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58 Tourism and the Environment • Cleanliness and hygiene. A survey carried out in Cyprus demonstrated, for instance, that tourism had contributed to cleanliness by reabsorption of waste, the withdrawal of bulky waste and efforts in cleaning. • The quality of bathing water and sanitation. Tourism is susceptible to anything that can compromise bathing: oil slick, bacteriological contamination, eutrophication (Figure 22 and Figure 23). With regard to oil slick, it is important to remember that the probability of a major accident in the Mediterranean cannot be ignored, given the intensity of traffic there. The number of incidents is increasing: 81 were reported between 1981-1990, compared to 99 from 1991-1995. Tourism is a strong argument for greater security in sea transport. Many preconceived ideas exist, however, concerning tourists’ environmental awareness but it is difficult to distinguish their real concerns. The appeal of a quality environment is getting stronger especially in mature destinations, together with an increase in the demand for better comfort, better facilities, more guarantees against climatic hazards (swimming pools, air conditioning, etc.), trends that are potentially a threat to the environment. They contribute to the artificialising of areas and to consumption of natural resources. Tourists are generally only aware of the more visible problems such as sanitary and waste ones or pollution, but other problems that are just as important but less visible can exist. Demand for the quality of the environment depends first of all on transparency and the spreading of information about these problems. Monitoring of the quality of bathing water, for instance, has increased the demand for quality. In return local authorities are encouraged to implement ambitious sanitation policies. Figure 22 : Localisation of the 268 alerts and accidents concerning pollution by hydrocarbons reported in the Mediterranean between 1977 and 1995 Source: RAC/REMPEC, 1996
Source: UNEP/ FAO/WHO, 1996 Tourism and the Environment Figure 23 : Areas where the phenomenon of eutrophication has been reported 59
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PROGRAMME DES NATIONS UNIES POUR L
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DOSSIER SUR LE TOURISME ET LE DÉVE
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2.1. Les risques d’une commercial
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2 Préambule • Une seconde interp
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Les flux touristiques 1. Le tourism
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6 Les flux touristiques visiteurs d
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Une résilience dans le long terme
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10 Les flux touristiques effets, da
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12 Les flux touristiques en Médite
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14 Les flux touristiques domine pou
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16 Les flux touristiques d’une é
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18 Les flux touristiques urbain et
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L’offre touristique 1. La capacit
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22 L’offre touristique Figure 8 :
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24 L’offre touristique Du point d
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26 L’offre touristique Compétiti
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28 L’offre touristique prestation
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30 L’offre touristique nature. Il
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32 Les dimensions économiques du t
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Emploi et formation 1. Quelques don
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42 Emploi et formation que cette pr
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44 Emploi et formation secteur de l
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46 Tourisme, culture et société a
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48 Tourisme, culture et société d
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50 Tourisme, culture et société l
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52 Tourisme et environnement Les go
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54 Tourisme et environnement Ce ph
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56 Tourisme et environnement de 21%
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58 Tourisme et environnement activi
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60 Tourisme et environnement consom
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62 Tourisme et environnement Figure
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64 Tourisme et environnement en hau
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66 Tourisme et environnement Il est
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Dimensions politiques 68 Dimensions
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70 Dimensions politiques Ce modèle
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72 Dimensions politiques L’object
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74 Dimensions politiques Figure 24
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76 Dimensions politiques de l’env
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78 Dimensions politiques de technol
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80 Dimensions politiques Les diffé
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82 Dimensions politiques Ainsi, le
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84 Dimensions politiques consommate
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86 Dimensions politiques demande en
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88 Dimensions politiques Un tel mé
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90 Répondre aux enjeux et faire du
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92 Principales références bibliog
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Annexe 94 Annexe Tableau 14 : Part
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96 Annexe Tableau 16 : Arrivées in
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98 Annexe Tableau 18 : Nuitées int
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100 Annexe Tableau 20 : Contributio
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102 Table des illustrations FIGURES
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Sigles et abréviations 104 Sigles
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Preamble.........
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Preamble Preamble 1. Framework and
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A traditional tourist destination P
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Tourist flows last decade has been
Page 121 and 122: Tourist flows the loss of tourist i
Page 123 and 124: Tourist flows increase of visitor r
Page 125 and 126: Tourist flows Figure 5: The flow of
Page 127 and 128: Tourist flows It is therefore essen
Page 129 and 130: Tourist flows The three countries o
Page 131 and 132: Tourist flows depopulation, has dom
Page 133 and 134: The tourist offer Figure 7 : Number
Page 135 and 136: The tourist offer Hotel occupation
Page 137 and 138: The tourist offer Growing competiti
Page 139 and 140: The tourist offer 5. Winter trips t
Page 141 and 142: The economic aspects of tourism The
Page 143 and 144: The economic aspects of tourism Ano
Page 145 and 146: The economic aspects of tourism the
Page 147 and 148: The economic aspects of tourism pro
Page 149 and 150: Employment and training Employment
Page 151 and 152: Employment and training year traini
Page 153 and 154: Tourism, culture and society Touris
Page 155 and 156: Tourism, culture and society standa
Page 157 and 158: Tourism, culture and society Pennar
Page 159 and 160: Tourism and the Environment Without
Page 161 and 162: Tourism and the Environment 80 000,
Page 163 and 164: Tourism and the Environment destroy
Page 165 and 166: Tourism and the Environment Figure
Page 167 and 168: Tourism and the Environment 2. The
Page 169 and 170: Tourism and the Environment Figure
Page 171: Majorca (surface unit) Tourism and
Page 175 and 176: Political scope the Société Finan
Page 177 and 178: Political scope 2. The Mediterranea
Page 179 and 180: Political scope Nowadays, tourism m
Page 181 and 182: Political scope development in the
Page 183 and 184: Political scope They just require a
Page 185 and 186: Political scope whether conservatio
Page 187 and 188: Political scope Frame 18: The growi
Page 189 and 190: Political scope Figure 25: Sketch o
Page 191 and 192: Political scope « stimulate a mech
Page 193 and 194: Meeting the stakes and turning tour
Page 195 and 196: Main bibliographic references and s
Page 197 and 198: Annex Table 15: 2000 estimates and
Page 199 and 200: Countries Annex Table 17: Tourist a
Page 201 and 202: Annex Table 19: Average length of s
Page 203 and 204: Table of illustrations Table of ill
Page 205 and 206: Countries ISO codes AL Albania BA B
Page 207 and 208: LIST OF MAP TECHNICAL SERIES REPORT
Page 209 and 210: MTS 125. UNEP/MAP: Proceedings of t
Page 211 and 212: MTS 87. UNEP/MAP/WHO: Identificatio
Page 213 and 214: MTS 48. UNEP/MAP/FAO: Final reports
Page 215: MTS 12. UNEP/MAP: Water resources d
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