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143rd and 144th meetings held on October 18 and November 29 respectively. 51 Whereas the data on armistice violations so far recorded are largely from MAC protocols, a report from 1955 by the Republic of Korea, Office of Public Information, contains some of the results of the interrogations by the Ministry of Home Affairs in charge of the police, the Intelligence Division of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Joint Provost Marshal General Headquarters of captured North Korean agents, defected soldiers and refugees [but how the work was conducted is not explained]. The Ministry of Home Affairs interrogated 29 agents, who were divided into seven cases between September 21, 1954, and June 25, 1955 [date lacking in the first case]. Violations included introduction of a variety of combat material from mainly the Soviet Union outside the ports of entry, widening of existing military airfields and construction of new ones nation-wide. Reports by the Joint Chiefs of Staff included 28 surrendered soldiers divided into 26 cases between January 17, 1954 and June 21, 1955. The Joint Provost Marshal General Headquarters recorded 41 cases of 42 soldiers captured between September 26, 1953 and June 22, 1955 [dates lacking in two cases], six cases of six spies captured between September 1953 and May 5, 1955 and three cases of three civilian refugees who escaped between March and May 20, 1955. Statements by soldiers, spies and refugees reveal the same kinds of violations as stated by agents. Data on military strength confirming the military build-up are recorded, but figures on the number of soldiers differ somewhat in the statements recorded by the Joint Provost 51_ Kukpang chôngbo ponbu, ibid., 1993, pp. 271, 272-3, 274, 275, 277, 278. 60 Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsula
Marshal General Headquarters. 52 Armistice violations were raised at MAC secretary meetings in 1956 as well. At the 150th meeting held on February 11, 1956, the two sides accused each other of airspace violations. At the 152nd meeting held on April 14, the South denied the North’s charges of airspace violations on March 2 and March 23 respectively and that civilian police on March 30 had fired rifles towards the North at the 151st meeting held on April 4. When the 153rd meeting took place on July 6, the South admitted the North’s accusation of a violation of its airspace by one of its planes on June 15 (no. 19). At the 155th meeting held on October 5, it was announced that the investigation resulted in both sides accusing each other of the responsibility for the shooting incident on September 20 between civilian police along the MDL in the vicinity of border-marker no. 0634. 53 Again, it is obvious that the zero-sum game continued unabated, but in 1955-56 the South made five admissions of armistice violations. 2.5 The NNSC between the Two Camps: “A Mission Impossible” Besides the inspection issue, internal tension within the NNSC and armistice violations, developments after the Korean War were also affected by the negative American opinion of the Commission. Unsur- 52_ Office of Public Information, Republic of Korea, in For Immediate Release, September 5, 1955, (n. p.), pp. 1-26. Considering the massive destruction caused by the war, imports of combat materials from the Soviet Union must have been of the utmost importance for North Korea to strengthen its military power. 53_ Kukpang chôngbo ponbu, op. cit., 1993, pp. 279, 280. The Foundation of the MAC and the NNSC and the First Turbulent Years 61
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KINU Research Monograph 09-15 Peace
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Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsu
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CONTENTS Acronyms Preface Acknowled
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CONTENTS 4.3 North-South Dialogue a
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CONTENTS Appendix ········
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Acronyms AA Armistice Agreement ASM
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Preface This monograph is the resea
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Acknowledgements Firstly, I wish to
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Chapter 1 Introduction
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(DMZ): “An invisible war now cont
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formation takes place nonviolently.
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the same criteria. The game theory
Page 27 and 28: News Agency, one article from a jou
Page 29 and 30: is the 1953 Armistice Agreement, wh
Page 31 and 32: 1.6 Korean Names and Terminology Ko
Page 33 and 34: Chapter 2 The Foundation of the MAC
Page 35 and 36: pended, how the suspensions were en
Page 37 and 38: However, following strong pressure
Page 39 and 40: flag rank.” The other two “...
