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ecurrence, punishment of those responsible and an apology. However, North Korea put the blame on the extreme-right conservatives in South Korea and asserted: “Do not expect any mercy at all from us.” It also urged the US to apologize for the acts of the South Korean soldiers and to return the submarine immediately. After the UNC had asserted that threats were improper, the same demands were repeated. 323 As we have seen, after MAC plenary sessions had ceased, armistice issues were raised through secretary meetings. At the August 13, 1998 secretary meeting proposed by the UNC/MAC, the KPA referred to the “Ûlchi Focus Lens Exercise” which it regarded as an aggressive and provocative act. The South mentioned a letter delivered via the Joint Duty Officers on August 11 claiming that there should be no misunderstandings about this annual regular exercise, but the KPA still regarded it as an aggressive and provocative war exercise with the North as its target. When the KPA suggested jointly creating “The New House” to discuss joint issues, the UNC/MAC argued that it would be easier to return to the MAC than to create a new body. The KPA responded that the MAC had been broken up, but the South argued that it could be restored if there was mutual consent. At the meeting requested by the UNC/MAC held on January 6, 1999, the South delivered a protest against the intrusion of a North Korean high-speed landing boat on December 17-18, 1998 into its territorial waters along the south coast. The boat was sunk in international waters. Of the four-man crew, one dead infiltrator was found. The North’s participants reported to higher authorities and then explained that the 323_ Hapch’am chôngbo ponbu, ibid., 1999, pp. 445, 484-5: op. cit., 2001, p. 274: Keum, ibid., pp. 10-12. Original quotation marks. 418 Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsula
incident was fabricated and returned the protest letter. At the fourth round of General Officers’ talks proposed by the UNC held on February 11, 1999, reduction of tension in the Korean peninsula and prevention of war were discussed. The UNC rejected the KPA proposal to form a three-party body consisting of generals from the two Koreas and the US to replace the MAC which was made at informal talks held on October 9, 1998, called by the KPA. The KPA claimed that this new body would suit the changed circumstances to ease tension and prevent military clashes and diagnose whether the South sincerely wanted to ease tension and prevent war. It asserted that the General Officers’ talks were a forum for discussion and not one to implement the Armistice Agreement. The UNC argued that no other channels could replace these talks. Topics raised at the fifth round called by the UNC convened on March 9 included regularization of meetings and the restoration of communication channels. The UNC again rejected the KPA proposal since, in accordance with the Armistice Agreement, it consisted of several countries that ever since the armistice had been signed had faithfully implemented their duties and would continue to do so until a peace treaty was signed. The UNC claimed that to build confidence and relations, regular meetings to discuss issues of mutual interest were necessary and mentioned the reconnection of telephones. All contacts that would benefit the General Officers’ talks would be welcomed. 324 With the exception of June 30, the “zero-sum game” 324_ Hapch’am chôngbo ponbu, ibid., 1999, pp. 447, 448-9, 450, 451, 486-7: ibid., 2001, pp. 116, 149: Kunsa chôngjôn wiwônhoe p’yôllam: che 6 chip (2000-2003) (Hapch’am chôngbo ponbu: kunjôngwidan, n. p., 2003), p. 71; Julin, Rapport för december 1998 (n. p., December 30, 1998), p. 5. North Korea Incapacitates the MAC and the NNSC in the 1990s 419
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KINU Research Monograph 09-15 Peace
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Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsu
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CONTENTS Acronyms Preface Acknowled
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CONTENTS 4.3 North-South Dialogue a
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CONTENTS Appendix ········
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Acronyms AA Armistice Agreement ASM
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Preface This monograph is the resea
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Acknowledgements Firstly, I wish to
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Chapter 1 Introduction
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(DMZ): “An invisible war now cont
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formation takes place nonviolently.
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the same criteria. The game theory
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News Agency, one article from a jou
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is the 1953 Armistice Agreement, wh
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1.6 Korean Names and Terminology Ko
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Chapter 2 The Foundation of the MAC
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pended, how the suspensions were en
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However, following strong pressure
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flag rank.” The other two “...
