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Kim (2003) notes that since the supervisory task of the NNSC had become paralyzed there were no longer any systemic measures to prevent reinforcements of military power that were speeded up throughout the 1960s. Rearmaments were the main reason for military tension in the Korean peninsula during the latter half of the 1960s. On the other hand, Major General Wikland wrote in his report for winter 1961-62 to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs that the task of the NNSC, without any exaggeration, could be labelled an “impartial eye” at the border line between the Eastern and the Western blocks at a point so infected that violations against the armistice could be brought to the fore very rapidly. Authoritative observers had certified that the significance of the NNSC as an “observation agency” at the front could not be questioned; through its mere presence in the DMZ, the NNSC reduced tension. The similarity with the positive evaluations in Chapter 2 is striking. In 1961, the Swedish officer Bror-Johan Geijer wrote that the NNSC was one of the few remaining signs that the Armistice Agreement remained in force. He argued that a neutral commission ready to act had a role to play due to the severe tension between the two Koreas. However, on October 16, 1961, relations between the NNSC and the KPA/CPV deteriorated for the first time due to conflicts with North Korean drivers in the Swiss Camp. Consequently, the UNC prohibited North Korean drivers from driving to the Swedish-Swiss camp. sudan’ hyônhwang-gwa kwaje,” in Kim (ed.), DMZ IV - ch’ôn kûrigo, cho, hang, t’an, chôn (Seoul: Tosô ch’ulp’an Sohwa, 2001), p. 154; Lerner, The Pueblo Incident: A Spy Ship and the Failure of American Foreign Policy (Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 2002), p. 1<strong>09</strong>; Wikland, Slutrapport efter tjänst som kontingentschef för Swedish Group Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission in Korea (N.N.S.C), Underbilaga H 1, p. 2 (n.p., March 1, 1962). Original quotation marks. 124 Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsula
Instead, visitors should be brought by vehicles from the southern side of the Joint Security Area. Subsequently, there were no visitors by KPA/CPV members to the Swedish-Swiss camp. The KPA/CPV did not accept any further invitations and social activities across the demarcation line were frozen until the 1980s. Not until January 24, 1989 did the Deputy Head of the Swedish delegation succeed in bringing both parties’ MAC secretaries, colonels from the CPV and the Republic of Korea and the NNSC alternates to a luncheon in the Swedish camp. For the first time since 1961, North Korean and Chinese officers then crossed the border. Major General Sven Uggla, Head of the Swedish NNSC Delegation, wrote in his report for September 1963-March 1964 to the Chief of the Army that both parties of the MAC pointed out the Commission’s great importance. That representants of four countries were on both sides of the border and could meet and socialize over the border as well as attend MAC meetings probably somewhat lowered tension. This was important not least since the North regarded the US forces not as UN troops but as American invaders. However, in the case of a major conflict, the NNSC would not be helpful. 104 The evaluation supports the author’s opinion that the Commission’s significance should not be overvalued. 104_ Försvarets Läromedelscentral, Historik över de neutrala ländernas övevakningskommission i Korea, pp. 31, 42; Geijer, “Något om svenskarna i Panmunjom,” Joboseyo (1961), no. 1, p. 30; Kim, ibid., 2003, p. 181; Mueller-Lhotska, Swiss Mission to Korea in the Changes of Tim: 1953-1997, pp. 66-7; NNSC Chief Delegates - List Updated April 14, 1997 Uggla, Till: Chefen för armén, Stockholm 90 (Panmunjom, March 26, 1964), pp. 0, 1; Werner, Månadsrapport januari 1989 (n. p., January 31, 1989), p. 3; Wikland, ibid., bilaga 1,pp. 1-2, 6. Original quotation marks. Rising Tensions on the Korean Peninsula during the 1960s 125
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KINU Research Monograph 09-15 Peace
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Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsu
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CONTENTS Acronyms Preface Acknowled
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CONTENTS 4.3 North-South Dialogue a
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CONTENTS Appendix ········
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Acronyms AA Armistice Agreement ASM
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Preface This monograph is the resea
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Acknowledgements Firstly, I wish to
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Chapter 1 Introduction
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(DMZ): “An invisible war now cont
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formation takes place nonviolently.