Page 41 and 42: secret designs or characteristics o
Page 43 and 44: hospital). To implement its tasks,
Page 45 and 46: cations themselves. In contrast, Sw
Page 47 and 48: as an “aide” and a soldier to c
Page 49 and 50: the way, reloading could freely be
Page 51 and 52: “Checks at the railway stations h
Page 53 and 54: the inspection teams did not work w
Page 55 and 56: fighter planes in transport contain
Page 57 and 58: Korea whether prisoners of war were
Page 59 and 60: armistice North Korea began to buil
Page 61 and 62: econnaissance flights by one airpla
Page 63 and 64: asserted that its investigation of
Page 65 and 66: On November 16, a North Korean comp
Page 67 and 68: taken photos. 41 The South admitted
Page 69 and 70: than at the plenary meetings. Howev
Page 71 and 72: ment rejected the proposal for pass
Page 73 and 74: the Korean issue should be transfer
Page 75 and 76: dispatched to investigate the incid
Page 77: At the 63rd MAC meeting proposed by
Page 81 and 82: According to Weilenmann (2004), sin
Page 83 and 84: 1953, was the first man to point ou
Page 85 and 86: Treaty that obligated the US to com
Page 87 and 88: were committed by North Korea and t
Page 89 and 90: without any harm to the armistice c
Page 91 and 92: ports of entry had reached a dead e
Page 93 and 94: earming South Korea in violation of
Page 95 and 96: the NNSC to work in North Korea and
Page 97 and 98: At the same time, the South Korean
Page 99 and 100: emaining teams became “subteams
Page 101 and 102: ment “... regulating the activiti
Page 103 and 104: violating Paragraph 13(d). The UNC/
Page 105 and 106: The UNC/MAC representative maintain
Page 107 and 108: Wigforss, pointed out the symbolic
Page 109 and 110: menting its provisions had become i
Page 111 and 112: to establish that the plane was arm
Page 113 and 114: The UNC informed the NNSC about its
Page 115 and 116: pointed out that the North abused t
Page 117 and 118: an informal meeting in the part of
Page 119 and 120: Swiss view was again that the issue
Page 121 and 122: alance. In a missive letter from th
Page 123 and 124: NNSC to reduce tension in the Far E
Page 125 and 126: Affairs that work was mainly routin
Page 127 and 128: 2.9 The Parties’ Views of the NNS
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were also invited to get some orien
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negative peace. The defection from
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existence of a neutral commission w
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the 1956-57 events a dissolution wa
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3.1 Introduction As we saw in Chapt
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President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s
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Kim (2003) notes that since the sup
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The military build-up repeatedly ca
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illion in 1967. 106 This extraordin
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As in the late 1950s, the KPA/CPV u
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for about ten years but from the su
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When large-scale North Korean intru
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was foolish; the issue was an inter
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When the 227th meeting proposed by
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incidents had been fabricated by th
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data, that he was not a returning d
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on American and South Korean forces
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14, at about 11 P.M., shortly befor
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number of killed South Koreans fell
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woman who sold eggs in the village.
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October 21, 1966 armed ambush of a
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Before the UNC/MAC at the 289th mee
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harvest holiday) celebration. Accor
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demand was repeated at the followin
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As we have seen, in 1958 Joint Obse
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sequently removed the bodies from t
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to fish in territory that extended
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KPA/CPV convened on August 5, 1966,
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abductees were that North Korean au
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informed of the result when availab
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and kidnappings of fishermen had be
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was shot down close to the Swedish
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in the air. 143 At the 206th meetin
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North Korea over the East Sea 50 mi
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the words of Mobley (2003), a “ca
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outine training mission, with a cre
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lost and therefore flew into your t
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3.6 The Work of the MAC and the NNS
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many armistice violations were comm
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His compatriot Chief of Staff, Majo
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een fighting an ideological war at
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parties, thereby easing tense relat
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among the armistice parties that th
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Nonetheless, the woodcutters report
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estimated its risks. His view is sh
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According to Downs (1999), on the a
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which had not suffered a seizure in
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aggressors.” The “South Korean
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etaliation. Considering the game th
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According to the Swedish NNSC Deleg
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Pak tried to draw out the complete
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North Korea without South Korea’s
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of the 661st Unit of the Korean Peo
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The general reiterated that the ass
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should refuse to abandon their pres
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discuss specific arrangements for t
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of 82 former crew members of the Pu
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Following the signing of the docume
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water zone claimed by North Korea a
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Offensive launched in late January,
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controversial at the top-political
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assassination attempt on President
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Chapter 4 North-South Dialogue and
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NNSC played during the crisis but i
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The October 9 incident was raised a
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side of it not had made a request.
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The outcome was two against and two
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ecorded in Chapter 2 of having an e
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On October 24, the NNSC had receive
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for the first time to acknowledge r
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was going on in Panmunjom.” He co
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South Korea that were a battle for
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Seoul by Yi Hu-rak, Head of the Kor
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egarded as a stronger indication of
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workers carrying out routine work f
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strengthened its war preparations b
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military exercises. The South denie
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y the KPA/CPV held on January 26, 1
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een brought into the JSA and reject
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command are responsible for enforci
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UNC control. North Korea asserted o
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that the UNC and South Korea should
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clumsy and collided with the North
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North Korea admitted that it had su
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none of the crew could be rescued.
