1996 Electronics Industry Environmental Roadmap - Civil and ...

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Design for Environment: Evolution and Tool Needs environmental protection and economics. As described in Green Gold, industrial and governmental players see green processes and products as economic policy, not environmental policy [18]. The successful application of DFE to electronic systems requires the coordination of several design- and data-based activities, such as environmental impact metrics; data and data management; design optimization, including cost assessments; and others. Failure to address any of the aspects may limit the effectiveness and usefulness of DFE efforts. As discussed in the 1994 Roadmap, three elements are key to integrating DFE into a product-development process: (1) eco-efficiency metrics, which are necessary for measuring environmental performance; (2) eco-efficient design practices, which are implemented during the design process; and (3) ecoefficiency analysis methods, which enable proposed designs to be assessed with respect to environmental metrics, costs, and quality tradeoffs. An extensive discussion of these elements is available in Joseph Fiksel’s Design for Environment: Creating Eco-Efficient Products and Processes [17]. This report focuses on metrics, although practices and analysis methods are touched upon. The concept of “eco-efficiency” was discussed by Stephan Schmidheiny with the Business Council for Sustainable Development (BCSD) [19] in the context of limits to growth being due to the ability of an ecosystem to absorb waste, rather than solely due to limited resources. This belief encourages a shift from compliance to pollution avoidance and to more efficient processes. Further defining the concept in terms of its direct applicability to industrial concerns, Fiksel states that eco-efficiency is “the ability of a managed entity to simultaneously meet cost, quality, and performance goals, reduce environmental impacts, and conserve valuable resources…” ([17], p. 499). In order to attain an eco-efficient process, which is central to DFE, the entity must define the metrics by which to measure the efficiency. Such metrics include: energy (e.g., total energy consumed during the product’s life cycle), emissions (e.g., toxic or hazardous materials used in production, hazardous waste generated during production or use), materials management (e.g., percentage of recycled materials used as input to product, purity of recyclable materials recovered), or economic (e.g., cost savings associated with design improvements, average life cycle cost incurred by the manufacturer). 5 Practices adopted in industry to implement DFE, and the analysis methods employed to assess the impact—realized or estimated—of a new design, rely on the establishment of metrics. Some common DFE practices, such as material substitution, and design for X (where X is separability, disassembly, recyclability, disposability, re-usability, remanufacture, energy recovery, etc.), cannot be successfully carried out in the absence of a reliable means of measuring the impact of the decision. The analysis of the design, whether quantitative or qualitative, also rests on a foundation of metrics. After metrics have been established and practices implemented, analyses might be carried out based on product design, life-cycle assessment, chemical-use mapping, product cost, and time-to-market, among others. 6 5 For a more detailed discussion of metrics, refer to [15], pp. 20-21. 6 For a more detailed discussion of practices and analysis methods, refer to [15], pp. 22-24. 52
Design for Environment: Evolution and Tool Needs Because life cycle assessment (or analysis) is a commonly discussed element of the DFE process, it warrants attention in this report. Life cycle assessment (LCA) has traditionally referred to a family of methods for assessing materials, services, products, processes, and technologies over their entire life. LCA and environmental impact metrics will be of limited value unless the impact of decisions on other economic and performance parameters of the system can be quickly and accurately assessed by system designers (i.e., cost, electrical and thermal performance, reliability, size, etc.). This relationship between the utility of LCA and other system performance elements is one reason there is currently a great deal of debate regarding its value. LCA is a complex process, but can be useful if properly bounded. It is important to have a sound understanding of the necessary metrics and a systematic method for collecting and analyzing data. Due to this complexity, alternatives to full LCAs are being developed. For example, the Canadian Standards Association created a life cycle review to assist companies, particularly medium and small enterprises, in attaining results from environmental analyses [20]. When pondering the decision to use an LCA to analyze environmental impact and eco-efficiency, there are a number of points to keep in mind, including: LCA is one of a number of environmental management/DFE tools and should be used in conjunction with other tools and techniques. The scope/system boundaries of the LCA is subjective and dependent upon a number of variables (e.g., target of the LCA). Currently, impact assessment techniques are immature. The potential subjectivity of assumptions and choices within the LCA framework may limit the models used for the LCA. The applicability of results is often limited to the original scope (e.g., cannot globally apply results of an LCA conducted in a small town or for one product). Relevant data is limited and collection techniques may not be adequate, thereby affecting the accuracy of results. The LCA process and results are complex and may not lend themselves to a simplified conclusion [21]. 4.2 DFE Survey for the 1996 Roadmap In many cases, the interest in, and difficulties of, applying DFE principles are at odds. For example, the interest in integrating DFE at various levels in the company may significantly exceed the knowledge of how to carry out that integration. Often the difficulties stem from a lack of established mechanisms for measuring the environmental impact of a product or process (metrics), communicating the impact, and incorporating the related changes into the product design or manufacturing process. Based on a priority need identified by the 1994 Roadmap for the development of “tools to enhance voluntary implementation of DFE,” ([15], p. 27) a goal of the 1996 Roadmap is to begin laying the groundwork for such tools by understanding where the industry stands in its desire to implement DFE practices and the difficulties facing DFE implementation. 53
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MCC TECHNICAL REPORT MCC-ECESM-001-
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MCC Technical Report Document No. M
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Table of Contents Electronics Indus
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Electronics Industry Environmental
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Executive Summary Electronics Indus
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Page 19 and 20: 1.0 Introduction Introduction 1.1 O
Page 21 and 22: Introduction These kinds of cross-c
Page 23 and 24: Introduction Strategic Priority Nee
Page 25 and 26: Introduction Tactical Priority Need
Page 27 and 28: 2.0 Strategic Business Opportunitie
Page 29 and 30: Strategic Business Opportunities To
Page 31 and 32: Strategic Business Opportunities Go
Page 33 and 34: Strategic Business Opportunities co
Page 35 and 36: Strategic Business Opportunities Th
Page 37 and 38: Strategic Business Opportunities -
Page 39 and 40: Environmental Cost Accounting at AT
Page 41 and 42: Strategic Business Opportunities Pr
Page 43 and 44: Strategic Business Opportunities sm
