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knocked him to the ground. Captain Bonifas, who had been watching the workers and therefore had not noticed Lieutenant Park’s warning, was subsequently beaten to death by at least five other KPA guards who used clubs and metal pipes from their vehicle as well as axes left behind by South Korean workers who had fled the scene after the attack. They also jumped on him. No one could lead the guards after Captain Bonifas had been attacked. The mobile strike force that was just 600 metres away and was constantly on the alert could not even move since the fighting lasted only three-four minutes. In the fighting, Lieutenant Barrett was also killed. His body was found in the forest 50 metres to the east of Checkpoint 3. 233 The incident was recorded by a movie camera from UNC Checkpoint 5 by a US corporal dispatched to be prepared in case something were to happen. It was suddenly stopped when, at about 11.07 a.m., a UNC truck driver drove his truck over Captain Bonifas’s body to protect him from further attacks. Subsequently, the guards who had previously tried to disengage but were continuously attacked and surrounded by North Korean guards scattered from the area. Ten US and South Korean guards were injured in the fighting with North Korean guards, five of whom five were injured. The guards carried pistols in accordance with the agreed rules but no firearms were used. As Hong Seuk-Ryul (2003) points out, if firearms had been used, the situation could have become worse. 233_ Chang, ibid., p. 108; Downs, ibid., p. 152; Hong, ibid., 2003, pp. 65-6; Kirkbride, ibid., pp. 30-31; Lee, op. cit., 2001(a), pp. 56-7; Yoon, “Managing the Korean Crisis: A Case Study of the Panmunjom Axe Murder Incident of 1976,” Korea Observer 31 (Winter 2000), no. 4, p. 642. 296 Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsula
As a result of the axe murder, the “United Nations Command Advance Camp Kitty Hawk” located immediately south of the DMZ was renamed “Camp Bonifas” to honour the killed Captain Bonifas. The axe murder was the first case of casualties in the JSA that was set up to maintain the armistice but, according to Hong (2003), fist blows and kicks had been exchanged by guards or other personnel in the area 25 times from July 1953 until July 1976 (some are mentioned in Chapter 4.2). Previously, 49 American soldiers had been killed by North Korea in armed clashes in the vicinity of the DMZ since 1953 (more than 1,000 South Korean soldiers were killed during the same period). Once all the KPA soldiers were safe, North Korea, just 15 minutes after the axe murder had occurred, called for a security officers’ meeting to deal with the incident. Vice Premier and Foreign Minister Ho Dam informed his press: “that U.S. Imperialist Aggression troops with lethal weapons pounced on and beat North Korean guards who had gone to protest that the tree was in their area; that the guards were compelled to take action in self-defence and that the incident was a planned provocation and that the actions were to aggravate the prevailing situation. War could break out at any moment.” 234 234_ Downs, ibid., p. 152; Försvarets Läromedelscentral, op. cit., p. 60; Hong, ibid., pp. 64, 66: op. cit., 2005, p. 277; Kim, “P’anmunjôm-ûi kilgo kin sôljôn: 25nyôn tongan hyônjang-ûl chik’yô pon Yi Chin-ho,” Chayu kongnon (1990.7), pp. 167-8; Kirkbride, ibid., p. 31; Lee, op. cit., 2001(a), p. 58; 2001(b), p. 108; Mueller- Lhotska and Millett, op. cit., p. 68; Yoon, ibid., p. 642. Original quotation marks. The view of the U.S. as an instigator remains: “The “Panmunjom incident” was a premeditated provocation of the US imperialists committed on August 18, 1976 to ignite a new war in Korea.” Also, “The “Panmunjom incident” clearly showed that the US imperialists are war provokers and the chief disturbers of world peace. Thirty years have passed since then, but the US imperialists still continue provocations for war against the DPRK.” From Kim, “Panmunjom Incident,” Naenara: Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, no. 602 (August 2006). North-South Dialogue and Tension during the 1970s 297
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KINU Research Monograph 09-15 Peace
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Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsu
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CONTENTS Acronyms Preface Acknowled
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CONTENTS 4.3 North-South Dialogue a
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CONTENTS Appendix ········
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Acronyms AA Armistice Agreement ASM
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Preface This monograph is the resea
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Acknowledgements Firstly, I wish to
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Chapter 1 Introduction
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(DMZ): “An invisible war now cont
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formation takes place nonviolently.