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then requested identification but s
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y the UNC/MAC, repeated the “stri
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KPA/CPV Senior Member, Major Genera
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North Korea also proposed to hold t
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maintained quiet discipline, but th
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Assembly, Second Session, convened
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tree should be pruned. That the tre
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As a result of the axe murder, the
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latter’s request addressed to the
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On August 21, work to cut down the
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and made an important contribution
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prevent the provocation. Our side w
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on August 28, the US repeated its d
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Why did the axe murder take place?
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According to Downs (1999), Presiden
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Since on November 15, 1974 steam as
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North Korean defector Kim Pu-sông
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Korean War to protect them from Ame
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North Korea to destroy all tunnels,
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past 25 years had a restraining and
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quo formed a “positive symmetry
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Chapter 5 Continued Tension but Ren
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loped in 1984-85 when a dialogue wa
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areas from the rear of the northern
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in 1981 and accusations of war prep
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of Korea. At the 417th meeting call
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also been raised at two previous me
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secretary meeting held on March 23,
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ground forces which had crossed the
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vessel followed the boat that was e
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under UNC and South Korean control
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The UNC/MAC claimed that the men we
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photographical and physical evidenc
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The North regarded the intrusion on
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the US make this assessment plausib
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opportunity to introduce security-a
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the name of the North Korean Red Cr
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NNSC conference room, as were the f
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In 1987, North Korea forwarded to t
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Korea’s liberation from Japan in
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the UNC/MAC Senior Member called th
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counterpart to provide humanitarian
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6.1 Introduction Tension continued
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protest to the South Korean governm
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of terror by the amassing of armies
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and were authorized to have officia
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women were invited to Seoul to part
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6.3 Reactivation of Dialogue and th
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the military demarcation line speci
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1991 Joint Declaration. When in May
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eopening Team Spirit, deploying Pat
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February 1998 were working contacts
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According to Lee (2001b), if the ap
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had invited North Korea to observe
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According to Lee (2001a), since 195
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were informally invited to P’yôn
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Korean peninsula.” 307 In contras
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since November 1984 (cf. pp. 349-35
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the US in reality signed the Armist
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US participated in the war to help
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meeting requested by the North, had
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the new organization demonstrativel
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new peace regime. The UNC/MAC respo
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asked forgiveness for his “grave
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was regarded as a preparation for w
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Armistice Agreement in accordance w
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At the second round of talks reques
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ecurrence, punishment of those resp
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characterized not only the MAC secr
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claimed: “North Korea’s claim t
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6.6 North Korea Expels the Czech Re
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the NNSC expressed its unanimous op
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that it would withdraw on April 10.
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friendly gesture was later interpre
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On February 9, the Deputy Head of t
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On February 24, the South Korean Fo
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oth sides; North Korea’s unilater
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According to the Swedish officer Bo
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Lhotska (1997), for both Sweden and
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However, what Mueller-Lhotska (1997
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evidently with their own consent to
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incident “only serves to further
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As we have seen, North Korea had on
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northern side when they were appreh
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signed the 1994 Agreed Framework th
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Chapter 7 Expanding Relations but C
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with previous periods. The account
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835,838 cases, 832,260 of them on l
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settling serious incidents have hel
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Korean governments began in 1972 to
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from the UNC. The investigation of
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achieve improvements in contacts in
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Agreement should be the basis for o
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enforced. Ten paragraphs remained i
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was no demand for navigation in the
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epatriation of prisoners-of-war was
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were held because of the building o
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In September, four meetings were he
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In 2002 and 2003, joint exhumations
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firing by machine guns had taken pl
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“...to ensure an independent and
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Paengnyông only about 12 kilometre
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In February, Swedish and Swiss NNSC
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7.4 Expansion of Inter-Korean Excha
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Whether this is true or not, two ye
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General Thomas A. Schwartz, stated
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The two Koreas’ different positio
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with the US continue was published
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energy supplies and technical aid.
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335). While the sunshine policy was
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to Kaesông to take place on Decemb
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services from December 1 in protest
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ealize this.” 385 On March 2, the
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“The successful launch of the sat
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the Demilitarized Zone and to the l
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the DMZ and observing US-South Kore
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8.1 Contributions of the MAC and th
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enormous damage. Also, it is virtua
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peace-keeping took place in differe
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Otherwise, its mere presence has he
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will remain so until it is replaced
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progress in the military field in p
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The axe murder is the only incident
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South Korea to the US. In the 1990s
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held in March 2009 is hard to asses
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Appendix Ⅰ Maps a) Map of the Kor
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) Map of the Joint Security Area be
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d) Buildings in the Joint Security
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Appendix Ⅱ Text of The Korean War
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Commission. Other personnel shall n
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(c) Cease the introduction into Kor
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prevent unnecessary delays, the use
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whom shall be appointed by the Comm
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33. The Joint Observer teams shall
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ment of its own as it may desire; p
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Sinanju............................
