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Chapter 5<br />
Continued Tension<br />
but Renewed Dialogue<br />
during the 1980s
whom to sign a peace treaty with from South Korea to the US in 1974. In 1976, the Panmunjom axe murder of two American officers took place due to a dispute regarding a tree in the JSA, but underlying reasons were North Korea’s policy to test the willingness of the US to defend South Korea and to gain world-wide support for a troop withdrawal. Although North Korean officers committed the murders, the UNC shares responsibility for the incident by ignoring previous warnings not to cut down the tree and by not notifying the North in advance. In a deviation from established patterns, North Korea expressed regret for the axe murder whereas the UNC/MAC admitted the 1977 helicopter incident. The axe murder turned out to be a great blunder by North Korea, which in 1976 failed to gain support for raising a resolution in the UN. North Korea strongly rejected the UNC/MAC’s protests against invasion tunnels constructed under the DMZ and discovered in 1974, 1975, 1978 and 1990. North Korean defectors helped to locate them and provided data contradicting the denials. The tunnel issue caused severe tension and also involved the NNSC. 324 Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsula
Chapter 5 Continued Tension but Renewed Dialogue during the 1980s
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KINU Research Monograph 09-15 Peace
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Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsu
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CONTENTS Acronyms Preface Acknowled
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CONTENTS 4.3 North-South Dialogue a
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CONTENTS Appendix ········
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Acronyms AA Armistice Agreement ASM
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Preface This monograph is the resea
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Acknowledgements Firstly, I wish to
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Chapter 1 Introduction
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(DMZ): “An invisible war now cont
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formation takes place nonviolently.
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the same criteria. The game theory
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News Agency, one article from a jou
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is the 1953 Armistice Agreement, wh
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1.6 Korean Names and Terminology Ko
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Chapter 2 The Foundation of the MAC
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pended, how the suspensions were en
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However, following strong pressure
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flag rank.” The other two “...
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secret designs or characteristics o
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hospital). To implement its tasks,
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cations themselves. In contrast, Sw
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as an “aide” and a soldier to c
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the way, reloading could freely be
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“Checks at the railway stations h
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the inspection teams did not work w
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fighter planes in transport contain
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Korea whether prisoners of war were
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armistice North Korea began to buil
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econnaissance flights by one airpla
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asserted that its investigation of
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On November 16, a North Korean comp
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taken photos. 41 The South admitted
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than at the plenary meetings. Howev
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ment rejected the proposal for pass
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the Korean issue should be transfer
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dispatched to investigate the incid
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At the 63rd MAC meeting proposed by
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Marshal General Headquarters. 52 Ar
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According to Weilenmann (2004), sin
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1953, was the first man to point ou
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Treaty that obligated the US to com
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were committed by North Korea and t
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without any harm to the armistice c
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ports of entry had reached a dead e
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earming South Korea in violation of
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the NNSC to work in North Korea and
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At the same time, the South Korean
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emaining teams became “subteams
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ment “... regulating the activiti
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violating Paragraph 13(d). The UNC/
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The UNC/MAC representative maintain
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Wigforss, pointed out the symbolic
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menting its provisions had become i
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to establish that the plane was arm
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The UNC informed the NNSC about its
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pointed out that the North abused t
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an informal meeting in the part of
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Swiss view was again that the issue
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alance. In a missive letter from th
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NNSC to reduce tension in the Far E
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Affairs that work was mainly routin
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2.9 The Parties’ Views of the NNS
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were also invited to get some orien
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negative peace. The defection from
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existence of a neutral commission w
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the 1956-57 events a dissolution wa
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3.1 Introduction As we saw in Chapt
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President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s
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Kim (2003) notes that since the sup
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The military build-up repeatedly ca
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illion in 1967. 106 This extraordin
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As in the late 1950s, the KPA/CPV u
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for about ten years but from the su
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When large-scale North Korean intru
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was foolish; the issue was an inter
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When the 227th meeting proposed by
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incidents had been fabricated by th
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data, that he was not a returning d
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on American and South Korean forces
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14, at about 11 P.M., shortly befor
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number of killed South Koreans fell
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woman who sold eggs in the village.