Page 45 and 46: Strategic Business Opportunities pr
Page 47 and 48: Strategic Business Opportunities en
Page 49: Priority Need Task 1. Knowledge of
Page 52 and 53: Information and Knowledge Systems m
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Page 58 and 59: Information and Knowledge Systems 4
Page 60 and 61: Information and Knowledge Systems A
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Page 69: Design for Environment: Evolution a
Page 73 and 74: Design for Environment: Evolution a
Page 79 and 80: 5. Models to support more comprehen
Page 81 and 82: 5.0 Disposition Disposition 5.1 Obj
Page 83 and 84: Disposition due date are called con
Page 85 and 86: Disposition 5.4.1 The Consumer/Comm
Page 87 and 88: Disposition 5.4.2 Recycled Material
Page 89 and 90: Disposition One of the greatest cha
Page 91 and 92: Disposition Assistance (OEA) submit
Page 93 and 94: Disposition provision in other inst
Page 95 and 96: Disposition The proposals strongly
Page 97 and 98: 5.5.5 Summary: Lessons from Program
Page 99 and 100: Disposition The left side of the mo
Page 101 and 102: Disposition and government for esta
Page 103 and 104: Disposition Recycling: The collecti
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Page 108 and 109: Emerging Technologies self-aligned
Page 110 and 111: Emerging Technologies wafer. 18 Gen
Page 112 and 113: Emerging Technologies 94 Planarizat
Page 114 and 115: Emerging Technologies Therefore, gi
Page 116 and 117: Emerging Technologies Printed Wirin
Page 118 and 119: Emerging Technologies 100 ensures f
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Emerging Technologies Etch Chemical
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Emerging Technologies 104 Fully Sub
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Emerging Technologies adhesives and
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Emerging Technologies 108 have sign
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Emerging Technologies 110 of automa
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Emerging Technologies 112 managemen
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Emerging Technologies 6.4.4 Fully A
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Emerging Technologies 116 Priority
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Appendix A. Other Industry Roadmaps
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Appendix A Overriding Issue SIA/SEM
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Appendix A Integrated Circuit Fabri
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IPC OIDA SIA/SEMATECH Interconnect
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Appendix A IPC Substrate thickness
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SIA/SEMATECH Precision Electromecha
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Appendix A SIA/SEMATECH As CMOS tec
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Appendix A IPC “The coordination
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Appendix A OIDA Specific technical
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Appendix A NEMI Photonics Critical
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Appendix A SIA/SEMATECH In a steady
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Appendix A SIA/SEMATECH Hand-in-han
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Appendix A SIA/SEMATECH Chemical, e
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Appendix A IPC Several approaches m
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Appendix A SIA/SEMATECH Conversion
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SIA/SEMATECH Benchmarking NEMI Need
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Appendix A IPC Purchasing Suppliers
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Appendix B. The Ten Ceres Principle
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Appendix C. The ICC Business Charte
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Appendix D Appendix D. Statistical
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SIC CODE Table 1. Demographic and w
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Appendix D Table 2. Correlation of
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SIC Code Table 3. Costs of fuels an
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3672 Printed Circuit Boards 3674 Se
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1 Value of shipments for product by
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3676- Electronic resistors 3677- El
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Appendix D Product Product Company
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Appendix D 183
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Appendix D Table 9. Quantity and va
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Key to Table 9: - Represents zero.
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SIC Code 36 361 Table 10. Air pollu
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SIC Code 36 361 362 Table 11. Pollu
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SIC Code 36 Appendix D Table 12. Po
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Appendix E Appendix E. Development
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Appendix E releases with component
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Appendix E 2 1 ITEM: Common Sense I
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Appendix E 6 1 ITEM: U.S. Industria
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Appendix E 1 ITEM: Waste Wi$e 2 SOU
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Appendix E 14 1 ITEM: 33/50 Program
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Appendix E 3 CONTENT: This Departme
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Appendix E clearinghouses, database
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5 COST: Free access to all data/inf
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Appendix E 34 1 ITEM: EMPF (Electro
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Appendix E 37 1 ITEM: I3LA (Initiat
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Appendix E 40 1 ITEM: Access EPA 2
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Appendix E 7 PERTINENCE: Probably n
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Appendix E 3 CONTENT: Large indexed
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Appendix E 55 1 ITEM: UCLA Center f
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Item # Type Source of Item Access C
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Appendix F. Survey of Tool Characte
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[Definitions for the design activit
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Human Interface (Please rank the im
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Appendix F 5 Quantifies and reports
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Appendix G Appendix G. Building Blo
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Appendix G The Nordic cooperation g
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Appendix G undertaken to assess env
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Appendix H If no accrual is made be
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Appendix H 248
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Appendix I 250
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Appendix J The ordinance requires U
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Appendix J 254 150,001 to 600,000 1
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Appendix J Germany (Proposed; effec
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References [16] Waitz and Corbet,
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References 260
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