear test conducted largely because of the perceived American threat in October 2006. The sea battles are the most outstanding examples of tension raised by the absence of a sea border. The 1994 North Korea-US Agreed Framework that aimed to resolve the issue had failed since the North Koreans continued to develop nuclear weapons. None of these events led to a halt in contacts and the launch of the Mt. Kûmgang tours and the opening of Kaesông Industrial Complex. Such a situation shows that both Koreas worked to achieve some form of peaceful coexistence in accordance with the sunshine policy. 532 Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsula
The inter-Korean summit held in June 2000 led to an expansion of contacts that included the first defence minister talks, but military talks were less active than in other areas. After the summit, both Koreas confirmed that the Armistice Agreement remains valid on a few occasions. The summit opened the way for new transport corridors through the DMZ and therefore led to UNC-KPA contacts, but talks were irregular. Meanwhile, the huge discrepancy in visitors from North to South Korea in comparison with travellers in the opposite direction indicates that North Korea was more cautious about accomplishing peaceful coexistence. At the second summit held in October 2007, the two Koreas pledged to reduce military tension and work for peace. Considering long-term confrontation and that peaceful coexistence implies coexistence rather than interaction, which is a pre-condition for positive peace, it is only natural that Presidents Kim Dae Jung and Roh Moo-hyun emphasized peaceful coexistence. Peaceful coexistence should proceed a “peace regime,” an issue that had already been raised before the sunshine policy was launched. As a higher stage of peace, a peace regime should correspond to a stage of “positive peace.” In other words, it would correspond to a state of affairs creating working relations prior to the signing of a peace treaty that would officially end the Korean War. However, considering the difficulties of creating even some state of peaceful coexistence and the worsening of relations since 2008, it would require extraordinary changes to develop inter-Korean relations into such a state. That North Korea in January 20<strong>09</strong> declared all North-South agreements non-valid shows that it is very difficult to expect a re-opening of contacts at the present. The long-term impact of the UNC-KPA talks General Conclusions 533
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KINU Research Monograph 09-15 Peace
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Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsu
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CONTENTS Acronyms Preface Acknowled
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CONTENTS 4.3 North-South Dialogue a
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CONTENTS Appendix ········
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Acronyms AA Armistice Agreement ASM
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Preface This monograph is the resea
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Acknowledgements Firstly, I wish to
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Chapter 1 Introduction
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(DMZ): “An invisible war now cont
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formation takes place nonviolently.
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the same criteria. The game theory
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News Agency, one article from a jou
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is the 1953 Armistice Agreement, wh
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1.6 Korean Names and Terminology Ko
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Chapter 2 The Foundation of the MAC
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pended, how the suspensions were en
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However, following strong pressure
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flag rank.” The other two “...
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secret designs or characteristics o
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hospital). To implement its tasks,
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cations themselves. In contrast, Sw
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as an “aide” and a soldier to c
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the way, reloading could freely be
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“Checks at the railway stations h
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the inspection teams did not work w
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fighter planes in transport contain
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Korea whether prisoners of war were
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armistice North Korea began to buil
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econnaissance flights by one airpla
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asserted that its investigation of
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On November 16, a North Korean comp
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taken photos. 41 The South admitted
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than at the plenary meetings. Howev
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ment rejected the proposal for pass
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the Korean issue should be transfer
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dispatched to investigate the incid
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At the 63rd MAC meeting proposed by
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Marshal General Headquarters. 52 Ar
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According to Weilenmann (2004), sin
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1953, was the first man to point ou
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Treaty that obligated the US to com
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were committed by North Korea and t
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without any harm to the armistice c
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ports of entry had reached a dead e
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earming South Korea in violation of
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the NNSC to work in North Korea and
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At the same time, the South Korean
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emaining teams became “subteams
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ment “... regulating the activiti
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violating Paragraph 13(d). The UNC/
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The UNC/MAC representative maintain
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Wigforss, pointed out the symbolic
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menting its provisions had become i
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to establish that the plane was arm
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The UNC informed the NNSC about its
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pointed out that the North abused t
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an informal meeting in the part of
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Swiss view was again that the issue
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alance. In a missive letter from th
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NNSC to reduce tension in the Far E
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Affairs that work was mainly routin
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2.9 The Parties’ Views of the NNS
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were also invited to get some orien
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negative peace. The defection from
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existence of a neutral commission w
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the 1956-57 events a dissolution wa
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3.1 Introduction As we saw in Chapt
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President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s
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Kim (2003) notes that since the sup
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The military build-up repeatedly ca
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illion in 1967. 106 This extraordin
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As in the late 1950s, the KPA/CPV u
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for about ten years but from the su
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When large-scale North Korean intru
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was foolish; the issue was an inter
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When the 227th meeting proposed by
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incidents had been fabricated by th
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data, that he was not a returning d
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on American and South Korean forces
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14, at about 11 P.M., shortly befor
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number of killed South Koreans fell
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woman who sold eggs in the village.
