dossier sur le tourisme et le développement durable

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The tourist offer 18 The tourist offer 1. The accommodation capacity Tourist accommodation falls into two large categories: on one hand the professional establishments (hotels and similar establishments, holiday camps and tourist residences, camp sites, youth hotels) and on the other, private accommodation (rental of furnished flats, rooms, self-catering accommodations and B&Bs, accommodation with friends and relatives, holiday homes). Commercial accommodation includes these two categories, except accommodation with friends and relatives and in holiday homes. In this Dossier, emphasis is put on hotel accommodation for two reasons: homogeneous and comparable information for the whole of the Mediterranean regions is available, and tourist development in the south and east Mediterranean began with the building of hotels. This choice to study more particularly the hotel industry is more or less pertinent depending on the country. Indeed, in some Mediterranean countries, the majority of the tourist accommodation is non-professional. In France, for instance, hotels make up only 23% of the commercial accommodation capacity, 7% of the total accommodation capacity (once the holiday homes are included), and 23% of the French overnight stays. In Italy, hotels make up only 49% of the commercial accommodation capacity. This country also has about 4 million holiday homes. In Greece, the proportion of overnight stays in hotels went down from 80% in 1969 to 35% in 1994. Hotels make up 55% of the official commercial accommodation capacity. In Tunisia, on the contrary, hotels make up 88% of the commercial accommodation. Holiday beds: rise in hotel capacity Over the last two decades (1980-2002) the South and East Mediterranean countries have begun to catch up on hotel accommodation (Figure 7). The average annual rate in the number of beds in hotels and similar establishments (H&S) was higher than 10% in Egypt (10.4%) and in Turkey (10.1), the record having been reached by Cyprus (11.1%). In other words, the bed capacity in hotels was multiplied respectively by 8.9, 8.3 and 10.5. Although less spectacular, the rise in the number of hotel beds in the other countries is high too, even very high at 3% per year: 7% in Algeria, 6.6 in Tunisia, 5.5% in Malta, 4.5% in Morocco, 3.5% in Israel and in Greece, 3.7% in Libya. In the emerging destinations the hotel industry is primarily concentrated in the capital city and for business tourists and then develops in the regions that enjoy resources for holiday tourism. In Egypt the region of Cairo had 50% of the holiday beds at the beginning of the 1990s, and now has only 20% with the diversification in the Sinai and the Red Sea. In the same period of time, the three countries of the North-West Mediterranean (Spain, France, Italy) had a moderate rise in hotel capacity, multiplied by 1.2 in Italy and in France, 1.4 in Spain. Indeed, these three countries had strong growth, with the creation of new resorts during the previous decades. Nowadays the rise in hotel facilities is due rather to the extension of existing resorts and to renovation works. With regard to the countries of the East Adriatic, the crisis and conflicts of the 1990s did not allow them to continue their former tourist growth. They are currently in a rehabilitation phase (or even a reconstruction phase) of the existing facilities.
The tourist offer Figure 7 : Number of beds in hotel and similar establishments (H&S) in 2002 with the evolution since 1980. Source: WTO Note: France since 1985 International and domestic overnight stays In the riparian countries, the number of international overnight stays in the overall tourists accommodations has been multiplied by 2.2 between 1980 and 2002 (Annex, Table 18). In some countries, the number of overnight stays has heavily increased such as in Cyprus and in a dazzling manner in Turkey (multiplier: 37.2). Since 2000, a certain stagnation has been observed in many countries – and even a drastic decrease – except for Turkey (+52%), Greece (+21%), Croatia (+17%) and Egypt (+10%). Thus, the current tourism “crisis” does not affect all the Mediterranean countries. Regarding the average length of stay in the Mediterranean, it registers a light erosion, going from 5.4 to 5 overnight stays between 1980 and 2002, with a more perceptible off-peak at the beginning of the nineties (Annex, Table 19). Yet the changes within each country are very differentiated, with fluctuations to be connected to the ongoing sociological changes in the emitting countries. The proportion of overnight stays by international tourists in hotels compared to the overall overnight stays by these tourists in collective accommodation (commercial accommodation) gives us an idea of the importance of the hotel industry in tourism (Figure 8). In 2002, it represented about 100% in Cyprus and in Turkey but only 43% in Croatia and 13% in France. Figure 8 : International tourism - Share of overnight stays in hotels out of overnight stays in collective lodging in 2002 (%) Source: WTO France Croatia Mediterranean Morocco Spain Malta Italy Slobenia Serbia and Montenegro Israel Cyprus Turkey - 20 40 60 80 100 Percentage 19
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PROGRAMME DES NATIONS UNIES POUR L
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DOSSIER SUR LE TOURISME ET LE DÉVE
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2.1. Les risques d’une commercial
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2 Préambule • Une seconde interp
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Les flux touristiques 1. Le tourism
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6 Les flux touristiques visiteurs d
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Une résilience dans le long terme
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10 Les flux touristiques effets, da
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12 Les flux touristiques en Médite
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14 Les flux touristiques domine pou
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16 Les flux touristiques d’une é
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18 Les flux touristiques urbain et
