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water zone claimed by North Korea and was 15 nautical miles from the coast in international waters when seized. However, the navigator said that the Pueblo had been about four miles inside the 12 nautical miles claimed by North Korea, which caused controversies. At the NNSC meeting held on December 24, the Commission welcomed the release of the crew. According to the Swiss Lieutenant Colonel Jean-David Bettex (1993), the release of the crew was achieved thanks to the dogged and competent work by the Swiss Delegation Chief, Major General Pierre Barbey, who took charge of the return. Similarly, compatriot Major General Bernard A. Sandoz writes (1993) that the NNSC and, in particular, Major General Barbey played a decisive role in bringing North Korea and the US together to discuss and resolve the crisis. The crisis, along with the Czech and Polish members’ neutral attitude and cooperation, resulted in unified actions and better understanding within the Commission. 186 What were the North Korean objectives behind the Pueblo affair? According to Downs (1999), the ostensible objective of the negotiations had been to obtain an official “letter of apology” from the US government, but the actual objective was more complex: to create friction between South Korea and the US, to incite South Koreans to bring down their government and to humiliate the US, to garner respect from the socialist countries and to spread fear among Western 186_ Bettex, “Die Geschicte der Neutralen Ueberwachungskommission (NNSC) für den Waffenstillestand in Korea (1953-1983),” pp. 15, 24; Downs, ibid., pp. 3, 145; Lee, ibid., 1998(c), p. 9: ibid., 2001(a), pp. 27, 39; Lerner, ibid., pp. 221, 225, 227; Sandoz, “Conclusion,” pp. 337, 340; Sergel, op. cit., December 1968, p. 17; Swiss officer, letter May 31, 2006. Original quotation marks. Neither Bettex nor Sandoz record any details of the work by General Barbey. The Secretary of the Navy’s statement is recorded in Gallery, op. cit., pp. 169-174. 228 Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsula
democracies. The US was compelled to enter into negotiations with North Korea not only to respond to the incident but also to reaffirm the validity of the Armistice Agreement, restore security along the DMZ and win the release of the crew. According to Lee (2001a), by consistently maintaining its position for eleven months North Korea had achieved its objectives, including raising its position to an equal level as the enemy state the US, which denied his regime’s validity and displaying its strength both within and outside its territory. By displaying strength, North Korea drove the US into an awkward position. The Pueblo affair also created disharmony between South Korea and the US. Gallery (1970) writes: “The biggest thing the Koreans got out of the Pueblo’s capture was a smashing propaganda victory.” He notes that the North Koreans at the time broadcast to the world: “Confronted by the brave sailors of the People’s Democratic Republic, the cowardly imperialist warmongers surrendered without even a fight.” In addition, “What they wanted was to humble the United States and gain face for themselves in the Orient. This they did, beyond their wildest dreams.” Finally, “But taking it as they did was the greatest Oriental victory over the West since Pearl Harbor.” 187 The political gains achieved should not be underestimated. Lerner (2002) records that most of the architects of the Pueblo operation linked the attack to a larger Cold War conspiracy. The view was that North Korea attacked on behalf of the Soviet Union, hoped to aid North Vietnam by diverting American resources before the Tet 187_ Downs, ibid., p. 118; Gallery, op. cit., pp. 98-9; Lee, ibid., 2001(a), pp. 39, 41. Second quotation is original from Gallery, ibid., p. 98. Rising Tensions on the Korean Peninsula during the 1960s 229
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KINU Research Monograph 09-15 Peace
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Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsu
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CONTENTS Acronyms Preface Acknowled
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CONTENTS 4.3 North-South Dialogue a
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CONTENTS Appendix ········
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Acronyms AA Armistice Agreement ASM
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Preface This monograph is the resea
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Acknowledgements Firstly, I wish to
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Chapter 1 Introduction
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(DMZ): “An invisible war now cont
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formation takes place nonviolently.