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October 21, 1966 armed ambush of a
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Before the UNC/MAC at the 289th mee
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harvest holiday) celebration. Accor
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demand was repeated at the followin
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As we have seen, in 1958 Joint Obse
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sequently removed the bodies from t
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to fish in territory that extended
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KPA/CPV convened on August 5, 1966,
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abductees were that North Korean au
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informed of the result when availab
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and kidnappings of fishermen had be
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was shot down close to the Swedish
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in the air. 143 At the 206th meetin
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North Korea over the East Sea 50 mi
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the words of Mobley (2003), a “ca
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outine training mission, with a cre
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lost and therefore flew into your t
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3.6 The Work of the MAC and the NNS
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many armistice violations were comm
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His compatriot Chief of Staff, Majo
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een fighting an ideological war at
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parties, thereby easing tense relat
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among the armistice parties that th
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Nonetheless, the woodcutters report
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estimated its risks. His view is sh
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According to Downs (1999), on the a
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which had not suffered a seizure in
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aggressors.” The “South Korean
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etaliation. Considering the game th
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According to the Swedish NNSC Deleg
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Pak tried to draw out the complete
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North Korea without South Korea’s
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of the 661st Unit of the Korean Peo
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The general reiterated that the ass
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should refuse to abandon their pres
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discuss specific arrangements for t
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of 82 former crew members of the Pu
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Following the signing of the docume
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water zone claimed by North Korea a
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Offensive launched in late January,
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controversial at the top-political
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assassination attempt on President
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Chapter 4 North-South Dialogue and
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NNSC played during the crisis but i
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The October 9 incident was raised a
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side of it not had made a request.
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The outcome was two against and two
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ecorded in Chapter 2 of having an e
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On October 24, the NNSC had receive
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for the first time to acknowledge r
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was going on in Panmunjom.” He co
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South Korea that were a battle for
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Seoul by Yi Hu-rak, Head of the Kor
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egarded as a stronger indication of
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workers carrying out routine work f
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strengthened its war preparations b
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military exercises. The South denie
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y the KPA/CPV held on January 26, 1
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een brought into the JSA and reject
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command are responsible for enforci
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UNC control. North Korea asserted o
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that the UNC and South Korea should
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clumsy and collided with the North
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North Korea admitted that it had su
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none of the crew could be rescued.
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then requested identification but s
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y the UNC/MAC, repeated the “stri
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KPA/CPV Senior Member, Major Genera
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North Korea also proposed to hold t
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maintained quiet discipline, but th
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Assembly, Second Session, convened
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tree should be pruned. That the tre
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As a result of the axe murder, the
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latter’s request addressed to the
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On August 21, work to cut down the
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and made an important contribution
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prevent the provocation. Our side w
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on August 28, the US repeated its d
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Why did the axe murder take place?
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According to Downs (1999), Presiden
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Since on November 15, 1974 steam as
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North Korean defector Kim Pu-sông
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Korean War to protect them from Ame
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North Korea to destroy all tunnels,
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past 25 years had a restraining and
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quo formed a “positive symmetry
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Chapter 5 Continued Tension but Ren
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loped in 1984-85 when a dialogue wa
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areas from the rear of the northern
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in 1981 and accusations of war prep
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of Korea. At the 417th meeting call
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also been raised at two previous me
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secretary meeting held on March 23,
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ground forces which had crossed the
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vessel followed the boat that was e
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under UNC and South Korean control
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The UNC/MAC claimed that the men we
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photographical and physical evidenc
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The North regarded the intrusion on
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the US make this assessment plausib
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opportunity to introduce security-a
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the name of the North Korean Red Cr
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NNSC conference room, as were the f
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In 1987, North Korea forwarded to t
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Korea’s liberation from Japan in
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the UNC/MAC Senior Member called th
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counterpart to provide humanitarian
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6.1 Introduction Tension continued
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protest to the South Korean governm
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of terror by the amassing of armies
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and were authorized to have officia
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women were invited to Seoul to part
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6.3 Reactivation of Dialogue and th
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the military demarcation line speci
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1991 Joint Declaration. When in May
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eopening Team Spirit, deploying Pat
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February 1998 were working contacts
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According to Lee (2001b), if the ap
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had invited North Korea to observe
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According to Lee (2001a), since 195
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were informally invited to P’yôn
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Korean peninsula.” 307 In contras
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since November 1984 (cf. pp. 349-35
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the US in reality signed the Armist
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US participated in the war to help
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meeting requested by the North, had
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the new organization demonstrativel
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new peace regime. The UNC/MAC respo
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asked forgiveness for his “grave
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was regarded as a preparation for w
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Armistice Agreement in accordance w
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At the second round of talks reques
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ecurrence, punishment of those resp
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characterized not only the MAC secr
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claimed: “North Korea’s claim t
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6.6 North Korea Expels the Czech Re
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the NNSC expressed its unanimous op
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that it would withdraw on April 10.