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October 21, 1966 armed ambush of a
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Before the UNC/MAC at the 289th mee
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harvest holiday) celebration. Accor
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demand was repeated at the followin
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As we have seen, in 1958 Joint Obse
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sequently removed the bodies from t
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to fish in territory that extended
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KPA/CPV convened on August 5, 1966,
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abductees were that North Korean au
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informed of the result when availab
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and kidnappings of fishermen had be
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was shot down close to the Swedish
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in the air. 143 At the 206th meetin
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North Korea over the East Sea 50 mi
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the words of Mobley (2003), a “ca
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outine training mission, with a cre
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lost and therefore flew into your t
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3.6 The Work of the MAC and the NNS
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many armistice violations were comm
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His compatriot Chief of Staff, Majo
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een fighting an ideological war at
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parties, thereby easing tense relat
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among the armistice parties that th
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Nonetheless, the woodcutters report
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estimated its risks. His view is sh
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According to Downs (1999), on the a
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which had not suffered a seizure in
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aggressors.” The “South Korean
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etaliation. Considering the game th
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According to the Swedish NNSC Deleg
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Pak tried to draw out the complete
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North Korea without South Korea’s
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of the 661st Unit of the Korean Peo
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The general reiterated that the ass
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should refuse to abandon their pres
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discuss specific arrangements for t
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of 82 former crew members of the Pu
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Following the signing of the docume
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water zone claimed by North Korea a
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Offensive launched in late January,
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controversial at the top-political
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assassination attempt on President
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Chapter 4 North-South Dialogue and
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NNSC played during the crisis but i
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The October 9 incident was raised a
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side of it not had made a request.
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The outcome was two against and two
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ecorded in Chapter 2 of having an e
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On October 24, the NNSC had receive
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for the first time to acknowledge r
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was going on in Panmunjom.” He co
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South Korea that were a battle for
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Seoul by Yi Hu-rak, Head of the Kor
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egarded as a stronger indication of
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workers carrying out routine work f
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strengthened its war preparations b
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military exercises. The South denie
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y the KPA/CPV held on January 26, 1
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een brought into the JSA and reject
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command are responsible for enforci
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- Page 297 and 298: North Korea admitted that it had su
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- Page 301 and 302: then requested identification but s
- Page 303 and 304: y the UNC/MAC, repeated the “stri
- Page 305 and 306: KPA/CPV Senior Member, Major Genera
- Page 307 and 308: North Korea also proposed to hold t
- Page 309 and 310: maintained quiet discipline, but th
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- Page 313 and 314: tree should be pruned. That the tre
- Page 315 and 316: As a result of the axe murder, the
- Page 317 and 318: latter’s request addressed to the
- Page 319 and 320: On August 21, work to cut down the
- Page 321 and 322: and made an important contribution
- Page 323 and 324: prevent the provocation. Our side w
- Page 325 and 326: on August 28, the US repeated its d
- Page 327 and 328: Why did the axe murder take place?
- Page 329 and 330: According to Downs (1999), Presiden
- Page 331 and 332: Since on November 15, 1974 steam as
- Page 333 and 334: North Korean defector Kim Pu-sông
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- Page 339 and 340: past 25 years had a restraining and
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- Page 345 and 346: loped in 1984-85 when a dialogue wa
- Page 347 and 348: areas from the rear of the northern
- Page 349 and 350: in 1981 and accusations of war prep
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- Page 353 and 354: also been raised at two previous me
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- Page 357 and 358: ground forces which had crossed the
- Page 359 and 360: vessel followed the boat that was e
- Page 361 and 362: under UNC and South Korean control
- Page 363 and 364: The UNC/MAC claimed that the men we
- Page 365 and 366: photographical and physical evidenc
- Page 367 and 368: The North regarded the intrusion on
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- Page 371 and 372: opportunity to introduce security-a
- Page 373 and 374: the name of the North Korean Red Cr
- Page 375 and 376: NNSC conference room, as were the f
- Page 377 and 378: In 1987, North Korea forwarded to t
- Page 379 and 380: Korea’s liberation from Japan in
- Page 381 and 382: the UNC/MAC Senior Member called th
- Page 383: counterpart to provide humanitarian
- Page 386 and 387: 6.1 Introduction Tension continued
- Page 388 and 389: protest to the South Korean governm
- Page 390 and 391: of terror by the amassing of armies
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and were authorized to have officia
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women were invited to Seoul to part
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6.3 Reactivation of Dialogue and th
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the military demarcation line speci
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1991 Joint Declaration. When in May
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eopening Team Spirit, deploying Pat
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February 1998 were working contacts
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According to Lee (2001b), if the ap
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had invited North Korea to observe
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According to Lee (2001a), since 195
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were informally invited to P’yôn
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Korean peninsula.” 307 In contras
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since November 1984 (cf. pp. 349-35
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the US in reality signed the Armist
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US participated in the war to help
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meeting requested by the North, had
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the new organization demonstrativel
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new peace regime. The UNC/MAC respo
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asked forgiveness for his “grave
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was regarded as a preparation for w
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Armistice Agreement in accordance w
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At the second round of talks reques
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ecurrence, punishment of those resp
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characterized not only the MAC secr
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claimed: “North Korea’s claim t
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6.6 North Korea Expels the Czech Re
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the NNSC expressed its unanimous op
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that it would withdraw on April 10.