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the same criteria. The game theory
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News Agency, one article from a jou
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is the 1953 Armistice Agreement, wh
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1.6 Korean Names and Terminology Ko
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Chapter 2 The Foundation of the MAC
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pended, how the suspensions were en
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However, following strong pressure
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flag rank.” The other two “...
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secret designs or characteristics o
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hospital). To implement its tasks,
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cations themselves. In contrast, Sw
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as an “aide” and a soldier to c
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the way, reloading could freely be
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“Checks at the railway stations h
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the inspection teams did not work w
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fighter planes in transport contain
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Korea whether prisoners of war were
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armistice North Korea began to buil
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econnaissance flights by one airpla
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asserted that its investigation of
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On November 16, a North Korean comp
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taken photos. 41 The South admitted
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than at the plenary meetings. Howev
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ment rejected the proposal for pass
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the Korean issue should be transfer
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dispatched to investigate the incid
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At the 63rd MAC meeting proposed by
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Marshal General Headquarters. 52 Ar
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According to Weilenmann (2004), sin
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1953, was the first man to point ou
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Treaty that obligated the US to com
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were committed by North Korea and t
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without any harm to the armistice c
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ports of entry had reached a dead e
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earming South Korea in violation of
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the NNSC to work in North Korea and
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At the same time, the South Korean
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emaining teams became “subteams
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ment “... regulating the activiti
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violating Paragraph 13(d). The UNC/
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The UNC/MAC representative maintain
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Wigforss, pointed out the symbolic
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menting its provisions had become i
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to establish that the plane was arm
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The UNC informed the NNSC about its
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pointed out that the North abused t
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an informal meeting in the part of
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Swiss view was again that the issue
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alance. In a missive letter from th
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NNSC to reduce tension in the Far E
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Affairs that work was mainly routin
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2.9 The Parties’ Views of the NNS
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were also invited to get some orien
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negative peace. The defection from
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existence of a neutral commission w
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the 1956-57 events a dissolution wa
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3.1 Introduction As we saw in Chapt
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President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s
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Kim (2003) notes that since the sup
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The military build-up repeatedly ca
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illion in 1967. 106 This extraordin
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As in the late 1950s, the KPA/CPV u
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for about ten years but from the su
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When large-scale North Korean intru
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was foolish; the issue was an inter
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When the 227th meeting proposed by
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incidents had been fabricated by th
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data, that he was not a returning d
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on American and South Korean forces
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14, at about 11 P.M., shortly befor
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number of killed South Koreans fell
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woman who sold eggs in the village.
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October 21, 1966 armed ambush of a
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Before the UNC/MAC at the 289th mee
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harvest holiday) celebration. Accor
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demand was repeated at the followin
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As we have seen, in 1958 Joint Obse
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sequently removed the bodies from t
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to fish in territory that extended
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KPA/CPV convened on August 5, 1966,
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abductees were that North Korean au
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informed of the result when availab
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and kidnappings of fishermen had be
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was shot down close to the Swedish
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in the air. 143 At the 206th meetin
Page 196 and 197: North Korea over the East Sea 50 mi
Page 198 and 199: the words of Mobley (2003), a “ca
Page 200 and 201: outine training mission, with a cre
Page 202 and 203: lost and therefore flew into your t
Page 204 and 205: 3.6 The Work of the MAC and the NNS
Page 206 and 207: many armistice violations were comm
Page 208 and 209: His compatriot Chief of Staff, Majo
Page 210 and 211: een fighting an ideological war at
Page 212 and 213: parties, thereby easing tense relat
Page 214 and 215: among the armistice parties that th
Page 216 and 217: Nonetheless, the woodcutters report
Page 218 and 219: estimated its risks. His view is sh
Page 220 and 221: According to Downs (1999), on the a
Page 222 and 223: which had not suffered a seizure in
Page 224 and 225: aggressors.” The “South Korean
Page 226 and 227: etaliation. Considering the game th
Page 228 and 229: According to the Swedish NNSC Deleg
Page 230 and 231: Pak tried to draw out the complete
Page 232 and 233: North Korea without South Korea’s
Page 234 and 235: of the 661st Unit of the Korean Peo
Page 236 and 237: The general reiterated that the ass
Page 238 and 239: should refuse to abandon their pres
Page 240 and 241: discuss specific arrangements for t
Page 242 and 243: of 82 former crew members of the Pu
Page 244 and 245: Following the signing of the docume
Page 248 and 249: Offensive launched in late January,
Page 250 and 251: controversial at the top-political
Page 252 and 253: assassination attempt on President
Page 255 and 256: Chapter 4 North-South Dialogue and
Page 257 and 258: NNSC played during the crisis but i
Page 259 and 260: The October 9 incident was raised a
Page 261 and 262: side of it not had made a request.