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secret designs or characteristics o
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hospital). To implement its tasks,
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cations themselves. In contrast, Sw
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as an “aide” and a soldier to c
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the way, reloading could freely be
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“Checks at the railway stations h
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the inspection teams did not work w
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fighter planes in transport contain
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Korea whether prisoners of war were
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armistice North Korea began to buil
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econnaissance flights by one airpla
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asserted that its investigation of
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On November 16, a North Korean comp
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taken photos. 41 The South admitted
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than at the plenary meetings. Howev
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ment rejected the proposal for pass
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the Korean issue should be transfer
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dispatched to investigate the incid
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At the 63rd MAC meeting proposed by
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Marshal General Headquarters. 52 Ar
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According to Weilenmann (2004), sin
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1953, was the first man to point ou
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Treaty that obligated the US to com
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were committed by North Korea and t
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without any harm to the armistice c
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ports of entry had reached a dead e
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earming South Korea in violation of
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the NNSC to work in North Korea and
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At the same time, the South Korean
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emaining teams became “subteams
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ment “... regulating the activiti
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violating Paragraph 13(d). The UNC/
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The UNC/MAC representative maintain
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Wigforss, pointed out the symbolic
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menting its provisions had become i
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to establish that the plane was arm
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The UNC informed the NNSC about its
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pointed out that the North abused t
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an informal meeting in the part of
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Swiss view was again that the issue
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alance. In a missive letter from th
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NNSC to reduce tension in the Far E
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Affairs that work was mainly routin
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2.9 The Parties’ Views of the NNS
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were also invited to get some orien
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negative peace. The defection from
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existence of a neutral commission w
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the 1956-57 events a dissolution wa
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3.1 Introduction As we saw in Chapt
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President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s
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Kim (2003) notes that since the sup
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The military build-up repeatedly ca
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illion in 1967. 106 This extraordin
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As in the late 1950s, the KPA/CPV u
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for about ten years but from the su
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When large-scale North Korean intru
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was foolish; the issue was an inter
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When the 227th meeting proposed by
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incidents had been fabricated by th
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data, that he was not a returning d
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on American and South Korean forces
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14, at about 11 P.M., shortly befor
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number of killed South Koreans fell
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woman who sold eggs in the village.
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October 21, 1966 armed ambush of a
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Before the UNC/MAC at the 289th mee
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harvest holiday) celebration. Accor
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demand was repeated at the followin
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As we have seen, in 1958 Joint Obse
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sequently removed the bodies from t
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to fish in territory that extended
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KPA/CPV convened on August 5, 1966,
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abductees were that North Korean au
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informed of the result when availab
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and kidnappings of fishermen had be
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was shot down close to the Swedish
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in the air. 143 At the 206th meetin
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North Korea over the East Sea 50 mi
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the words of Mobley (2003), a “ca
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outine training mission, with a cre
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lost and therefore flew into your t
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3.6 The Work of the MAC and the NNS
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many armistice violations were comm
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His compatriot Chief of Staff, Majo
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een fighting an ideological war at
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parties, thereby easing tense relat
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among the armistice parties that th
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Nonetheless, the woodcutters report
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estimated its risks. His view is sh
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According to Downs (1999), on the a
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which had not suffered a seizure in
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aggressors.” The “South Korean
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etaliation. Considering the game th
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According to the Swedish NNSC Deleg
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Pak tried to draw out the complete
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North Korea without South Korea’s
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of the 661st Unit of the Korean Peo
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The general reiterated that the ass
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should refuse to abandon their pres
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discuss specific arrangements for t
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of 82 former crew members of the Pu
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Following the signing of the docume
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water zone claimed by North Korea a
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Offensive launched in late January,
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controversial at the top-political
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assassination attempt on President
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Chapter 4 North-South Dialogue and
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NNSC played during the crisis but i
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The October 9 incident was raised a
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side of it not had made a request.
