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624 Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsula urges replacing the Armistice Agreement with a North Korea- US peace treaty. 1981-1990 North Korea commits 329,669 armistice violations, of which 329,659 on land, seven at sea and three in the air. 1981 February 13 At the 405th MAC meeting, the North criticizes the “TS-81 South Korea- US Joint Exercise” and urges a halt. The exercise is regarded as a war preparation. The South asserts that the exercise is unrelated to the armistice and is aimed to guarantee its ability to protect the Republic of Korea. July 17 At the 406th MAC meeting, the South reconfirms that the cancellation of Paragraph 13(d) would continue. The North criticizes the US for bringing F-15 and F-16 planes, tanks etc. into South Korea. August 26 A North Korean missile shoots down an unarmed SR-71 “Blackbird” reconnaissance aircraft. September 1 At the 407th MAC meeting, the South charges North Korea “with a pre-meditated and unprovoked act of aggression against the UNC” that could seriously threaten peace. The KPA/CPV responds that the SR-71 “intruded into North Korean airspace to carry out espionage activities” and that the South “fabricated the absurd incident” to slander and defame North Korea at the conference table. The North claims that the South, under the pretext of “military balance” and “defence,” was busy rearming and planning for a new war. November 9 At the 408th MAC meeting, the North urges the withdrawal of the US troops and replacing the Armistice Agreement with a peace treaty. December 28 At the 4<strong>09</strong>th MAC meeting, the South points out that it had observed secret military exercises in the North and proposes
1982 that major exercises should be announced in advance. The North criticized that the American troops had brought in brand-new planes and tanks and prepared war exercises. January 23 At the 410th MAC meeting, the North criticizes the US for its rearmament plan and the introduction of F-16 fighter planes and other new weapons into South Korea to prepare for war and urges the withdrawal of the plan. The South asserts that a restoration of Paragraph 13(d) hinges on the North’s attitude and that military exercises should not be raised in the MAC. January 29 At a meeting with the NNSC, the North declares that if an invitation to inspect a military exercise came, he would reject; it could signal approval. March 9 At the 411th MAC meeting, the North urges a halt to TS-82 and criticizes the introduction of brand-new weapons into South Korea. The UN forces should be withdrawn. The South explains that its exercises, unlike the North’s, were open and aimed to preserve peace. May 4 At the 412th MAC meeting, the North criticizes rearmament in South Korea. The North claims that on April 21 South Korean soldiers in the DMZ had fired at its civilian police, but the South refutes the claim and argues that the North’s civilian police had fired at its civilian police. Exchanges of fire took place for ten minutes. The South fired at a group of armed intruders, who then escaped. May 16 The KPA/CPV Senior Member telephones his UNC/MAC counterpart to ask for the return of any “bodies” that might be found along the east coast. He claims that some North Korean military personnel were unaccounted for after a training exercise on the evening of May 14. On May 15, a team of three armed North Korean infiltrators was intercepted. On May18, the UNC returns the remains of Appendix 625
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KINU Research Monograph 09-15 Peace
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Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsu
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CONTENTS Acronyms Preface Acknowled
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CONTENTS 4.3 North-South Dialogue a
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CONTENTS Appendix ········
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Acronyms AA Armistice Agreement ASM
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Preface This monograph is the resea
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Acknowledgements Firstly, I wish to
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Chapter 1 Introduction
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(DMZ): “An invisible war now cont
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formation takes place nonviolently.
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the same criteria. The game theory
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News Agency, one article from a jou
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is the 1953 Armistice Agreement, wh
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1.6 Korean Names and Terminology Ko
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Chapter 2 The Foundation of the MAC
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pended, how the suspensions were en
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However, following strong pressure
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flag rank.” The other two “...