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L’offre touristique 1. La capacit
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22 L’offre touristique Figure 8 :
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24 L’offre touristique Du point d
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26 L’offre touristique Compétiti
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28 L’offre touristique prestation
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30 L’offre touristique nature. Il
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32 Les dimensions économiques du t
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Emploi et formation 1. Quelques don
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42 Emploi et formation que cette pr
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44 Emploi et formation secteur de l
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46 Tourisme, culture et société a
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48 Tourisme, culture et société d
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50 Tourisme, culture et société l
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52 Tourisme et environnement Les go
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54 Tourisme et environnement Ce ph
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56 Tourisme et environnement de 21%
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58 Tourisme et environnement activi
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60 Tourisme et environnement consom
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62 Tourisme et environnement Figure
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64 Tourisme et environnement en hau
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66 Tourisme et environnement Il est
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Dimensions politiques 68 Dimensions
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70 Dimensions politiques Ce modèle
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72 Dimensions politiques L’object
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74 Dimensions politiques Figure 24
Page 82 and 83: 76 Dimensions politiques de l’env
Page 84 and 85: 78 Dimensions politiques de technol
Page 86 and 87: 80 Dimensions politiques Les diffé
Page 88 and 89: 82 Dimensions politiques Ainsi, le
Page 90 and 91: 84 Dimensions politiques consommate
Page 92 and 93: 86 Dimensions politiques demande en
Page 94 and 95: 88 Dimensions politiques Un tel mé
Page 96 and 97: 90 Répondre aux enjeux et faire du
Page 98 and 99: 92 Principales références bibliog
Page 100 and 101: Annexe 94 Annexe Tableau 14 : Part
Page 102 and 103: 96 Annexe Tableau 16 : Arrivées in
Page 104 and 105: 98 Annexe Tableau 18 : Nuitées int
Page 106 and 107: 100 Annexe Tableau 20 : Contributio
Page 108 and 109: 102 Table des illustrations FIGURES
Page 110 and 111: Sigles et abréviations 104 Sigles
Page 113 and 114: TABLE OF CONTENTS Preamble.........
Page 115 and 116: Preamble Preamble 1. Framework and
Page 117 and 118: A traditional tourist destination P
Page 119 and 120: Tourist flows last decade has been
Page 121 and 122: Tourist flows the loss of tourist i
Page 123 and 124: Tourist flows increase of visitor r
Page 125 and 126: Tourist flows Figure 5: The flow of
Page 127 and 128: Tourist flows It is therefore essen
Page 129 and 130: Tourist flows The three countries o
Page 131: Tourist flows depopulation, has dom
Page 135 and 136: The tourist offer Hotel occupation
Page 137 and 138: The tourist offer Growing competiti
Page 139 and 140: The tourist offer 5. Winter trips t
Page 141 and 142: The economic aspects of tourism The
Page 143 and 144: The economic aspects of tourism Ano
Page 145 and 146: The economic aspects of tourism the
Page 147 and 148: The economic aspects of tourism pro
Page 149 and 150: Employment and training Employment
Page 151 and 152: Employment and training year traini
Page 153 and 154: Tourism, culture and society Touris
Page 155 and 156: Tourism, culture and society standa
Page 157 and 158: Tourism, culture and society Pennar
Page 159 and 160: Tourism and the Environment Without
Page 161 and 162: Tourism and the Environment 80 000,
Page 163 and 164: Tourism and the Environment destroy
Page 165 and 166: Tourism and the Environment Figure
Page 167 and 168: Tourism and the Environment 2. The
Page 169 and 170: Tourism and the Environment Figure
Page 171 and 172: Majorca (surface unit) Tourism and
Page 173 and 174: Source: UNEP/ FAO/WHO, 1996 Tourism
Page 175 and 176: Political scope the Société Finan
Page 177 and 178: Political scope 2. The Mediterranea
Page 179 and 180: Political scope Nowadays, tourism m
Page 181 and 182: Political scope development in the
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Political scope They just require a
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Political scope whether conservatio
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Political scope Frame 18: The growi
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Political scope Figure 25: Sketch o
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Political scope « stimulate a mech
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Meeting the stakes and turning tour
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Main bibliographic references and s
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Annex Table 15: 2000 estimates and
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Countries Annex Table 17: Tourist a
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Annex Table 19: Average length of s
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Table of illustrations Table of ill
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Countries ISO codes AL Albania BA B
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LIST OF MAP TECHNICAL SERIES REPORT
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MTS 125. UNEP/MAP: Proceedings of t
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MTS 87. UNEP/MAP/WHO: Identificatio
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MTS 48. UNEP/MAP/FAO: Final reports
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MTS 12. UNEP/MAP: Water resources d
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