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the same criteria. The game theory
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News Agency, one article from a jou
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is the 1953 Armistice Agreement, wh
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1.6 Korean Names and Terminology Ko
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Chapter 2 The Foundation of the MAC
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pended, how the suspensions were en
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However, following strong pressure
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flag rank.” The other two “...
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secret designs or characteristics o
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hospital). To implement its tasks,
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cations themselves. In contrast, Sw
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as an “aide” and a soldier to c
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the way, reloading could freely be
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“Checks at the railway stations h
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the inspection teams did not work w
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fighter planes in transport contain
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Korea whether prisoners of war were
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armistice North Korea began to buil
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econnaissance flights by one airpla
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asserted that its investigation of
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On November 16, a North Korean comp
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taken photos. 41 The South admitted
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than at the plenary meetings. Howev
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ment rejected the proposal for pass
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the Korean issue should be transfer
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dispatched to investigate the incid
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At the 63rd MAC meeting proposed by
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Marshal General Headquarters. 52 Ar
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According to Weilenmann (2004), sin
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1953, was the first man to point ou
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Treaty that obligated the US to com
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were committed by North Korea and t
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without any harm to the armistice c
Page 91 and 92: ports of entry had reached a dead e
Page 93 and 94: earming South Korea in violation of
Page 95 and 96: the NNSC to work in North Korea and
Page 97 and 98: At the same time, the South Korean
Page 99 and 100: emaining teams became “subteams
Page 101 and 102: ment “... regulating the activiti
Page 103 and 104: violating Paragraph 13(d). The UNC/
Page 105 and 106: The UNC/MAC representative maintain
Page 107 and 108: Wigforss, pointed out the symbolic
Page 109 and 110: menting its provisions had become i
Page 111 and 112: to establish that the plane was arm
Page 113 and 114: The UNC informed the NNSC about its
Page 115 and 116: pointed out that the North abused t
Page 117 and 118: an informal meeting in the part of
Page 119 and 120: Swiss view was again that the issue
Page 121 and 122: alance. In a missive letter from th
Page 123 and 124: NNSC to reduce tension in the Far E
Page 125 and 126: Affairs that work was mainly routin
Page 127 and 128: 2.9 The Parties’ Views of the NNS
Page 129 and 130: were also invited to get some orien
Page 131 and 132: negative peace. The defection from
Page 133 and 134: existence of a neutral commission w
Page 135: the 1956-57 events a dissolution wa
Page 138 and 139: 3.1 Introduction As we saw in Chapt
Page 140 and 141: President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s
Page 144 and 145: The military build-up repeatedly ca
Page 146 and 147: illion in 1967. 106 This extraordin
Page 148 and 149: As in the late 1950s, the KPA/CPV u
Page 150 and 151: for about ten years but from the su
Page 152 and 153: When large-scale North Korean intru
Page 154 and 155: was foolish; the issue was an inter
Page 156 and 157: When the 227th meeting proposed by
Page 158 and 159: incidents had been fabricated by th
Page 160 and 161: data, that he was not a returning d
Page 162 and 163: on American and South Korean forces
Page 164 and 165: 14, at about 11 P.M., shortly befor
Page 166 and 167: number of killed South Koreans fell
Page 168 and 169: woman who sold eggs in the village.