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secret designs or characteristics o
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hospital). To implement its tasks,
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cations themselves. In contrast, Sw
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as an “aide” and a soldier to c
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the way, reloading could freely be
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“Checks at the railway stations h
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the inspection teams did not work w
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fighter planes in transport contain
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Korea whether prisoners of war were
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armistice North Korea began to buil
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econnaissance flights by one airpla
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asserted that its investigation of
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On November 16, a North Korean comp
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taken photos. 41 The South admitted
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than at the plenary meetings. Howev
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ment rejected the proposal for pass
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the Korean issue should be transfer
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dispatched to investigate the incid
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At the 63rd MAC meeting proposed by
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Marshal General Headquarters. 52 Ar
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According to Weilenmann (2004), sin
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1953, was the first man to point ou
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Treaty that obligated the US to com
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were committed by North Korea and t
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without any harm to the armistice c
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ports of entry had reached a dead e
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earming South Korea in violation of
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the NNSC to work in North Korea and
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At the same time, the South Korean
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emaining teams became “subteams
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ment “... regulating the activiti
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violating Paragraph 13(d). The UNC/
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The UNC/MAC representative maintain
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Wigforss, pointed out the symbolic
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menting its provisions had become i
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to establish that the plane was arm
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The UNC informed the NNSC about its
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pointed out that the North abused t
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an informal meeting in the part of
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Swiss view was again that the issue
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alance. In a missive letter from th
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NNSC to reduce tension in the Far E
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Affairs that work was mainly routin
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2.9 The Parties’ Views of the NNS
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were also invited to get some orien
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negative peace. The defection from
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existence of a neutral commission w
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the 1956-57 events a dissolution wa
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3.1 Introduction As we saw in Chapt
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President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s
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Kim (2003) notes that since the sup
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The military build-up repeatedly ca
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illion in 1967. 106 This extraordin
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As in the late 1950s, the KPA/CPV u
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for about ten years but from the su
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When large-scale North Korean intru
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was foolish; the issue was an inter
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When the 227th meeting proposed by
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incidents had been fabricated by th
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data, that he was not a returning d
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on American and South Korean forces
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14, at about 11 P.M., shortly befor
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number of killed South Koreans fell
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woman who sold eggs in the village.
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October 21, 1966 armed ambush of a
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Before the UNC/MAC at the 289th mee
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harvest holiday) celebration. Accor
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demand was repeated at the followin
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As we have seen, in 1958 Joint Obse
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sequently removed the bodies from t
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to fish in territory that extended
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KPA/CPV convened on August 5, 1966,
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abductees were that North Korean au
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informed of the result when availab
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and kidnappings of fishermen had be
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was shot down close to the Swedish
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in the air. 143 At the 206th meetin
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North Korea over the East Sea 50 mi
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the words of Mobley (2003), a “ca
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outine training mission, with a cre
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lost and therefore flew into your t
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3.6 The Work of the MAC and the NNS
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many armistice violations were comm
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His compatriot Chief of Staff, Majo
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een fighting an ideological war at
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parties, thereby easing tense relat
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among the armistice parties that th
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Nonetheless, the woodcutters report
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estimated its risks. His view is sh
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According to Downs (1999), on the a
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which had not suffered a seizure in
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aggressors.” The “South Korean
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etaliation. Considering the game th
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According to the Swedish NNSC Deleg
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Pak tried to draw out the complete
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North Korea without South Korea’s
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of the 661st Unit of the Korean Peo
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The general reiterated that the ass
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should refuse to abandon their pres
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discuss specific arrangements for t
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of 82 former crew members of the Pu
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Following the signing of the docume
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water zone claimed by North Korea a
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Offensive launched in late January,
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controversial at the top-political
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assassination attempt on President
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Chapter 4 North-South Dialogue and
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NNSC played during the crisis but i
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The October 9 incident was raised a
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side of it not had made a request.
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The outcome was two against and two
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ecorded in Chapter 2 of having an e
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On October 24, the NNSC had receive
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for the first time to acknowledge r
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was going on in Panmunjom.” He co
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South Korea that were a battle for
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Seoul by Yi Hu-rak, Head of the Kor
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egarded as a stronger indication of
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workers carrying out routine work f
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strengthened its war preparations b
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military exercises. The South denie
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y the KPA/CPV held on January 26, 1
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een brought into the JSA and reject
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command are responsible for enforci
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UNC control. North Korea asserted o
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that the UNC and South Korea should
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clumsy and collided with the North
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North Korea admitted that it had su
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none of the crew could be rescued.
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then requested identification but s
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y the UNC/MAC, repeated the “stri
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KPA/CPV Senior Member, Major Genera
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North Korea also proposed to hold t
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maintained quiet discipline, but th
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Assembly, Second Session, convened
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tree should be pruned. That the tre
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As a result of the axe murder, the
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latter’s request addressed to the
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On August 21, work to cut down the
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and made an important contribution
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prevent the provocation. Our side w
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on August 28, the US repeated its d
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Why did the axe murder take place?