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friendly gesture was later interpre
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On February 9, the Deputy Head of t
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On February 24, the South Korean Fo
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oth sides; North Korea’s unilater
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According to the Swedish officer Bo
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Lhotska (1997), for both Sweden and
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However, what Mueller-Lhotska (1997
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evidently with their own consent to
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incident “only serves to further
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As we have seen, North Korea had on
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northern side when they were appreh
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signed the 1994 Agreed Framework th
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Chapter 7 Expanding Relations but C
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with previous periods. The account
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835,838 cases, 832,260 of them on l
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settling serious incidents have hel
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Korean governments began in 1972 to
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from the UNC. The investigation of
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achieve improvements in contacts in
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Agreement should be the basis for o
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enforced. Ten paragraphs remained i
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was no demand for navigation in the
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epatriation of prisoners-of-war was
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were held because of the building o
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In September, four meetings were he
Page 499 and 500: In 2002 and 2003, joint exhumations
Page 501 and 502: firing by machine guns had taken pl
Page 503 and 504: “...to ensure an independent and
Page 505 and 506: Paengnyông only about 12 kilometre
Page 507 and 508: In February, Swedish and Swiss NNSC
Page 509 and 510: 7.4 Expansion of Inter-Korean Excha
Page 511 and 512: Whether this is true or not, two ye
Page 513 and 514: General Thomas A. Schwartz, stated
Page 515 and 516: The two Koreas’ different positio
Page 517 and 518: with the US continue was published
Page 519 and 520: energy supplies and technical aid.
Page 521 and 522: 335). While the sunshine policy was
Page 523 and 524: to Kaesông to take place on Decemb
Page 525 and 526: services from December 1 in protest
Page 527 and 528: ealize this.” 385 On March 2, the
Page 529 and 530: “The successful launch of the sat
Page 531 and 532: the Demilitarized Zone and to the l
Page 533: the DMZ and observing US-South Kore
Page 536 and 537: 8.1 Contributions of the MAC and th
Page 538 and 539: enormous damage. Also, it is virtua
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Page 542 and 543: Otherwise, its mere presence has he
Page 544 and 545: will remain so until it is replaced
Page 546 and 547: progress in the military field in p
Page 548 and 549: The axe murder is the only incident
Page 552 and 553: held in March 2009 is hard to asses
Page 554 and 555: Appendix Ⅰ Maps a) Map of the Kor
Page 556 and 557: ) Map of the Joint Security Area be
Page 558 and 559: d) Buildings in the Joint Security
Page 560 and 561: Appendix Ⅱ Text of The Korean War
Page 562 and 563: Commission. Other personnel shall n
Page 564 and 565: (c) Cease the introduction into Kor
Page 566 and 567: prevent unnecessary delays, the use
Page 568 and 569: whom shall be appointed by the Comm
Page 570 and 571: 33. The Joint Observer teams shall
Page 572 and 573: ment of its own as it may desire; p
Page 574 and 575: Sinanju............................