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the same criteria. The game theory
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News Agency, one article from a jou
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is the 1953 Armistice Agreement, wh
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1.6 Korean Names and Terminology Ko
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Chapter 2 The Foundation of the MAC
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pended, how the suspensions were en
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However, following strong pressure
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flag rank.” The other two “...
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secret designs or characteristics o
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hospital). To implement its tasks,
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cations themselves. In contrast, Sw
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as an “aide” and a soldier to c
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the way, reloading could freely be
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“Checks at the railway stations h
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the inspection teams did not work w
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fighter planes in transport contain
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Korea whether prisoners of war were
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armistice North Korea began to buil
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econnaissance flights by one airpla
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asserted that its investigation of
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On November 16, a North Korean comp
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taken photos. 41 The South admitted
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than at the plenary meetings. Howev
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ment rejected the proposal for pass
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the Korean issue should be transfer
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dispatched to investigate the incid
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At the 63rd MAC meeting proposed by
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Marshal General Headquarters. 52 Ar
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According to Weilenmann (2004), sin
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1953, was the first man to point ou
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Treaty that obligated the US to com
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were committed by North Korea and t
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without any harm to the armistice c
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ports of entry had reached a dead e
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earming South Korea in violation of
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the NNSC to work in North Korea and
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At the same time, the South Korean
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emaining teams became “subteams
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ment “... regulating the activiti
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violating Paragraph 13(d). The UNC/
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The UNC/MAC representative maintain
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Wigforss, pointed out the symbolic
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menting its provisions had become i
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to establish that the plane was arm
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The UNC informed the NNSC about its
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pointed out that the North abused t
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an informal meeting in the part of
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Swiss view was again that the issue
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alance. In a missive letter from th
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NNSC to reduce tension in the Far E
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Affairs that work was mainly routin
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2.9 The Parties’ Views of the NNS
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were also invited to get some orien
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negative peace. The defection from
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existence of a neutral commission w
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the 1956-57 events a dissolution wa
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3.1 Introduction As we saw in Chapt
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President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s
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Kim (2003) notes that since the sup
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The military build-up repeatedly ca
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illion in 1967. 106 This extraordin
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As in the late 1950s, the KPA/CPV u
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for about ten years but from the su
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When large-scale North Korean intru
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was foolish; the issue was an inter
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When the 227th meeting proposed by
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incidents had been fabricated by th
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data, that he was not a returning d
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on American and South Korean forces
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14, at about 11 P.M., shortly befor
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number of killed South Koreans fell
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woman who sold eggs in the village.
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October 21, 1966 armed ambush of a
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Before the UNC/MAC at the 289th mee
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harvest holiday) celebration. Accor
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demand was repeated at the followin
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As we have seen, in 1958 Joint Obse
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sequently removed the bodies from t
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to fish in territory that extended
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KPA/CPV convened on August 5, 1966,
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abductees were that North Korean au
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informed of the result when availab
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and kidnappings of fishermen had be
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was shot down close to the Swedish
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in the air. 143 At the 206th meetin
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North Korea over the East Sea 50 mi
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the words of Mobley (2003), a “ca
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outine training mission, with a cre
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lost and therefore flew into your t
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3.6 The Work of the MAC and the NNS
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many armistice violations were comm
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His compatriot Chief of Staff, Majo
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een fighting an ideological war at
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parties, thereby easing tense relat
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among the armistice parties that th
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Nonetheless, the woodcutters report
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estimated its risks. His view is sh
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According to Downs (1999), on the a
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which had not suffered a seizure in
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aggressors.” The “South Korean
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etaliation. Considering the game th
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According to the Swedish NNSC Deleg
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Pak tried to draw out the complete
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North Korea without South Korea’s
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of the 661st Unit of the Korean Peo
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The general reiterated that the ass
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should refuse to abandon their pres
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discuss specific arrangements for t
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of 82 former crew members of the Pu
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Following the signing of the docume
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water zone claimed by North Korea a
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Offensive launched in late January,
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controversial at the top-political
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assassination attempt on President
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Chapter 4 North-South Dialogue and
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NNSC played during the crisis but i
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The October 9 incident was raised a
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side of it not had made a request.