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According to Downs (1999), Presiden
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Since on November 15, 1974 steam as
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North Korean defector Kim Pu-sông
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Korean War to protect them from Ame
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North Korea to destroy all tunnels,
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past 25 years had a restraining and
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quo formed a “positive symmetry
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Chapter 5 Continued Tension but Ren
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loped in 1984-85 when a dialogue wa
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areas from the rear of the northern
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in 1981 and accusations of war prep
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of Korea. At the 417th meeting call
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also been raised at two previous me
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secretary meeting held on March 23,
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ground forces which had crossed the
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vessel followed the boat that was e
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under UNC and South Korean control
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The UNC/MAC claimed that the men we
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photographical and physical evidenc
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The North regarded the intrusion on
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the US make this assessment plausib
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opportunity to introduce security-a
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the name of the North Korean Red Cr
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NNSC conference room, as were the f
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In 1987, North Korea forwarded to t
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Korea’s liberation from Japan in
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the UNC/MAC Senior Member called th
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counterpart to provide humanitarian
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6.1 Introduction Tension continued
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protest to the South Korean governm
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of terror by the amassing of armies
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and were authorized to have officia
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women were invited to Seoul to part
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6.3 Reactivation of Dialogue and th
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the military demarcation line speci
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1991 Joint Declaration. When in May
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eopening Team Spirit, deploying Pat
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February 1998 were working contacts
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According to Lee (2001b), if the ap
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had invited North Korea to observe
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According to Lee (2001a), since 195
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were informally invited to P’yôn
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Korean peninsula.” 307 In contras
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since November 1984 (cf. pp. 349-35
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the US in reality signed the Armist
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US participated in the war to help
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meeting requested by the North, had
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the new organization demonstrativel
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new peace regime. The UNC/MAC respo
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asked forgiveness for his “grave
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was regarded as a preparation for w
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Armistice Agreement in accordance w
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At the second round of talks reques
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ecurrence, punishment of those resp
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characterized not only the MAC secr
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claimed: “North Korea’s claim t
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6.6 North Korea Expels the Czech Re
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the NNSC expressed its unanimous op
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that it would withdraw on April 10.
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friendly gesture was later interpre
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On February 9, the Deputy Head of t
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On February 24, the South Korean Fo
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oth sides; North Korea’s unilater
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According to the Swedish officer Bo
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Lhotska (1997), for both Sweden and
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However, what Mueller-Lhotska (1997
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evidently with their own consent to
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incident “only serves to further
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As we have seen, North Korea had on
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northern side when they were appreh
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signed the 1994 Agreed Framework th
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Chapter 7 Expanding Relations but C
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with previous periods. The account
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835,838 cases, 832,260 of them on l
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settling serious incidents have hel
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Korean governments began in 1972 to
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from the UNC. The investigation of
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achieve improvements in contacts in
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Agreement should be the basis for o
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enforced. Ten paragraphs remained i
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was no demand for navigation in the
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epatriation of prisoners-of-war was
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were held because of the building o
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In September, four meetings were he
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In 2002 and 2003, joint exhumations
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firing by machine guns had taken pl
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“...to ensure an independent and
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Paengnyông only about 12 kilometre
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In February, Swedish and Swiss NNSC
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7.4 Expansion of Inter-Korean Excha
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Whether this is true or not, two ye
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General Thomas A. Schwartz, stated
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The two Koreas’ different positio
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with the US continue was published
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energy supplies and technical aid.
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335). While the sunshine policy was
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to Kaesông to take place on Decemb
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services from December 1 in protest
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ealize this.” 385 On March 2, the
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“The successful launch of the sat
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the Demilitarized Zone and to the l
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the DMZ and observing US-South Kore
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8.1 Contributions of the MAC and th
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enormous damage. Also, it is virtua
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peace-keeping took place in differe
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Otherwise, its mere presence has he
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will remain so until it is replaced
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progress in the military field in p
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The axe murder is the only incident
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South Korea to the US. In the 1990s
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held in March 2009 is hard to asses
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Appendix Ⅰ Maps a) Map of the Kor
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) Map of the Joint Security Area be
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d) Buildings in the Joint Security
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Appendix Ⅱ Text of The Korean War
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Commission. Other personnel shall n
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(c) Cease the introduction into Kor
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prevent unnecessary delays, the use
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whom shall be appointed by the Comm
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33. The Joint Observer teams shall
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ment of its own as it may desire; p
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Sinanju............................