Page 170 and 171: October 21, 1966 armed ambush of a
Page 172 and 173: Before the UNC/MAC at the 289th mee
Page 174 and 175: harvest holiday) celebration. Accor
Page 176 and 177: demand was repeated at the followin
Page 178 and 179: As we have seen, in 1958 Joint Obse
Page 180 and 181: sequently removed the bodies from t
Page 182 and 183: to fish in territory that extended
Page 184 and 185: KPA/CPV convened on August 5, 1966,
Page 186 and 187: abductees were that North Korean au
Page 188 and 189: informed of the result when availab
Page 190 and 191: and kidnappings of fishermen had be
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was shot down close to the Swedish
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in the air. 143 At the 206th meetin
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North Korea over the East Sea 50 mi
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the words of Mobley (2003), a “ca
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outine training mission, with a cre
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lost and therefore flew into your t
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3.6 The Work of the MAC and the NNS
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many armistice violations were comm
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His compatriot Chief of Staff, Majo
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een fighting an ideological war at
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parties, thereby easing tense relat
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among the armistice parties that th
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Nonetheless, the woodcutters report
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estimated its risks. His view is sh
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According to Downs (1999), on the a
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which had not suffered a seizure in
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aggressors.” The “South Korean
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etaliation. Considering the game th
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According to the Swedish NNSC Deleg
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Pak tried to draw out the complete
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North Korea without South Korea’s
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of the 661st Unit of the Korean Peo
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The general reiterated that the ass
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should refuse to abandon their pres
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discuss specific arrangements for t
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of 82 former crew members of the Pu
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Following the signing of the docume
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water zone claimed by North Korea a
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Offensive launched in late January,
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controversial at the top-political
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assassination attempt on President
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Chapter 4 North-South Dialogue and
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NNSC played during the crisis but i
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The October 9 incident was raised a
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side of it not had made a request.
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The outcome was two against and two
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ecorded in Chapter 2 of having an e
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On October 24, the NNSC had receive
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for the first time to acknowledge r
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was going on in Panmunjom.” He co
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South Korea that were a battle for
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Seoul by Yi Hu-rak, Head of the Kor
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egarded as a stronger indication of
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workers carrying out routine work f
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strengthened its war preparations b
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military exercises. The South denie
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y the KPA/CPV held on January 26, 1
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een brought into the JSA and reject
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command are responsible for enforci
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UNC control. North Korea asserted o
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that the UNC and South Korea should
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clumsy and collided with the North
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North Korea admitted that it had su
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none of the crew could be rescued.
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then requested identification but s
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y the UNC/MAC, repeated the “stri
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KPA/CPV Senior Member, Major Genera
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North Korea also proposed to hold t
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maintained quiet discipline, but th
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Assembly, Second Session, convened
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tree should be pruned. That the tre
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As a result of the axe murder, the
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latter’s request addressed to the
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On August 21, work to cut down the
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and made an important contribution
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prevent the provocation. Our side w
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on August 28, the US repeated its d
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Why did the axe murder take place?
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According to Downs (1999), Presiden
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Since on November 15, 1974 steam as
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North Korean defector Kim Pu-sông
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Korean War to protect them from Ame
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North Korea to destroy all tunnels,
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past 25 years had a restraining and
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quo formed a “positive symmetry
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Chapter 5 Continued Tension but Ren
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loped in 1984-85 when a dialogue wa
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areas from the rear of the northern
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in 1981 and accusations of war prep
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of Korea. At the 417th meeting call
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also been raised at two previous me
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secretary meeting held on March 23,
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ground forces which had crossed the
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vessel followed the boat that was e
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under UNC and South Korean control
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The UNC/MAC claimed that the men we
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photographical and physical evidenc
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The North regarded the intrusion on
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the US make this assessment plausib
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opportunity to introduce security-a
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the name of the North Korean Red Cr
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NNSC conference room, as were the f
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In 1987, North Korea forwarded to t
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Korea’s liberation from Japan in
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the UNC/MAC Senior Member called th
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counterpart to provide humanitarian
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6.1 Introduction Tension continued
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protest to the South Korean governm
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of terror by the amassing of armies
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and were authorized to have officia
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women were invited to Seoul to part
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6.3 Reactivation of Dialogue and th
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the military demarcation line speci
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1991 Joint Declaration. When in May
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eopening Team Spirit, deploying Pat
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February 1998 were working contacts
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According to Lee (2001b), if the ap
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had invited North Korea to observe
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According to Lee (2001a), since 195
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were informally invited to P’yôn
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Korean peninsula.” 307 In contras
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since November 1984 (cf. pp. 349-35
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the US in reality signed the Armist
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US participated in the war to help
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meeting requested by the North, had
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the new organization demonstrativel
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new peace regime. The UNC/MAC respo
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asked forgiveness for his “grave
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was regarded as a preparation for w
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Armistice Agreement in accordance w
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At the second round of talks reques
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ecurrence, punishment of those resp
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characterized not only the MAC secr
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claimed: “North Korea’s claim t
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6.6 North Korea Expels the Czech Re
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the NNSC expressed its unanimous op
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that it would withdraw on April 10.