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The outcome was two against and two
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ecorded in Chapter 2 of having an e
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On October 24, the NNSC had receive
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for the first time to acknowledge r
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was going on in Panmunjom.” He co
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South Korea that were a battle for
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Seoul by Yi Hu-rak, Head of the Kor
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egarded as a stronger indication of
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workers carrying out routine work f
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strengthened its war preparations b
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military exercises. The South denie
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y the KPA/CPV held on January 26, 1
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een brought into the JSA and reject
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command are responsible for enforci
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UNC control. North Korea asserted o
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that the UNC and South Korea should
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clumsy and collided with the North
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North Korea admitted that it had su
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none of the crew could be rescued.
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then requested identification but s
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y the UNC/MAC, repeated the “stri
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KPA/CPV Senior Member, Major Genera
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North Korea also proposed to hold t
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maintained quiet discipline, but th
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Assembly, Second Session, convened
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tree should be pruned. That the tre
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As a result of the axe murder, the
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latter’s request addressed to the
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On August 21, work to cut down the
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and made an important contribution
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prevent the provocation. Our side w
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on August 28, the US repeated its d
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Why did the axe murder take place?
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According to Downs (1999), Presiden
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Since on November 15, 1974 steam as
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North Korean defector Kim Pu-sông
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Korean War to protect them from Ame
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North Korea to destroy all tunnels,
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past 25 years had a restraining and
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quo formed a “positive symmetry
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Chapter 5 Continued Tension but Ren
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loped in 1984-85 when a dialogue wa
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areas from the rear of the northern
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in 1981 and accusations of war prep
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of Korea. At the 417th meeting call
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also been raised at two previous me
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secretary meeting held on March 23,
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ground forces which had crossed the
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vessel followed the boat that was e
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under UNC and South Korean control
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The UNC/MAC claimed that the men we
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photographical and physical evidenc
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The North regarded the intrusion on
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the US make this assessment plausib
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opportunity to introduce security-a
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the name of the North Korean Red Cr
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NNSC conference room, as were the f
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In 1987, North Korea forwarded to t
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Korea’s liberation from Japan in
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the UNC/MAC Senior Member called th
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counterpart to provide humanitarian
Page 386 and 387: 6.1 Introduction Tension continued
Page 388 and 389: protest to the South Korean governm
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Page 392 and 393: and were authorized to have officia
Page 394 and 395: women were invited to Seoul to part
Page 396 and 397: 6.3 Reactivation of Dialogue and th
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Page 400 and 401: 1991 Joint Declaration. When in May
Page 402 and 403: eopening Team Spirit, deploying Pat
Page 404 and 405: February 1998 were working contacts
Page 406 and 407: According to Lee (2001b), if the ap