Page 263 and 264: The outcome was two against and two
Page 265 and 266: ecorded in Chapter 2 of having an e
Page 267 and 268: On October 24, the NNSC had receive
Page 269 and 270: for the first time to acknowledge r
Page 271 and 272: was going on in Panmunjom.” He co
Page 273 and 274: South Korea that were a battle for
Page 275 and 276: Seoul by Yi Hu-rak, Head of the Kor
Page 277 and 278: egarded as a stronger indication of
Page 279 and 280: workers carrying out routine work f
Page 281 and 282: strengthened its war preparations b
Page 283 and 284: military exercises. The South denie
Page 285 and 286: y the KPA/CPV held on January 26, 1
Page 287 and 288: een brought into the JSA and reject
Page 289 and 290: command are responsible for enforci
Page 291 and 292: UNC control. North Korea asserted o
Page 293 and 294: that the UNC and South Korea should
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North Korea admitted that it had su
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none of the crew could be rescued.
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then requested identification but s
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y the UNC/MAC, repeated the “stri
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KPA/CPV Senior Member, Major Genera
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North Korea also proposed to hold t
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maintained quiet discipline, but th
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Assembly, Second Session, convened
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tree should be pruned. That the tre
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As a result of the axe murder, the
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latter’s request addressed to the
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On August 21, work to cut down the
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and made an important contribution
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prevent the provocation. Our side w
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on August 28, the US repeated its d
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Why did the axe murder take place?
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According to Downs (1999), Presiden
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Since on November 15, 1974 steam as
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North Korean defector Kim Pu-sông
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Korean War to protect them from Ame
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North Korea to destroy all tunnels,
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past 25 years had a restraining and
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quo formed a “positive symmetry
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Chapter 5 Continued Tension but Ren
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loped in 1984-85 when a dialogue wa
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areas from the rear of the northern
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in 1981 and accusations of war prep
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of Korea. At the 417th meeting call
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also been raised at two previous me
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secretary meeting held on March 23,
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ground forces which had crossed the
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vessel followed the boat that was e
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under UNC and South Korean control
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The UNC/MAC claimed that the men we
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photographical and physical evidenc
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The North regarded the intrusion on
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the US make this assessment plausib
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opportunity to introduce security-a
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the name of the North Korean Red Cr
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NNSC conference room, as were the f
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In 1987, North Korea forwarded to t
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Korea’s liberation from Japan in
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the UNC/MAC Senior Member called th
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counterpart to provide humanitarian
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6.1 Introduction Tension continued
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protest to the South Korean governm
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of terror by the amassing of armies
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and were authorized to have officia
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women were invited to Seoul to part
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6.3 Reactivation of Dialogue and th
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the military demarcation line speci
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1991 Joint Declaration. When in May
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eopening Team Spirit, deploying Pat
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February 1998 were working contacts
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According to Lee (2001b), if the ap
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had invited North Korea to observe
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According to Lee (2001a), since 195
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were informally invited to P’yôn
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Korean peninsula.” 307 In contras
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since November 1984 (cf. pp. 349-35
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the US in reality signed the Armist
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US participated in the war to help
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meeting requested by the North, had
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the new organization demonstrativel
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new peace regime. The UNC/MAC respo
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asked forgiveness for his “grave
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was regarded as a preparation for w
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Armistice Agreement in accordance w
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At the second round of talks reques
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ecurrence, punishment of those resp
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characterized not only the MAC secr
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claimed: “North Korea’s claim t
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6.6 North Korea Expels the Czech Re
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the NNSC expressed its unanimous op
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that it would withdraw on April 10.
