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April Both parties cease to supply data on armistice violations that had been provided since 1953. April 28 The North Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs makes a proposal to the US to hold negotiations for establishing a peace treaty replacing the Armistice Agreement. North Korea declares that the “NNSC cannot exist since the MAC has disappeared“ and urges Poland to withdraw. April 29 North Korea pulls out of the MAC. 642 Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsula Around 40 armed North Korean soldiers appear in the Joint Security Area. After the UNC protests against the action, the soldiers withdraw about three hours later. April 30 At the MAC secretary meeting, the South protests against the serious violation that took place for five hours. The North argues that the UNC had threatened them and that the guards’ leader had decided to take defensive measures. The UNC questions this statement. The North Korean air force conducts an exceptional exercise with fighter planes heading southwards. May 3 The South Korean Ministry of Unification declares that North Korea’s policy to incapacitate the MAC in order to replace the Armistice Agreement with a North Korea-US peace treaty violates the Agreement, Paragraph 62, and the Basic Agreement, Article 5. May 6 The UNC/MAC declares its opposition to North Korea’s policy to incapacitate the NNSC, but the North argues that it was not a matter for the South to interfere in. May 24 North Korea sets up the KPA Panmunjom Mission to replace the MAC but in reality the organs co-existed. The UNC did not recognize the mission. May 30 North Korea removes almost all its equipment from the MAC conference room. Speakers and electric cables are removed from the northern part of the NNSC conference room.
June Former President Jimmy Carter visits P’yôngyang and meets President Kim Il Sung, who promises that North Korea would suspend its nuclear programme. June 6 The UNC/MAC protests the KPA/CPV withdrawal from the MAC. The Armistice Agreement could only be changed on the basis of mutual consent. The South protests North Korea’s policy to expel Poland from the NNSC, but the KPA refuses to participate. June 10 The IAEA passes a resolution that suspends its technical assistance to North Korea, which responds by announcing its withdrawal from the agency. June 22 At the MAC secretary meeting, the North expresses its intention to sign a peace treaty with the US. The South repeats its criticism of the withdrawal from the MAC. July 8 Kim Il Sung dies. Since South Korea sends no condolences, virtually no North-South talks are held until 1998. August 30 China announces that its MAC Delegation would be withdrawn. The Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs officially announces the decision on September 1. September 8 At the MAC secretary meeting, the North proposes talks between the KPA and the US Army to replace the non- functioning MAC with a new peace regime. The South responds that the MAC was paralyzed due to the North’s policies and that it could not accept the proposal. October 21 North Korea and the US sign the Agreed Framework. November 15 At the MAC secretary meeting, the South is ready to participate in talks to revise the Armistice Agreement that would involve both parties. The North blames the South for armistice violations and the appointment of a South Korean general as UNC/MAC Senior Member. The North Korean Foreign Ministry declares in an official letter to Poland that its mandate in the NNSC had ended. Appendix 643
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KINU Research Monograph 09-15 Peace
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Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsu
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CONTENTS Acronyms Preface Acknowled
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CONTENTS 4.3 North-South Dialogue a
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CONTENTS Appendix ········
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Acronyms AA Armistice Agreement ASM
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Preface This monograph is the resea
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Acknowledgements Firstly, I wish to
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Chapter 1 Introduction
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(DMZ): “An invisible war now cont
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formation takes place nonviolently.
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the same criteria. The game theory
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News Agency, one article from a jou
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is the 1953 Armistice Agreement, wh
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1.6 Korean Names and Terminology Ko
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Chapter 2 The Foundation of the MAC
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pended, how the suspensions were en
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However, following strong pressure
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flag rank.” The other two “...