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hand them over to the Neutral Natio
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and shall visit the prisoner-of-war
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prisoners of war shall be delivered
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Article Ⅳ. Recommendations to the
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Appendix Ⅲ To the Stationmaster o
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August 8 At the ninth MAC meeting,
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November 16 At the 89th MAC secreta
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April 15 The UNC Commander in a let
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December 1 North Korea suggests a m
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August 6 At the 63rd MAC meeting, t
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armbands. July 1 The UNC Headquarte
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December 11 At the 90th MAC meeting
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March 3 At the 115th MAC meeting, t
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584 Peace-keeping in the Korean Pen
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June 24 At the 142nd MAC meeting, t
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October 22-23 Premier Kim Il Sung p
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August 19 At 186th MAC plenary meet
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September 30 The “Freedom House
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July 22 At the 227th MAC meeting, t
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Page 616 and 617:
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March 22 North Korea reports that t
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December 30 At the 283rd MAC meetin
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October 23 At the 296th MAC meeting
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1971-1980 North Korea commits altog
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1972 January 26 At the 327th MAC me
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March 12 At the 337th MAC meeting,
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November- January 1974 612 Peace-ke
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March 21 Defectors Kim Pu-sông and
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August 5 At the 378th MAC meeting,
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1978 The Swiss NNSC delegation is r
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North rejects the accusation. Augus
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October 31 At the 422nd MAC plenary
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April 3 At the 437th MAC meeting, t
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1991-99 310 corpses of American sol
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December 1991. October 1 South Kore
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January 19 North Korea declares tha
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April Both parties cease to supply
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December 1 South Korea acquires ope
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March 2 At the MAC secretary meetin
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November 14 At the MAC secretary me
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June 26 At the MAC secretary meetin
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June 22 At the seventh round of Gen
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2001 Six UNC/MAC Secretariat-KPA Se
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December The US cuts off oil suppli
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February 25-28 The second round of
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November 7 At the NNSC consultation
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August 8 North Korea blames the US
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Appendix Ⅴ Violations claimed by
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Appendix Ⅵ Types of Violations of
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e) 1990-1993 1990 1991 1992 1993 Ai
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c) 1970-1979 1970 1971 1972 1973 19
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Appendix Ⅷ Types of Issues raised
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1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
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1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966
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1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976
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1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
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Appendix Ⅸ Casualties from North
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Appendix Ⅹ Number of Proposed MAC
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Appendix XI KPA/CPV Senior Members,
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No Name Rank Mandate Period Number
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Appendix XIV Heads of Polish Delega
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Appendix XV Heads of Swedish Delega
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Appendix XVI Heads of Swiss Delegat
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Appendix XVII(a) The Neutral Nation
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Bibliography Ahlgren, Kjell. “Ins
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Commission in Panmunjom (Korea) 195
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[KINU], 2006, pp. 17-22. . “Puk h
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Europa Publications. The Far East a
Page 725 and 726:
. Månadsrapport, mars 1975: Bilaga
Page 727 and 728:
Harrison, William. Military Armisti
Page 729 and 730:
. Slurapport: Bilaga: Generalmajor
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June 16, 2003. Accessed December 13
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Edition (2004-2006).] Hapch’am ch
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Means of Firing Power.”] In Kim,
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. “DMZ-nôn ôptta.” [“There
Page 739 and 740:
day. Lerner, Mitchell B. The Pueblo
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Machiavelli, Nicoló. The Prince. C
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Norlin, Per. “Lugnt hos svenskar
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[Ministry of Foreign Affairs.] Prom
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Swedish Group NNSC. Slutrapport H:1
Page 749 and 750:
. “MAC Meet: UNC Hits Dispatching
Page 751 and 752:
Werner, Finn. Månadsrapport januar
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Agreed Framework / 384-5, 452, 499,
Page 755 and 756:
408-409, 431, 456, 472, 522 Chinese
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in, 240, 249-250, 297 Julin, Sven /
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peace, 42, 186, 234, 258-9, 322-3,
Page 761 and 762:
North Korea / 2, 3, 16, 17, 18, 19,
Page 763 and 764:
P’yôngyang / 25, 89, 102, 111, 1
Page 765 and 766:
Ulchin-Samch’ôk area/incident /
Page 768:
Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsu
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