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friendly gesture was later interpre
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On February 9, the Deputy Head of t
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On February 24, the South Korean Fo
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oth sides; North Korea’s unilater
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According to the Swedish officer Bo
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Lhotska (1997), for both Sweden and
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However, what Mueller-Lhotska (1997
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evidently with their own consent to
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incident “only serves to further
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As we have seen, North Korea had on
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northern side when they were appreh
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signed the 1994 Agreed Framework th
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Chapter 7 Expanding Relations but C
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with previous periods. The account
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835,838 cases, 832,260 of them on l
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settling serious incidents have hel
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Korean governments began in 1972 to
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from the UNC. The investigation of
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achieve improvements in contacts in
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Agreement should be the basis for o
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enforced. Ten paragraphs remained i
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was no demand for navigation in the
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epatriation of prisoners-of-war was
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were held because of the building o
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In September, four meetings were he
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In 2002 and 2003, joint exhumations
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firing by machine guns had taken pl
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“...to ensure an independent and
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Paengnyông only about 12 kilometre
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In February, Swedish and Swiss NNSC
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7.4 Expansion of Inter-Korean Excha
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Whether this is true or not, two ye
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General Thomas A. Schwartz, stated
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The two Koreas’ different positio
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with the US continue was published
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energy supplies and technical aid.
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335). While the sunshine policy was
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to Kaesông to take place on Decemb
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services from December 1 in protest
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ealize this.” 385 On March 2, the
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“The successful launch of the sat
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the Demilitarized Zone and to the l
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the DMZ and observing US-South Kore
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8.1 Contributions of the MAC and th
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enormous damage. Also, it is virtua
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peace-keeping took place in differe
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Otherwise, its mere presence has he
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will remain so until it is replaced
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progress in the military field in p
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The axe murder is the only incident
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South Korea to the US. In the 1990s
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held in March 2009 is hard to asses
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Appendix Ⅰ Maps a) Map of the Kor
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) Map of the Joint Security Area be
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d) Buildings in the Joint Security
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Appendix Ⅱ Text of The Korean War
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Commission. Other personnel shall n
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(c) Cease the introduction into Kor
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prevent unnecessary delays, the use
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whom shall be appointed by the Comm
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33. The Joint Observer teams shall
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ment of its own as it may desire; p
Page 574 and 575:
Sinanju............................
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hand them over to the Neutral Natio
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and shall visit the prisoner-of-war
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prisoners of war shall be delivered
Page 582 and 583:
Article Ⅳ. Recommendations to the
Page 584 and 585:
Appendix Ⅲ To the Stationmaster o
Page 586 and 587:
August 8 At the ninth MAC meeting,
Page 588 and 589:
November 16 At the 89th MAC secreta