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friendly gesture was later interpre
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On February 9, the Deputy Head of t
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On February 24, the South Korean Fo
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oth sides; North Korea’s unilater
Page 456 and 457:
According to the Swedish officer Bo
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Lhotska (1997), for both Sweden and
Page 460 and 461:
However, what Mueller-Lhotska (1997
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evidently with their own consent to
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incident “only serves to further
Page 466 and 467:
As we have seen, North Korea had on
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northern side when they were appreh
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signed the 1994 Agreed Framework th
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Chapter 7 Expanding Relations but C
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with previous periods. The account
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835,838 cases, 832,260 of them on l
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settling serious incidents have hel
Page 481 and 482:
Korean governments began in 1972 to
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from the UNC. The investigation of
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achieve improvements in contacts in
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Agreement should be the basis for o
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enforced. Ten paragraphs remained i
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was no demand for navigation in the
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epatriation of prisoners-of-war was
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were held because of the building o
Page 497 and 498:
In September, four meetings were he
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In 2002 and 2003, joint exhumations
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firing by machine guns had taken pl
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“...to ensure an independent and
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Paengnyông only about 12 kilometre
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In February, Swedish and Swiss NNSC
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7.4 Expansion of Inter-Korean Excha
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Whether this is true or not, two ye
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General Thomas A. Schwartz, stated
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The two Koreas’ different positio
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with the US continue was published
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energy supplies and technical aid.
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335). While the sunshine policy was
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to Kaesông to take place on Decemb
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services from December 1 in protest
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ealize this.” 385 On March 2, the
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“The successful launch of the sat
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the Demilitarized Zone and to the l
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the DMZ and observing US-South Kore
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8.1 Contributions of the MAC and th
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enormous damage. Also, it is virtua
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peace-keeping took place in differe
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Otherwise, its mere presence has he
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will remain so until it is replaced
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progress in the military field in p
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The axe murder is the only incident
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South Korea to the US. In the 1990s
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held in March 2009 is hard to asses
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Appendix Ⅰ Maps a) Map of the Kor
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) Map of the Joint Security Area be
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d) Buildings in the Joint Security
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Appendix Ⅱ Text of The Korean War
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Commission. Other personnel shall n
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(c) Cease the introduction into Kor
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prevent unnecessary delays, the use
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whom shall be appointed by the Comm
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33. The Joint Observer teams shall
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ment of its own as it may desire; p
Page 574 and 575:
Sinanju............................