Page 408 and 409: had invited North Korea to observe
Page 410 and 411: According to Lee (2001a), since 195
Page 412 and 413: were informally invited to P’yôn
Page 414 and 415: Korean peninsula.” 307 In contras
Page 416 and 417: since November 1984 (cf. pp. 349-35
Page 418 and 419: the US in reality signed the Armist
Page 420 and 421: US participated in the war to help
Page 422 and 423: meeting requested by the North, had
Page 424 and 425: the new organization demonstrativel
Page 426 and 427: new peace regime. The UNC/MAC respo
Page 428 and 429: asked forgiveness for his “grave
Page 430 and 431: was regarded as a preparation for w
Page 432 and 433: Armistice Agreement in accordance w
Page 434 and 435: At the second round of talks reques
Page 438 and 439: characterized not only the MAC secr
Page 440 and 441: claimed: “North Korea’s claim t
Page 442 and 443: 6.6 North Korea Expels the Czech Re
Page 444 and 445: the NNSC expressed its unanimous op
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Page 448 and 449: friendly gesture was later interpre
Page 450 and 451: On February 9, the Deputy Head of t
Page 452 and 453: On February 24, the South Korean Fo
Page 454 and 455: oth sides; North Korea’s unilater
Page 456 and 457: According to the Swedish officer Bo
Page 458 and 459: Lhotska (1997), for both Sweden and
Page 460 and 461: However, what Mueller-Lhotska (1997
Page 462 and 463: evidently with their own consent to
Page 464 and 465: incident “only serves to further
Page 466 and 467: As we have seen, North Korea had on
Page 468 and 469: northern side when they were appreh
Page 470 and 471: signed the 1994 Agreed Framework th
Page 473 and 474: Chapter 7 Expanding Relations but C
Page 475 and 476: with previous periods. The account
Page 477 and 478: 835,838 cases, 832,260 of them on l
Page 479 and 480: settling serious incidents have hel
Page 481 and 482: Korean governments began in 1972 to
Page 483 and 484: from the UNC. The investigation of
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Agreement should be the basis for o
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enforced. Ten paragraphs remained i
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was no demand for navigation in the
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epatriation of prisoners-of-war was
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were held because of the building o
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In September, four meetings were he
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In 2002 and 2003, joint exhumations
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firing by machine guns had taken pl
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“...to ensure an independent and
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Paengnyông only about 12 kilometre
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In February, Swedish and Swiss NNSC
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7.4 Expansion of Inter-Korean Excha
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Whether this is true or not, two ye
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General Thomas A. Schwartz, stated
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The two Koreas’ different positio
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with the US continue was published
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energy supplies and technical aid.
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335). While the sunshine policy was
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to Kaesông to take place on Decemb
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services from December 1 in protest
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ealize this.” 385 On March 2, the
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“The successful launch of the sat
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the Demilitarized Zone and to the l
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the DMZ and observing US-South Kore
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8.1 Contributions of the MAC and th
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enormous damage. Also, it is virtua
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peace-keeping took place in differe
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Otherwise, its mere presence has he
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will remain so until it is replaced
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progress in the military field in p
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The axe murder is the only incident
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South Korea to the US. In the 1990s
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held in March 2009 is hard to asses
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Appendix Ⅰ Maps a) Map of the Kor
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) Map of the Joint Security Area be
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d) Buildings in the Joint Security
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Appendix Ⅱ Text of The Korean War
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Commission. Other personnel shall n
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(c) Cease the introduction into Kor
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prevent unnecessary delays, the use
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whom shall be appointed by the Comm
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33. The Joint Observer teams shall
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ment of its own as it may desire; p
Page 574 and 575:
Sinanju............................
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hand them over to the Neutral Natio