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April 15 The UNC Commander in a let
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December 1 North Korea suggests a m
Page 594 and 595:
August 6 At the 63rd MAC meeting, t
Page 596 and 597:
armbands. July 1 The UNC Headquarte
Page 598 and 599:
December 11 At the 90th MAC meeting
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March 3 At the 115th MAC meeting, t
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584 Peace-keeping in the Korean Pen
Page 604 and 605:
June 24 At the 142nd MAC meeting, t
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October 22-23 Premier Kim Il Sung p
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August 19 At 186th MAC plenary meet
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September 30 The “Freedom House
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July 22 At the 227th MAC meeting, t
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Page 616 and 617:
Page 618 and 619:
March 22 North Korea reports that t
Page 620 and 621:
December 30 At the 283rd MAC meetin
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October 23 At the 296th MAC meeting
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1971-1980 North Korea commits altog
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1972 January 26 At the 327th MAC me
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March 12 At the 337th MAC meeting,
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November- January 1974 612 Peace-ke
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Page 634 and 635:
March 21 Defectors Kim Pu-sông and
Page 636 and 637:
August 5 At the 378th MAC meeting,
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1978 The Swiss NNSC delegation is r
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North rejects the accusation. Augus
Page 642 and 643:
Page 644 and 645:
Page 646 and 647:
October 31 At the 422nd MAC plenary
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Page 650 and 651:
April 3 At the 437th MAC meeting, t
Page 652 and 653:
Page 654 and 655:
1991-99 310 corpses of American sol
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December 1991. October 1 South Kore
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January 19 North Korea declares tha
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April Both parties cease to supply
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December 1 South Korea acquires ope
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March 2 At the MAC secretary meetin
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November 14 At the MAC secretary me
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June 26 At the MAC secretary meetin
Page 670 and 671:
June 22 At the seventh round of Gen
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2001 Six UNC/MAC Secretariat-KPA Se
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December The US cuts off oil suppli
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February 25-28 The second round of
Page 678 and 679:
November 7 At the NNSC consultation
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August 8 North Korea blames the US
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Appendix Ⅴ Violations claimed by
Page 684 and 685:
Appendix Ⅵ Types of Violations of
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e) 1990-1993 1990 1991 1992 1993 Ai
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c) 1970-1979 1970 1971 1972 1973 19
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Appendix Ⅷ Types of Issues raised
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1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
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1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966
Page 696 and 697:
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976
Page 698 and 699:
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
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Appendix Ⅸ Casualties from North
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Appendix Ⅹ Number of Proposed MAC
Page 704 and 705:
Appendix XI KPA/CPV Senior Members,
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No Name Rank Mandate Period Number
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Appendix XIV Heads of Polish Delega
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Appendix XV Heads of Swedish Delega
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Appendix XVI Heads of Swiss Delegat
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Appendix XVII(a) The Neutral Nation
Page 717 and 718:
Bibliography Ahlgren, Kjell. “Ins
Page 719 and 720:
Commission in Panmunjom (Korea) 195
Page 721 and 722:
[KINU], 2006, pp. 17-22. . “Puk h
Page 723 and 724:
Europa Publications. The Far East a
Page 725 and 726:
. Månadsrapport, mars 1975: Bilaga
Page 727 and 728:
Harrison, William. Military Armisti
Page 729 and 730:
. Slurapport: Bilaga: Generalmajor
Page 731 and 732:
June 16, 2003. Accessed December 13
Page 733 and 734:
Edition (2004-2006).] Hapch’am ch
Page 735 and 736:
Means of Firing Power.”] In Kim,
Page 737 and 738:
. “DMZ-nôn ôptta.” [“There
Page 739 and 740:
day. Lerner, Mitchell B. The Pueblo
Page 741 and 742:
Machiavelli, Nicoló. The Prince. C
Page 743 and 744:
Norlin, Per. “Lugnt hos svenskar
Page 745 and 746:
[Ministry of Foreign Affairs.] Prom
Page 747 and 748:
Swedish Group NNSC. Slutrapport H:1
Page 749 and 750:
. “MAC Meet: UNC Hits Dispatching
Page 751 and 752:
Werner, Finn. Månadsrapport januar
Page 753 and 754:
Agreed Framework / 384-5, 452, 499,
Page 755 and 756:
408-409, 431, 456, 472, 522 Chinese
Page 757 and 758:
in, 240, 249-250, 297 Julin, Sven /
Page 759 and 760:
peace, 42, 186, 234, 258-9, 322-3,
Page 761 and 762:
North Korea / 2, 3, 16, 17, 18, 19,
Page 763 and 764:
P’yôngyang / 25, 89, 102, 111, 1
Page 765 and 766:
Ulchin-Samch’ôk area/incident /
Page 768:
Peace-keeping in the Korean Peninsu
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