dossier sur le tourisme et le développement durable

Tourist flows
Figure 5: The flow of cruise passengers in the Mediterranean harbours in 1998.
Barcelone Barcelona Barcelone
373 373 000
000
Malaga
Malaga
106 106 000
000
Gibraltar Gibraltar
99 99 000
000
Marseille Marseille
Marseille
153 153 000
000
Baléares Baleares Baléares Baléares
500 500 000
000
Cannes- Cannes- Nice
Nice
275 275 000
000
Gênes Genova Gênes
365 365 000
000
Corse-Sud South-Corse
Corse-Sud
102 102 000
000
Tunis
Tunis
200 200 000
000
Venise Venice Venise
335 335 000
000
Naples Napoli Naples
335 335 000 000
Le Pirea Le Pirée
332 332 000
000
Source: The Mediterranean Cruise Market. Analysis and Prospect to 2005
2. Domestic tourism
Domestic tourism corresponds to a collection of activities, the nature and the intensity of which
vary according to the level of the country’s development and according to cultural specificities
(sedentary or travelling traditions), the tourist history (presence of long-term international
tourism that initiates local tourist activity), the urban context (rural depopulation that implies
visits to the relatives) and the assets of the country (presence of tourist resources near large
cities). Several stages in the development of this type of tourism can be distinguished. The
countries of the northwest are more advanced in the implementing of “the right to holidays”.
Access to holidays does not necessarily imply travelling and depends either on the social laws
of the country or on the more traditional and informal rhythms of life that leave periods of free
time (agricultural rhythms). Departure or not on holiday depends in part on the geographical
situation (it is more difficult to travel when you live on an island), on the development of
individual and collective means of transport as well as on the scope of tourism possibilities.
Reasons for travel range from visits to relatives and friends, sometimes for economic reasons,
to solely leisure trips.
With regard to the type of holiday, there is a progression from non-commercial, informal tourism
to commercial tourism that includes more and more expenditure on leisure. Each country has its
own particular position with regard to the four issues of access to holidays, departure, motives,
and type of stay, and this results in different profiles.
Progressive spreading of the notion of departure on holiday
Nowadays in the industrialised countries, many people consider holidays as a right and that
they should be accessible to everyone. Non-departure on holiday more or less indicates poverty
and exclusion: not participating in holidays when the majority has the means to finance leisure
and travel is the equivalent of being excluded from one of the real moments of collective life.
An issue is concerning the demand for holidays that is emerging or that will emerge in the
developing countries. Domestic tourism has been the object of long-term policies in the
countries of the northwest, with the setting up of laws for paid holidays. Aid has been put in
place to allow people to finance their holidays. In France, for instance, the “Agence nationale
des chèques vacances/ANCV” (national agency for holiday pay) has been in charge of
managing the allocating of holiday cheques that depend on an agreement between the State
and enterprises (with financial incentives for the latter) since 1982. More than 5.6 million
employees used these cheques in 2001.
Chypre Cyprus Chypre Chypre
608 608 000 000
Haïfa Haifa Haïfa
411 411 000
000
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