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hand them over to the Neutral Natio
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and shall visit the prisoner-of-war
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prisoners of war shall be delivered
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Article Ⅳ. Recommendations to the
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Appendix Ⅲ To the Stationmaster o
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August 8 At the ninth MAC meeting,
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November 16 At the 89th MAC secreta
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April 15 The UNC Commander in a let
Page 592 and 593: December 1 North Korea suggests a m
Page 594 and 595: August 6 At the 63rd MAC meeting, t
Page 596 and 597: armbands. July 1 The UNC Headquarte
Page 598 and 599: December 11 At the 90th MAC meeting
Page 600 and 601: March 3 At the 115th MAC meeting, t
Page 602 and 603: 584 Peace-keeping in the Korean Pen
Page 604 and 605: June 24 At the 142nd MAC meeting, t
Page 606 and 607: October 22-23 Premier Kim Il Sung p
Page 608 and 609: August 19 At 186th MAC plenary meet
Page 610 and 611: September 30 The “Freedom House
Page 612 and 613: July 22 At the 227th MAC meeting, t
Page 618 and 619: March 22 North Korea reports that t
Page 620 and 621: December 30 At the 283rd MAC meetin
Page 622 and 623: October 23 At the 296th MAC meeting
Page 624 and 625: 1971-1980 North Korea commits altog
Page 626 and 627: 1972 January 26 At the 327th MAC me
Page 628 and 629: March 12 At the 337th MAC meeting,
Page 630 and 631: November- January 1974 612 Peace-ke
Page 634 and 635: March 21 Defectors Kim Pu-sông and
Page 636 and 637: August 5 At the 378th MAC meeting,
Page 638 and 639: 1978 The Swiss NNSC delegation is r
Page 640 and 641: North rejects the accusation. Augus
Page 646 and 647: October 31 At the 422nd MAC plenary
Page 650 and 651: April 3 At the 437th MAC meeting, t
Page 654 and 655: 1991-99 310 corpses of American sol
Page 656 and 657: December 1991. October 1 South Kore
Page 658 and 659: January 19 North Korea declares tha
Page 660 and 661: April Both parties cease to supply
Page 662 and 663: December 1 South Korea acquires ope
Page 664 and 665: March 2 At the MAC secretary meetin
Page 666 and 667: November 14 At the MAC secretary me
Page 668 and 669: June 26 At the MAC secretary meetin
Page 670 and 671: June 22 At the seventh round of Gen
Page 672 and 673: 2001 Six UNC/MAC Secretariat-KPA Se
Page 674 and 675: December The US cuts off oil suppli
Page 676 and 677: February 25-28 The second round of
Page 678 and 679: November 7 At the NNSC consultation
Page 680 and 681: August 8 North Korea blames the US
Page 682 and 683: Appendix Ⅴ Violations claimed by
Page 684 and 685: Appendix Ⅵ Types of Violations of
Page 686 and 687: e) 1990-1993 1990 1991 1992 1993 Ai
Page 688 and 689: c) 1970-1979 1970 1971 1972 1973 19
Page 690 and 691: Appendix Ⅷ Types of Issues raised
Page 692 and 693:
1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
Page 694 and 695:
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966
Page 696 and 697:
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976
Page 698 and 699:
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Page 700 and 701:
Appendix Ⅸ Casualties from North
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Appendix Ⅹ Number of Proposed MAC
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Appendix XI KPA/CPV Senior Members,
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No Name Rank Mandate Period Number
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Appendix XIV Heads of Polish Delega
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Appendix XV Heads of Swedish Delega
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Appendix XVI Heads of Swiss Delegat
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Appendix XVII(a) The Neutral Nation
Page 717 and 718:
Bibliography Ahlgren, Kjell. “Ins
Page 719 and 720:
Commission in Panmunjom (Korea) 195
Page 721 and 722:
[KINU], 2006, pp. 17-22. . “Puk h
Page 723 and 724:
Europa Publications. The Far East a
Page 725 and 726:
. Månadsrapport, mars 1975: Bilaga
Page 727 and 728:
Harrison, William. Military Armisti
Page 729 and 730:
. Slurapport: Bilaga: Generalmajor
Page 731 and 732:
June 16, 2003. Accessed December 13
Page 733 and 734:
Edition (2004-2006).] Hapch’am ch
Page 735 and 736:
Means of Firing Power.”] In Kim,
Page 737 and 738:
. “DMZ-nôn ôptta.” [“There
Page 739 and 740:
day. Lerner, Mitchell B. The Pueblo
Page 741 and 742:
Machiavelli, Nicoló. The Prince. C
Page 743 and 744:
Norlin, Per. “Lugnt hos svenskar
Page 745 and 746:
[Ministry of Foreign Affairs.] Prom
Page 747 and 748:
Swedish Group NNSC. Slutrapport H:1
Page 749 and 750:
. “MAC Meet: UNC Hits Dispatching
Page 751 and 752:
Werner, Finn. Månadsrapport januar
Page 753 and 754:
Agreed Framework / 384-5, 452, 499,
Page 755 and 756:
408-409, 431, 456, 472, 522 Chinese
Page 757 and 758:
in, 240, 249-250, 297 Julin, Sven /
Page 759 and 760:
peace, 42, 186, 234, 258-9, 322-3,
Page 761 and 762:
North Korea / 2, 3, 16, 17, 18, 19,
Page 763 and 764:
P’yôngyang / 25, 89, 102, 111, 1
Page 765 and 766:
Ulchin-Samch’ôk area/incident /
Page 768:
Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsu
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