Page 263 and 264: The outcome was two against and two
Page 265 and 266: ecorded in Chapter 2 of having an e
Page 267 and 268: On October 24, the NNSC had receive
Page 269 and 270: for the first time to acknowledge r
Page 271 and 272: was going on in Panmunjom.” He co
Page 273 and 274: South Korea that were a battle for
Page 275 and 276: Seoul by Yi Hu-rak, Head of the Kor
Page 277 and 278: egarded as a stronger indication of
Page 279 and 280: workers carrying out routine work f
Page 281 and 282: strengthened its war preparations b
Page 283 and 284: military exercises. The South denie
Page 285 and 286: y the KPA/CPV held on January 26, 1
Page 287 and 288: een brought into the JSA and reject
Page 289 and 290: command are responsible for enforci
Page 291 and 292: UNC control. North Korea asserted o
Page 293 and 294: that the UNC and South Korea should
Page 295 and 296: clumsy and collided with the North
Page 297 and 298: North Korea admitted that it had su
Page 299 and 300: none of the crew could be rescued.
Page 301 and 302: then requested identification but s
Page 303 and 304: y the UNC/MAC, repeated the “stri
Page 305 and 306: KPA/CPV Senior Member, Major Genera
Page 307 and 308: North Korea also proposed to hold t
Page 309 and 310: maintained quiet discipline, but th
Page 311 and 312: Assembly, Second Session, convened
Page 313: tree should be pruned. That the tre
Page 317 and 318: latter’s request addressed to the
Page 319 and 320: On August 21, work to cut down the
Page 321 and 322: and made an important contribution
Page 323 and 324: prevent the provocation. Our side w
Page 325 and 326: on August 28, the US repeated its d
Page 327 and 328: Why did the axe murder take place?
Page 329 and 330: According to Downs (1999), Presiden
Page 331 and 332: Since on November 15, 1974 steam as
Page 333 and 334: North Korean defector Kim Pu-sông
Page 335 and 336: Korean War to protect them from Ame
Page 337 and 338: North Korea to destroy all tunnels,
Page 339 and 340: past 25 years had a restraining and
Page 341 and 342: quo formed a “positive symmetry
Page 343 and 344: Chapter 5 Continued Tension but Ren
Page 345 and 346: loped in 1984-85 when a dialogue wa
Page 347 and 348: areas from the rear of the northern
Page 349 and 350: in 1981 and accusations of war prep
Page 351 and 352: of Korea. At the 417th meeting call
Page 353 and 354: also been raised at two previous me
Page 355 and 356: secretary meeting held on March 23,
Page 357 and 358: ground forces which had crossed the
Page 359 and 360: vessel followed the boat that was e
Page 361 and 362: under UNC and South Korean control
Page 363 and 364: The UNC/MAC claimed that the men we
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photographical and physical evidenc
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The North regarded the intrusion on
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the US make this assessment plausib
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opportunity to introduce security-a
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the name of the North Korean Red Cr
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NNSC conference room, as were the f
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In 1987, North Korea forwarded to t
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Korea’s liberation from Japan in
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the UNC/MAC Senior Member called th
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counterpart to provide humanitarian
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6.1 Introduction Tension continued
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protest to the South Korean governm
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of terror by the amassing of armies
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and were authorized to have officia
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women were invited to Seoul to part
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6.3 Reactivation of Dialogue and th
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the military demarcation line speci
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1991 Joint Declaration. When in May
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eopening Team Spirit, deploying Pat
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February 1998 were working contacts
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According to Lee (2001b), if the ap
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had invited North Korea to observe
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According to Lee (2001a), since 195
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were informally invited to P’yôn
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Korean peninsula.” 307 In contras
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since November 1984 (cf. pp. 349-35
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the US in reality signed the Armist
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US participated in the war to help
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meeting requested by the North, had
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the new organization demonstrativel
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new peace regime. The UNC/MAC respo
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asked forgiveness for his “grave
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was regarded as a preparation for w
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Armistice Agreement in accordance w
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At the second round of talks reques
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ecurrence, punishment of those resp
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characterized not only the MAC secr
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claimed: “North Korea’s claim t
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6.6 North Korea Expels the Czech Re
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the NNSC expressed its unanimous op
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that it would withdraw on April 10.