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friendly gesture was later interpre
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On February 9, the Deputy Head of t
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On February 24, the South Korean Fo
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oth sides; North Korea’s unilater
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According to the Swedish officer Bo
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Lhotska (1997), for both Sweden and
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However, what Mueller-Lhotska (1997
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evidently with their own consent to
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incident “only serves to further
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As we have seen, North Korea had on
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northern side when they were appreh
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signed the 1994 Agreed Framework th
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Chapter 7 Expanding Relations but C
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with previous periods. The account
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835,838 cases, 832,260 of them on l
- Page 479 and 480:
settling serious incidents have hel
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Korean governments began in 1972 to
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from the UNC. The investigation of
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achieve improvements in contacts in
- Page 487 and 488:
Agreement should be the basis for o
- Page 489 and 490:
enforced. Ten paragraphs remained i
- Page 491 and 492:
was no demand for navigation in the
- Page 493 and 494:
epatriation of prisoners-of-war was
- Page 495 and 496:
were held because of the building o
- Page 497 and 498:
In September, four meetings were he
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In 2002 and 2003, joint exhumations
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firing by machine guns had taken pl
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“...to ensure an independent and
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Paengnyông only about 12 kilometre
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In February, Swedish and Swiss NNSC
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7.4 Expansion of Inter-Korean Excha
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Whether this is true or not, two ye
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General Thomas A. Schwartz, stated
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The two Koreas’ different positio
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with the US continue was published
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energy supplies and technical aid.
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335). While the sunshine policy was
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to Kaesông to take place on Decemb
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services from December 1 in protest
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ealize this.” 385 On March 2, the
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“The successful launch of the sat
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the Demilitarized Zone and to the l
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the DMZ and observing US-South Kore
- Page 536 and 537:
8.1 Contributions of the MAC and th
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enormous damage. Also, it is virtua
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peace-keeping took place in differe
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Otherwise, its mere presence has he
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will remain so until it is replaced
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progress in the military field in p
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The axe murder is the only incident
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South Korea to the US. In the 1990s
- Page 552 and 553:
held in March 2009 is hard to asses
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Appendix Ⅰ Maps a) Map of the Kor
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) Map of the Joint Security Area be
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d) Buildings in the Joint Security
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Appendix Ⅱ Text of The Korean War
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Commission. Other personnel shall n
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(c) Cease the introduction into Kor
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prevent unnecessary delays, the use
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whom shall be appointed by the Comm
- Page 570 and 571:
33. The Joint Observer teams shall
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ment of its own as it may desire; p
- Page 574 and 575:
Sinanju............................
- Page 576 and 577:
hand them over to the Neutral Natio
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and shall visit the prisoner-of-war
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prisoners of war shall be delivered
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Article Ⅳ. Recommendations to the
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Appendix Ⅲ To the Stationmaster o
- Page 586 and 587:
August 8 At the ninth MAC meeting,
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November 16 At the 89th MAC secreta
- Page 590 and 591:
April 15 The UNC Commander in a let
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December 1 North Korea suggests a m
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August 6 At the 63rd MAC meeting, t
- Page 596 and 597:
armbands. July 1 The UNC Headquarte
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December 11 At the 90th MAC meeting
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March 3 At the 115th MAC meeting, t
- Page 602 and 603:
584 Peace-keeping in the Korean Pen
- Page 604 and 605:
June 24 At the 142nd MAC meeting, t
- Page 606 and 607:
October 22-23 Premier Kim Il Sung p
- Page 608 and 609:
August 19 At 186th MAC plenary meet
- Page 610 and 611:
September 30 The “Freedom House
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July 22 At the 227th MAC meeting, t
- Page 614 and 615:
596 Peace-keeping in the Korean Pen
- Page 616 and 617:
598 Peace-keeping in the Korean Pen
- Page 618 and 619:
March 22 North Korea reports that t
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December 30 At the 283rd MAC meetin
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October 23 At the 296th MAC meeting
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1971-1980 North Korea commits altog
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1972 January 26 At the 327th MAC me
- Page 628 and 629:
March 12 At the 337th MAC meeting,
- Page 630 and 631:
November- January 1974 612 Peace-ke
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614 Peace-keeping in the Korean Pen
- Page 634 and 635:
March 21 Defectors Kim Pu-sông and
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August 5 At the 378th MAC meeting,
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1978 The Swiss NNSC delegation is r
- Page 640 and 641:
North rejects the accusation. Augus
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624 Peace-keeping in the Korean Pen
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626 Peace-keeping in the Korean Pen
- Page 646 and 647:
October 31 At the 422nd MAC plenary
- Page 648 and 649:
630 Peace-keeping in the Korean Pen
- Page 650 and 651:
April 3 At the 437th MAC meeting, t
- Page 652 and 653:
634 Peace-keeping in the Korean Pen
- Page 654 and 655:
1991-99 310 corpses of American sol
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December 1991. October 1 South Kore
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January 19 North Korea declares tha
- Page 660 and 661:
April Both parties cease to supply
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December 1 South Korea acquires ope
- Page 664 and 665:
March 2 At the MAC secretary meetin
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November 14 At the MAC secretary me
- Page 668 and 669:
June 26 At the MAC secretary meetin
- Page 670 and 671:
June 22 At the seventh round of Gen
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2001 Six UNC/MAC Secretariat-KPA Se
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December The US cuts off oil suppli
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February 25-28 The second round of
- Page 678 and 679:
November 7 At the NNSC consultation
- Page 680 and 681:
August 8 North Korea blames the US
- Page 682 and 683:
Appendix Ⅴ Violations claimed by
- Page 684 and 685:
Appendix Ⅵ Types of Violations of
- Page 686 and 687:
e) 1990-1993 1990 1991 1992 1993 Ai
- Page 688 and 689:
c) 1970-1979 1970 1971 1972 1973 19
- Page 690 and 691:
Appendix Ⅷ Types of Issues raised
- Page 692 and 693:
1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
- Page 694 and 695:
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966
- Page 696 and 697:
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976
- Page 698 and 699:
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
- Page 700 and 701:
Appendix Ⅸ Casualties from North
- Page 702 and 703:
Appendix Ⅹ Number of Proposed MAC
- Page 704 and 705:
Appendix XI KPA/CPV Senior Members,
- Page 706 and 707:
No Name Rank Mandate Period Number
- Page 708 and 709:
Appendix XIV Heads of Polish Delega
- Page 710 and 711:
Appendix XV Heads of Swedish Delega
- Page 712 and 713:
Appendix XVI Heads of Swiss Delegat
- Page 714 and 715:
Appendix XVII(a) The Neutral Nation
- Page 717 and 718:
Bibliography Ahlgren, Kjell. “Ins
- Page 719 and 720:
Commission in Panmunjom (Korea) 195
- Page 721 and 722:
[KINU], 2006, pp. 17-22. . “Puk h
- Page 723 and 724:
Europa Publications. The Far East a
- Page 725 and 726:
. Månadsrapport, mars 1975: Bilaga
- Page 727 and 728:
Harrison, William. Military Armisti
- Page 729 and 730:
. Slurapport: Bilaga: Generalmajor
- Page 731 and 732:
June 16, 2003. Accessed December 13
- Page 733 and 734:
Edition (2004-2006).] Hapch’am ch
- Page 735 and 736:
Means of Firing Power.”] In Kim,
- Page 737 and 738:
. “DMZ-nôn ôptta.” [“There
- Page 739 and 740:
day. Lerner, Mitchell B. The Pueblo
- Page 741 and 742:
Machiavelli, Nicoló. The Prince. C
- Page 743 and 744:
Norlin, Per. “Lugnt hos svenskar
- Page 745 and 746:
[Ministry of Foreign Affairs.] Prom
- Page 747 and 748:
Swedish Group NNSC. Slutrapport H:1
- Page 749 and 750:
. “MAC Meet: UNC Hits Dispatching
- Page 751 and 752:
Werner, Finn. Månadsrapport januar
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Agreed Framework / 384-5, 452, 499,
- Page 755 and 756:
408-409, 431, 456, 472, 522 Chinese
- Page 757 and 758:
in, 240, 249-250, 297 Julin, Sven /
- Page 759 and 760:
peace, 42, 186, 234, 258-9, 322-3,
- Page 761 and 762:
North Korea / 2, 3, 16, 17, 18, 19,
- Page 763 and 764:
P’yôngyang / 25, 89, 102, 111, 1
- Page 765 and 766:
Ulchin-Samch’ôk area/incident /
- Page 768:
Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsu
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