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and shall visit the prisoner-of-war
Page 580 and 581:
prisoners of war shall be delivered
Page 582 and 583:
Article Ⅳ. Recommendations to the
Page 584 and 585:
Appendix Ⅲ To the Stationmaster o
Page 586 and 587:
August 8 At the ninth MAC meeting,
Page 588 and 589:
November 16 At the 89th MAC secreta
Page 590 and 591:
April 15 The UNC Commander in a let
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December 1 North Korea suggests a m
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August 6 At the 63rd MAC meeting, t
Page 596 and 597:
armbands. July 1 The UNC Headquarte
Page 598 and 599:
December 11 At the 90th MAC meeting
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March 3 At the 115th MAC meeting, t
Page 602 and 603:
584 Peace-keeping in the Korean Pen
Page 604 and 605:
June 24 At the 142nd MAC meeting, t
Page 606 and 607:
October 22-23 Premier Kim Il Sung p
Page 608 and 609:
August 19 At 186th MAC plenary meet
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September 30 The “Freedom House
Page 612 and 613:
July 22 At the 227th MAC meeting, t
Page 614 and 615:
Page 616 and 617:
Page 618 and 619:
March 22 North Korea reports that t
Page 620 and 621:
December 30 At the 283rd MAC meetin
Page 622 and 623:
October 23 At the 296th MAC meeting
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1971-1980 North Korea commits altog
Page 626 and 627:
1972 January 26 At the 327th MAC me
Page 628 and 629:
March 12 At the 337th MAC meeting,
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November- January 1974 612 Peace-ke
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Page 634 and 635:
March 21 Defectors Kim Pu-sông and
Page 636 and 637:
August 5 At the 378th MAC meeting,
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1978 The Swiss NNSC delegation is r
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North rejects the accusation. Augus
Page 642 and 643:
Page 644 and 645:
Page 646 and 647:
October 31 At the 422nd MAC plenary
Page 648 and 649:
Page 650 and 651:
April 3 At the 437th MAC meeting, t
Page 652 and 653:
Page 654 and 655:
1991-99 310 corpses of American sol
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December 1991. October 1 South Kore
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January 19 North Korea declares tha
Page 660 and 661:
April Both parties cease to supply
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December 1 South Korea acquires ope
Page 664 and 665:
March 2 At the MAC secretary meetin
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November 14 At the MAC secretary me
Page 668 and 669:
June 26 At the MAC secretary meetin
Page 670 and 671:
June 22 At the seventh round of Gen
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2001 Six UNC/MAC Secretariat-KPA Se
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December The US cuts off oil suppli
Page 676 and 677:
February 25-28 The second round of
Page 678 and 679:
November 7 At the NNSC consultation
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August 8 North Korea blames the US
Page 682 and 683:
Appendix Ⅴ Violations claimed by
Page 684 and 685:
Appendix Ⅵ Types of Violations of
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e) 1990-1993 1990 1991 1992 1993 Ai
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c) 1970-1979 1970 1971 1972 1973 19
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Appendix Ⅷ Types of Issues raised
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1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
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1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966
Page 696 and 697:
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976
Page 698 and 699:
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
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Appendix Ⅸ Casualties from North
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Appendix Ⅹ Number of Proposed MAC
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Appendix XI KPA/CPV Senior Members,
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No Name Rank Mandate Period Number
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Appendix XIV Heads of Polish Delega
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Appendix XV Heads of Swedish Delega
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Appendix XVI Heads of Swiss Delegat
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Appendix XVII(a) The Neutral Nation
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Bibliography Ahlgren, Kjell. “Ins
Page 719 and 720:
Commission in Panmunjom (Korea) 195
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[KINU], 2006, pp. 17-22. . “Puk h
Page 723 and 724:
Europa Publications. The Far East a
Page 725 and 726:
. Månadsrapport, mars 1975: Bilaga
Page 727 and 728:
Harrison, William. Military Armisti
Page 729 and 730:
. Slurapport: Bilaga: Generalmajor
Page 731 and 732:
June 16, 2003. Accessed December 13
Page 733 and 734:
Edition (2004-2006).] Hapch’am ch
Page 735 and 736:
Means of Firing Power.”] In Kim,
Page 737 and 738:
. “DMZ-nôn ôptta.” [“There
Page 739 and 740:
day. Lerner, Mitchell B. The Pueblo
Page 741 and 742:
Machiavelli, Nicoló. The Prince. C
Page 743 and 744:
Norlin, Per. “Lugnt hos svenskar
Page 745 and 746:
[Ministry of Foreign Affairs.] Prom
Page 747 and 748:
Swedish Group NNSC. Slutrapport H:1
Page 749 and 750:
. “MAC Meet: UNC Hits Dispatching
Page 751 and 752:
Werner, Finn. Månadsrapport januar
Page 753 and 754:
Agreed Framework / 384-5, 452, 499,
Page 755 and 756:
408-409, 431, 456, 472, 522 Chinese
Page 757 and 758:
in, 240, 249-250, 297 Julin, Sven /
Page 759 and 760:
peace, 42, 186, 234, 258-9, 322-3,
Page 761 and 762:
North Korea / 2, 3, 16, 17, 18, 19,
Page 763 and 764:
P’yôngyang / 25, 89, 102, 111, 1
Page 765 and 766:
Ulchin-Samch’ôk area/incident /
Page 768:
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