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friendly gesture was later interpre
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On February 9, the Deputy Head of t
Page 452 and 453:
On February 24, the South Korean Fo
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oth sides; North Korea’s unilater
Page 456 and 457:
According to the Swedish officer Bo
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Lhotska (1997), for both Sweden and
Page 460 and 461:
However, what Mueller-Lhotska (1997
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evidently with their own consent to
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incident “only serves to further
Page 466 and 467:
As we have seen, North Korea had on
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northern side when they were appreh
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signed the 1994 Agreed Framework th
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Chapter 7 Expanding Relations but C
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with previous periods. The account
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835,838 cases, 832,260 of them on l
Page 479 and 480:
settling serious incidents have hel
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Korean governments began in 1972 to
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from the UNC. The investigation of
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achieve improvements in contacts in
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Agreement should be the basis for o
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enforced. Ten paragraphs remained i
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was no demand for navigation in the
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epatriation of prisoners-of-war was
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were held because of the building o
Page 497 and 498:
In September, four meetings were he
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In 2002 and 2003, joint exhumations
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firing by machine guns had taken pl
Page 503 and 504:
“...to ensure an independent and
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Paengnyông only about 12 kilometre
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In February, Swedish and Swiss NNSC
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7.4 Expansion of Inter-Korean Excha
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Whether this is true or not, two ye
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General Thomas A. Schwartz, stated
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The two Koreas’ different positio
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with the US continue was published
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energy supplies and technical aid.
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335). While the sunshine policy was
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to Kaesông to take place on Decemb
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services from December 1 in protest
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ealize this.” 385 On March 2, the
Page 529 and 530:
“The successful launch of the sat
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the Demilitarized Zone and to the l
Page 533:
the DMZ and observing US-South Kore
Page 536 and 537:
8.1 Contributions of the MAC and th
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enormous damage. Also, it is virtua
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peace-keeping took place in differe
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Otherwise, its mere presence has he
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will remain so until it is replaced
Page 546 and 547:
progress in the military field in p
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The axe murder is the only incident
Page 550 and 551:
South Korea to the US. In the 1990s
Page 552 and 553:
held in March 2009 is hard to asses
Page 554 and 555:
Appendix Ⅰ Maps a) Map of the Kor
Page 556 and 557:
) Map of the Joint Security Area be
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d) Buildings in the Joint Security
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Appendix Ⅱ Text of The Korean War
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Commission. Other personnel shall n
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(c) Cease the introduction into Kor
Page 566 and 567:
prevent unnecessary delays, the use
Page 568 and 569:
whom shall be appointed by the Comm
Page 570 and 571:
33. The Joint Observer teams shall
Page 572 and 573:
ment of its own as it may desire; p
Page 574 and 575:
Sinanju............................
Page 576 and 577:
hand them over to the Neutral Natio