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secret designs or characteristics o
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hospital). To implement its tasks,
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cations themselves. In contrast, Sw
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as an “aide” and a soldier to c
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the way, reloading could freely be
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“Checks at the railway stations h
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the inspection teams did not work w
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fighter planes in transport contain
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Korea whether prisoners of war were
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armistice North Korea began to buil
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econnaissance flights by one airpla
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asserted that its investigation of
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On November 16, a North Korean comp
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taken photos. 41 The South admitted
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than at the plenary meetings. Howev
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ment rejected the proposal for pass
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the Korean issue should be transfer
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dispatched to investigate the incid
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At the 63rd MAC meeting proposed by
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Marshal General Headquarters. 52 Ar
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According to Weilenmann (2004), sin
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1953, was the first man to point ou
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Treaty that obligated the US to com
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were committed by North Korea and t
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without any harm to the armistice c
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ports of entry had reached a dead e
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earming South Korea in violation of
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the NNSC to work in North Korea and
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At the same time, the South Korean
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emaining teams became “subteams
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ment “... regulating the activiti
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violating Paragraph 13(d). The UNC/
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The UNC/MAC representative maintain
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Wigforss, pointed out the symbolic
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menting its provisions had become i
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to establish that the plane was arm
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The UNC informed the NNSC about its
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pointed out that the North abused t
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an informal meeting in the part of
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Swiss view was again that the issue
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alance. In a missive letter from th
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NNSC to reduce tension in the Far E
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Affairs that work was mainly routin
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2.9 The Parties’ Views of the NNS
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were also invited to get some orien
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negative peace. The defection from
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existence of a neutral commission w
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the 1956-57 events a dissolution wa
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3.1 Introduction As we saw in Chapt
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President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s
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Kim (2003) notes that since the sup
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The military build-up repeatedly ca
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illion in 1967. 106 This extraordin
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As in the late 1950s, the KPA/CPV u
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for about ten years but from the su
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When large-scale North Korean intru
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was foolish; the issue was an inter
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When the 227th meeting proposed by
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incidents had been fabricated by th
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data, that he was not a returning d
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on American and South Korean forces
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14, at about 11 P.M., shortly befor
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number of killed South Koreans fell
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woman who sold eggs in the village.
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October 21, 1966 armed ambush of a
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Before the UNC/MAC at the 289th mee
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harvest holiday) celebration. Accor
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demand was repeated at the followin
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As we have seen, in 1958 Joint Obse
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sequently removed the bodies from t
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to fish in territory that extended
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KPA/CPV convened on August 5, 1966,
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abductees were that North Korean au
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informed of the result when availab
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and kidnappings of fishermen had be
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was shot down close to the Swedish
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in the air. 143 At the 206th meetin
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North Korea over the East Sea 50 mi
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the words of Mobley (2003), a “ca
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outine training mission, with a cre
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lost and therefore flew into your t
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3.6 The Work of the MAC and the NNS
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many armistice violations were comm
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His compatriot Chief of Staff, Majo
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een fighting an ideological war at
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parties, thereby easing tense relat
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among the armistice parties that th
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Nonetheless, the woodcutters report
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estimated its risks. His view is sh
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According to Downs (1999), on the a
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which had not suffered a seizure in
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aggressors.” The “South Korean
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etaliation. Considering the game th
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According to the Swedish NNSC Deleg
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Pak tried to draw out the complete
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North Korea without South Korea’s
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of the 661st Unit of the Korean Peo
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The general reiterated that the ass
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should refuse to abandon their pres
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discuss specific arrangements for t
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of 82 former crew members of the Pu
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Following the signing of the docume
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water zone claimed by North Korea a
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Offensive launched in late January,
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controversial at the top-political
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assassination attempt on President
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Chapter 4 North-South Dialogue and
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NNSC played during the crisis but i
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The October 9 incident was raised a
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side of it not had made a request.
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The outcome was two against and two
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ecorded in Chapter 2 of having an e
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On October 24, the NNSC had receive
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for the first time to acknowledge r
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was going on in Panmunjom.” He co
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South Korea that were a battle for
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Seoul by Yi Hu-rak, Head of the Kor
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egarded as a stronger indication of
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workers carrying out routine work f
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strengthened its war preparations b
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military exercises. The South denie
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y the KPA/CPV held on January 26, 1
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een brought into the JSA and reject
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command are responsible for enforci
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UNC control. North Korea asserted o
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that the UNC and South Korea should
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clumsy and collided with the North
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North Korea admitted that it had su
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none of the crew could be rescued.
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then requested identification but s
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y the UNC/MAC, repeated the “stri
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KPA/CPV Senior Member, Major Genera
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North Korea also proposed to hold t
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maintained quiet discipline, but th
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Assembly, Second Session, convened
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tree should be pruned. That the tre
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As a result of the axe murder, the
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latter’s request addressed to the
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On August 21, work to cut down the
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and made an important contribution
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prevent the provocation. Our side w
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on August 28, the US repeated its d
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Why did the axe murder take place?