Page 576 and 577:
hand them over to the Neutral Natio
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and shall visit the prisoner-of-war
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prisoners of war shall be delivered
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Article Ⅳ. Recommendations to the
Page 584 and 585:
Appendix Ⅲ To the Stationmaster o
Page 586 and 587:
August 8 At the ninth MAC meeting,
Page 588 and 589:
November 16 At the 89th MAC secreta
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April 15 The UNC Commander in a let
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December 1 North Korea suggests a m
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August 6 At the 63rd MAC meeting, t
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armbands. July 1 The UNC Headquarte
Page 598 and 599:
December 11 At the 90th MAC meeting
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March 3 At the 115th MAC meeting, t
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584 Peace-keeping in the Korean Pen
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June 24 At the 142nd MAC meeting, t
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October 22-23 Premier Kim Il Sung p
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August 19 At 186th MAC plenary meet
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September 30 The “Freedom House
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July 22 At the 227th MAC meeting, t
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Page 616 and 617:
Page 618 and 619:
March 22 North Korea reports that t
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December 30 At the 283rd MAC meetin
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October 23 At the 296th MAC meeting
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1971-1980 North Korea commits altog
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1972 January 26 At the 327th MAC me
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March 12 At the 337th MAC meeting,
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November- January 1974 612 Peace-ke
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Page 634 and 635:
March 21 Defectors Kim Pu-sông and
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August 5 At the 378th MAC meeting,
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1978 The Swiss NNSC delegation is r
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North rejects the accusation. Augus
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Page 644 and 645:
Page 646 and 647:
October 31 At the 422nd MAC plenary
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April 3 At the 437th MAC meeting, t
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Page 654 and 655:
1991-99 310 corpses of American sol
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December 1991. October 1 South Kore
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January 19 North Korea declares tha
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April Both parties cease to supply
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December 1 South Korea acquires ope
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March 2 At the MAC secretary meetin
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November 14 At the MAC secretary me
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June 26 At the MAC secretary meetin
Page 670 and 671:
June 22 At the seventh round of Gen
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2001 Six UNC/MAC Secretariat-KPA Se
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December The US cuts off oil suppli
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February 25-28 The second round of
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November 7 At the NNSC consultation
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August 8 North Korea blames the US
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Appendix Ⅴ Violations claimed by
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Appendix Ⅵ Types of Violations of
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e) 1990-1993 1990 1991 1992 1993 Ai
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c) 1970-1979 1970 1971 1972 1973 19
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Appendix Ⅷ Types of Issues raised
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1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
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1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966
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1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976
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1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
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Appendix Ⅸ Casualties from North
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Appendix Ⅹ Number of Proposed MAC
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Appendix XI KPA/CPV Senior Members,
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No Name Rank Mandate Period Number
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Appendix XIV Heads of Polish Delega
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Appendix XV Heads of Swedish Delega
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Appendix XVI Heads of Swiss Delegat
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Appendix XVII(a) The Neutral Nation
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Bibliography Ahlgren, Kjell. “Ins
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Commission in Panmunjom (Korea) 195
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[KINU], 2006, pp. 17-22. . “Puk h
Page 723 and 724:
Europa Publications. The Far East a
Page 725 and 726:
. Månadsrapport, mars 1975: Bilaga
Page 727 and 728:
Harrison, William. Military Armisti
Page 729 and 730:
. Slurapport: Bilaga: Generalmajor
Page 731 and 732:
June 16, 2003. Accessed December 13
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Edition (2004-2006).] Hapch’am ch
Page 735 and 736:
Means of Firing Power.”] In Kim,
Page 737 and 738:
. “DMZ-nôn ôptta.” [“There
Page 739 and 740:
day. Lerner, Mitchell B. The Pueblo
Page 741 and 742:
Machiavelli, Nicoló. The Prince. C
Page 743 and 744:
Norlin, Per. “Lugnt hos svenskar
Page 745 and 746:
[Ministry of Foreign Affairs.] Prom
Page 747 and 748:
Swedish Group NNSC. Slutrapport H:1
Page 749 and 750:
. “MAC Meet: UNC Hits Dispatching
Page 751 and 752:
Werner, Finn. Månadsrapport januar
Page 753 and 754:
Agreed Framework / 384-5, 452, 499,
Page 755 and 756:
408-409, 431, 456, 472, 522 Chinese
Page 757 and 758:
in, 240, 249-250, 297 Julin, Sven /
Page 759 and 760:
peace, 42, 186, 234, 258-9, 322-3,
Page 761 and 762:
North Korea / 2, 3, 16, 17, 18, 19,
Page 763 and 764:
P’yôngyang / 25, 89, 102, 111, 1
Page 765 and 766:
Ulchin-Samch’ôk area/incident /
Page 768:
Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsu
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