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and shall visit the prisoner-of-war
Page 580 and 581:
prisoners of war shall be delivered
Page 582 and 583:
Article Ⅳ. Recommendations to the
Page 584 and 585:
Appendix Ⅲ To the Stationmaster o
Page 586 and 587:
August 8 At the ninth MAC meeting,
Page 588 and 589:
November 16 At the 89th MAC secreta
Page 590 and 591:
April 15 The UNC Commander in a let
Page 592 and 593:
December 1 North Korea suggests a m
Page 594 and 595:
August 6 At the 63rd MAC meeting, t
Page 596 and 597:
armbands. July 1 The UNC Headquarte
Page 598 and 599:
December 11 At the 90th MAC meeting
Page 600 and 601:
March 3 At the 115th MAC meeting, t
Page 602 and 603:
584 Peace-keeping in the Korean Pen
Page 604 and 605:
June 24 At the 142nd MAC meeting, t
Page 606 and 607:
October 22-23 Premier Kim Il Sung p
Page 608 and 609:
August 19 At 186th MAC plenary meet
Page 610 and 611:
September 30 The “Freedom House
Page 612 and 613:
July 22 At the 227th MAC meeting, t
Page 614 and 615:
Page 616 and 617:
Page 618 and 619:
March 22 North Korea reports that t
Page 620 and 621:
December 30 At the 283rd MAC meetin
Page 622 and 623:
October 23 At the 296th MAC meeting
Page 624 and 625:
1971-1980 North Korea commits altog
Page 626 and 627:
1972 January 26 At the 327th MAC me
Page 628 and 629:
March 12 At the 337th MAC meeting,
Page 630 and 631:
November- January 1974 612 Peace-ke
Page 632 and 633:
Page 634 and 635:
March 21 Defectors Kim Pu-sông and
Page 636 and 637:
August 5 At the 378th MAC meeting,
Page 638 and 639:
1978 The Swiss NNSC delegation is r
Page 640 and 641:
North rejects the accusation. Augus
Page 642 and 643:
Page 644 and 645:
Page 646 and 647:
October 31 At the 422nd MAC plenary
Page 648 and 649:
Page 650 and 651:
April 3 At the 437th MAC meeting, t
Page 652 and 653:
Page 654 and 655:
1991-99 310 corpses of American sol
Page 656 and 657:
December 1991. October 1 South Kore
Page 658 and 659:
January 19 North Korea declares tha
Page 660 and 661:
April Both parties cease to supply
Page 662 and 663:
December 1 South Korea acquires ope
Page 664 and 665:
March 2 At the MAC secretary meetin
Page 666 and 667:
November 14 At the MAC secretary me
Page 668 and 669:
June 26 At the MAC secretary meetin
Page 670 and 671:
June 22 At the seventh round of Gen
Page 672 and 673:
2001 Six UNC/MAC Secretariat-KPA Se
Page 674 and 675:
December The US cuts off oil suppli
Page 676 and 677:
February 25-28 The second round of
Page 678 and 679:
November 7 At the NNSC consultation
Page 680 and 681:
August 8 North Korea blames the US
Page 682 and 683:
Appendix Ⅴ Violations claimed by
Page 684 and 685:
Appendix Ⅵ Types of Violations of
Page 686 and 687:
e) 1990-1993 1990 1991 1992 1993 Ai
Page 688 and 689:
c) 1970-1979 1970 1971 1972 1973 19
Page 690 and 691:
Appendix Ⅷ Types of Issues raised
Page 692 and 693:
1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
Page 694 and 695:
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966
Page 696 and 697:
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976
Page 698 and 699:
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Page 700 and 701:
Appendix Ⅸ Casualties from North
Page 702 and 703:
Appendix Ⅹ Number of Proposed MAC
Page 704 and 705:
Appendix XI KPA/CPV Senior Members,
Page 706 and 707:
No Name Rank Mandate Period Number
Page 708 and 709:
Appendix XIV Heads of Polish Delega
Page 710 and 711:
Appendix XV Heads of Swedish Delega
Page 712 and 713:
Appendix XVI Heads of Swiss Delegat
Page 714 and 715:
Appendix XVII(a) The Neutral Nation
Page 717 and 718:
Bibliography Ahlgren, Kjell. “Ins
Page 719 and 720:
Commission in Panmunjom (Korea) 195
Page 721 and 722:
[KINU], 2006, pp. 17-22. . “Puk h
Page 723 and 724:
Europa Publications. The Far East a
Page 725 and 726:
. Månadsrapport, mars 1975: Bilaga
Page 727 and 728:
Harrison, William. Military Armisti
Page 729 and 730:
. Slurapport: Bilaga: Generalmajor
Page 731 and 732:
June 16, 2003. Accessed December 13
Page 733 and 734:
Edition (2004-2006).] Hapch’am ch
Page 735 and 736:
Means of Firing Power.”] In Kim,
Page 737 and 738:
. “DMZ-nôn ôptta.” [“There
Page 739 and 740:
day. Lerner, Mitchell B. The Pueblo
Page 741 and 742:
Machiavelli, Nicoló. The Prince. C
Page 743 and 744:
Norlin, Per. “Lugnt hos svenskar
Page 745 and 746:
[Ministry of Foreign Affairs.] Prom
Page 747 and 748:
Swedish Group NNSC. Slutrapport H:1
Page 749 and 750:
. “MAC Meet: UNC Hits Dispatching
Page 751 and 752:
Werner, Finn. Månadsrapport januar
Page 753 and 754:
Agreed Framework / 384-5, 452, 499,
Page 755 and 756:
408-409, 431, 456, 472, 522 Chinese
Page 757 and 758:
in, 240, 249-250, 297 Julin, Sven /
Page 759 and 760:
peace, 42, 186, 234, 258-9, 322-3,
Page 761 and 762:
North Korea / 2, 3, 16, 17, 18, 19,
Page 763 and 764:
P’yôngyang / 25, 89, 102, 111, 1
Page 765 and 766:
Ulchin-Samch’ôk area/incident /
Page 768:
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