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According to Downs (1999), Presiden
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Since on November 15, 1974 steam as
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North Korean defector Kim Pu-sông
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Korean War to protect them from Ame
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North Korea to destroy all tunnels,
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past 25 years had a restraining and
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quo formed a “positive symmetry
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Chapter 5 Continued Tension but Ren
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loped in 1984-85 when a dialogue wa
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areas from the rear of the northern
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in 1981 and accusations of war prep
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of Korea. At the 417th meeting call
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also been raised at two previous me
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secretary meeting held on March 23,
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ground forces which had crossed the
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vessel followed the boat that was e
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under UNC and South Korean control
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The UNC/MAC claimed that the men we
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photographical and physical evidenc
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The North regarded the intrusion on
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the US make this assessment plausib
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opportunity to introduce security-a
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the name of the North Korean Red Cr
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NNSC conference room, as were the f
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In 1987, North Korea forwarded to t
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Korea’s liberation from Japan in
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the UNC/MAC Senior Member called th
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counterpart to provide humanitarian
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6.1 Introduction Tension continued
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protest to the South Korean governm
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of terror by the amassing of armies
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and were authorized to have officia
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women were invited to Seoul to part
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6.3 Reactivation of Dialogue and th
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the military demarcation line speci
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1991 Joint Declaration. When in May
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eopening Team Spirit, deploying Pat
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February 1998 were working contacts
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According to Lee (2001b), if the ap
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had invited North Korea to observe
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According to Lee (2001a), since 195
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were informally invited to P’yôn
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Korean peninsula.” 307 In contras
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since November 1984 (cf. pp. 349-35
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the US in reality signed the Armist
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US participated in the war to help
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meeting requested by the North, had
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the new organization demonstrativel
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new peace regime. The UNC/MAC respo
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asked forgiveness for his “grave
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was regarded as a preparation for w
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Armistice Agreement in accordance w
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At the second round of talks reques
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ecurrence, punishment of those resp
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characterized not only the MAC secr
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claimed: “North Korea’s claim t
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6.6 North Korea Expels the Czech Re
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the NNSC expressed its unanimous op
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that it would withdraw on April 10.
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friendly gesture was later interpre
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On February 9, the Deputy Head of t
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On February 24, the South Korean Fo
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oth sides; North Korea’s unilater
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According to the Swedish officer Bo
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Lhotska (1997), for both Sweden and
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However, what Mueller-Lhotska (1997
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evidently with their own consent to
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incident “only serves to further
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As we have seen, North Korea had on
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northern side when they were appreh
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signed the 1994 Agreed Framework th
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Chapter 7 Expanding Relations but C
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with previous periods. The account
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835,838 cases, 832,260 of them on l
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settling serious incidents have hel
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Korean governments began in 1972 to
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from the UNC. The investigation of
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achieve improvements in contacts in
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Agreement should be the basis for o
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enforced. Ten paragraphs remained i
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was no demand for navigation in the
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epatriation of prisoners-of-war was
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were held because of the building o
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In September, four meetings were he
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In 2002 and 2003, joint exhumations
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firing by machine guns had taken pl
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“...to ensure an independent and
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Paengnyông only about 12 kilometre
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In February, Swedish and Swiss NNSC
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7.4 Expansion of Inter-Korean Excha
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Whether this is true or not, two ye
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General Thomas A. Schwartz, stated
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The two Koreas’ different positio
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with the US continue was published
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energy supplies and technical aid.
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335). While the sunshine policy was
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to Kaesông to take place on Decemb
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services from December 1 in protest
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ealize this.” 385 On March 2, the
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“The successful launch of the sat
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the Demilitarized Zone and to the l
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the DMZ and observing US-South Kore
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8.1 Contributions of the MAC and th
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enormous damage. Also, it is virtua
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peace-keeping took place in differe
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Otherwise, its mere presence has he
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will remain so until it is replaced
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progress in the military field in p
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The axe murder is the only incident
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South Korea to the US. In the 1990s
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held in March 2009 is hard to asses
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Appendix Ⅰ Maps a) Map of the Kor
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) Map of the Joint Security Area be
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d) Buildings in the Joint Security
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Appendix Ⅱ Text of The Korean War
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Commission. Other personnel shall n
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(c) Cease the introduction into Kor
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prevent unnecessary delays, the use
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whom shall be appointed by the Comm
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33. The Joint Observer teams shall
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ment of its own as it may desire; p
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Sinanju............................