Page 576 and 577: hand them over to the Neutral Natio
Page 578 and 579: and shall visit the prisoner-of-war
Page 580 and 581: prisoners of war shall be delivered
Page 582 and 583: Article Ⅳ. Recommendations to the
Page 584 and 585: Appendix Ⅲ To the Stationmaster o
Page 586 and 587: August 8 At the ninth MAC meeting,
Page 588 and 589: November 16 At the 89th MAC secreta
Page 590 and 591: April 15 The UNC Commander in a let
Page 592 and 593: December 1 North Korea suggests a m
Page 594 and 595: August 6 At the 63rd MAC meeting, t
Page 596 and 597: armbands. July 1 The UNC Headquarte
Page 598 and 599: December 11 At the 90th MAC meeting
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March 3 At the 115th MAC meeting, t
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584 Peace-keeping in the Korean Pen
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June 24 At the 142nd MAC meeting, t
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October 22-23 Premier Kim Il Sung p
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August 19 At 186th MAC plenary meet
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September 30 The “Freedom House
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July 22 At the 227th MAC meeting, t
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Page 616 and 617:
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March 22 North Korea reports that t
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December 30 At the 283rd MAC meetin
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October 23 At the 296th MAC meeting
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1971-1980 North Korea commits altog
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1972 January 26 At the 327th MAC me
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March 12 At the 337th MAC meeting,
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November- January 1974 612 Peace-ke
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March 21 Defectors Kim Pu-sông and
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August 5 At the 378th MAC meeting,
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1978 The Swiss NNSC delegation is r
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North rejects the accusation. Augus
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October 31 At the 422nd MAC plenary
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April 3 At the 437th MAC meeting, t
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1991-99 310 corpses of American sol
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December 1991. October 1 South Kore
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January 19 North Korea declares tha
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April Both parties cease to supply
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December 1 South Korea acquires ope
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March 2 At the MAC secretary meetin
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November 14 At the MAC secretary me
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June 26 At the MAC secretary meetin
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June 22 At the seventh round of Gen
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2001 Six UNC/MAC Secretariat-KPA Se
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December The US cuts off oil suppli
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February 25-28 The second round of
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November 7 At the NNSC consultation
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August 8 North Korea blames the US
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Appendix Ⅴ Violations claimed by
Page 684 and 685:
Appendix Ⅵ Types of Violations of
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e) 1990-1993 1990 1991 1992 1993 Ai
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c) 1970-1979 1970 1971 1972 1973 19
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Appendix Ⅷ Types of Issues raised
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1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
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1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966
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1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976
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1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
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Appendix Ⅸ Casualties from North
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Appendix Ⅹ Number of Proposed MAC
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Appendix XI KPA/CPV Senior Members,
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No Name Rank Mandate Period Number
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Appendix XIV Heads of Polish Delega
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Appendix XV Heads of Swedish Delega
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Appendix XVI Heads of Swiss Delegat
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Appendix XVII(a) The Neutral Nation
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Bibliography Ahlgren, Kjell. “Ins
Page 719 and 720:
Commission in Panmunjom (Korea) 195
Page 721 and 722:
[KINU], 2006, pp. 17-22. . “Puk h
Page 723 and 724:
Europa Publications. The Far East a
Page 725 and 726:
. Månadsrapport, mars 1975: Bilaga
Page 727 and 728:
Harrison, William. Military Armisti
Page 729 and 730:
. Slurapport: Bilaga: Generalmajor
Page 731 and 732:
June 16, 2003. Accessed December 13
Page 733 and 734:
Edition (2004-2006).] Hapch’am ch
Page 735 and 736:
Means of Firing Power.”] In Kim,
Page 737 and 738:
. “DMZ-nôn ôptta.” [“There
Page 739 and 740:
day. Lerner, Mitchell B. The Pueblo
Page 741 and 742:
Machiavelli, Nicoló. The Prince. C
Page 743 and 744:
Norlin, Per. “Lugnt hos svenskar
Page 745 and 746:
[Ministry of Foreign Affairs.] Prom
Page 747 and 748:
Swedish Group NNSC. Slutrapport H:1
Page 749 and 750:
. “MAC Meet: UNC Hits Dispatching
Page 751 and 752:
Werner, Finn. Månadsrapport januar
Page 753 and 754:
Agreed Framework / 384-5, 452, 499,
Page 755 and 756:
408-409, 431, 456, 472, 522 Chinese
Page 757 and 758:
in, 240, 249-250, 297 Julin, Sven /
Page 759 and 760:
peace, 42, 186, 234, 258-9, 322-3,
Page 761 and 762:
North Korea / 2, 3, 16, 17, 18, 19,
Page 763 and 764:
P’yôngyang / 25, 89, 102, 111, 1
Page 765 and 766:
Ulchin-Samch’ôk area/incident /
Page 768:
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