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hand them over to the Neutral Natio
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and shall visit the prisoner-of-war
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prisoners of war shall be delivered
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Article Ⅳ. Recommendations to the
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Appendix Ⅲ To the Stationmaster o
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August 8 At the ninth MAC meeting,
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November 16 At the 89th MAC secreta
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April 15 The UNC Commander in a let
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December 1 North Korea suggests a m
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August 6 At the 63rd MAC meeting, t
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armbands. July 1 The UNC Headquarte
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December 11 At the 90th MAC meeting
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March 3 At the 115th MAC meeting, t
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584 Peace-keeping in the Korean Pen
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June 24 At the 142nd MAC meeting, t
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October 22-23 Premier Kim Il Sung p
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August 19 At 186th MAC plenary meet
Page 610 and 611: September 30 The “Freedom House
Page 612 and 613: July 22 At the 227th MAC meeting, t
Page 614 and 615: 596 Peace-keeping in the Korean Pen
Page 618 and 619: March 22 North Korea reports that t
Page 620 and 621: December 30 At the 283rd MAC meetin
Page 622 and 623: October 23 At the 296th MAC meeting
Page 624 and 625: 1971-1980 North Korea commits altog
Page 626 and 627: 1972 January 26 At the 327th MAC me
Page 628 and 629: March 12 At the 337th MAC meeting,
Page 630 and 631: November- January 1974 612 Peace-ke
Page 634 and 635: March 21 Defectors Kim Pu-sông and
Page 636 and 637: August 5 At the 378th MAC meeting,
Page 638 and 639: 1978 The Swiss NNSC delegation is r
Page 640 and 641: North rejects the accusation. Augus
Page 646 and 647: October 31 At the 422nd MAC plenary
Page 650 and 651: April 3 At the 437th MAC meeting, t
Page 654 and 655: 1991-99 310 corpses of American sol
Page 656 and 657: December 1991. October 1 South Kore
Page 658 and 659: January 19 North Korea declares tha
Page 662 and 663: December 1 South Korea acquires ope
Page 664 and 665: March 2 At the MAC secretary meetin
Page 666 and 667: November 14 At the MAC secretary me
Page 668 and 669: June 26 At the MAC secretary meetin
Page 670 and 671: June 22 At the seventh round of Gen
Page 672 and 673: 2001 Six UNC/MAC Secretariat-KPA Se
Page 674 and 675: December The US cuts off oil suppli
Page 676 and 677: February 25-28 The second round of
Page 678 and 679: November 7 At the NNSC consultation
Page 680 and 681: August 8 North Korea blames the US
Page 682 and 683: Appendix Ⅴ Violations claimed by
Page 684 and 685: Appendix Ⅵ Types of Violations of
Page 686 and 687: e) 1990-1993 1990 1991 1992 1993 Ai
Page 688 and 689: c) 1970-1979 1970 1971 1972 1973 19
Page 690 and 691: Appendix Ⅷ Types of Issues raised
Page 692 and 693: 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
Page 694 and 695: 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966
Page 696 and 697: 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976
Page 698 and 699: 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Page 700 and 701: Appendix Ⅸ Casualties from North
Page 702 and 703: Appendix Ⅹ Number of Proposed MAC
Page 704 and 705: Appendix XI KPA/CPV Senior Members,
Page 706 and 707: No Name Rank Mandate Period Number
Page 708 and 709: Appendix XIV Heads of Polish Delega
Page 710 and 711:
Appendix XV Heads of Swedish Delega
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Appendix XVI Heads of Swiss Delegat
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Appendix XVII(a) The Neutral Nation
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Bibliography Ahlgren, Kjell. “Ins
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Commission in Panmunjom (Korea) 195
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[KINU], 2006, pp. 17-22. . “Puk h
Page 723 and 724:
Europa Publications. The Far East a
Page 725 and 726:
. Månadsrapport, mars 1975: Bilaga
Page 727 and 728:
Harrison, William. Military Armisti
Page 729 and 730:
. Slurapport: Bilaga: Generalmajor
Page 731 and 732:
June 16, 2003. Accessed December 13
Page 733 and 734:
Edition (2004-2006).] Hapch’am ch
Page 735 and 736:
Means of Firing Power.”] In Kim,
Page 737 and 738:
. “DMZ-nôn ôptta.” [“There
Page 739 and 740:
day. Lerner, Mitchell B. The Pueblo
Page 741 and 742:
Machiavelli, Nicoló. The Prince. C
Page 743 and 744:
Norlin, Per. “Lugnt hos svenskar
Page 745 and 746:
[Ministry of Foreign Affairs.] Prom
Page 747 and 748:
Swedish Group NNSC. Slutrapport H:1
Page 749 and 750:
. “MAC Meet: UNC Hits Dispatching
Page 751 and 752:
Werner, Finn. Månadsrapport januar
Page 753 and 754:
Agreed Framework / 384-5, 452, 499,
Page 755 and 756:
408-409, 431, 456, 472, 522 Chinese
Page 757 and 758:
in, 240, 249-250, 297 Julin, Sven /
Page 759 and 760:
peace, 42, 186, 234, 258-9, 322-3,
Page 761 and 762:
North Korea / 2, 3, 16, 17, 18, 19,
Page 763 and 764:
P’yôngyang / 25, 89, 102, 111, 1
Page 765 and 766:
Ulchin-Samch’ôk area/incident /
Page 768:
Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsu
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