1996 Electronics Industry Environmental Roadmap - Civil and ...

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Disposition 66 capability for significant quantities of similar commercial products. This collection and management of electronic equipment occurs independently of the municipal solid waste system. Consumer: A consumer electronic product is one that is privately owned and used primarily for non-business purposes. The conditions that generally justify a company’s financial investment in reusable commercial parts do not exist in consumer electronics. Consumers typically buy a system, rather than lease or rent, unlike many companies. Therefore, there is little incentive for manufacturers and distributors to develop a process to recover and demanufacture used products. The consumer, though potentially interested in giving up a retired system for recycling, has little information or options available. Furthermore, most consumer waste is collected through municipal solid waste systems. Recognizing the difficulty of establishing comprehensive collection systems for consumer products, the EPA has established the Household Hazardous Waste Exemption, stating that small volumes of waste resulting from typical household use are not subject to hazardous waste rules, unless otherwise specified. This further decreases the incentive for consumers to seek alternatives for electronic PELM. 5.4 Obstacles to Improved Disposition There are many obstacles to more effectively managing electronic products at the end of their life. These range from immature infrastructure and cultural impediments to inadequate technology and regulatory barriers to achieving effective PELM.
Disposition 5.4.1 The Consumer/Commercial Collection and Processing Infrastructure The infrastructure of third-party recycling companies providing collection and processing for electronic products has not matured to the point where the volume of product that might potentially be handled can be effectively managed. This is especially the case for consumer electronic products. The first difficulty occurs in guaranteeing an adequate volume of product entering the disposition pipeline to support the growth and increasing availability of PELM services. Economies of scale are achieved through high volumes of similar materials, yet collecting volumes of the same equipment is difficult, particularly when collected from consumers. Manufacturers with voluntary asset recovery sources have high volumes of the same item, leading to a separate infrastructure for their recovery. It is prudent to consider how to leverage the strengths of the consumer/municipal solid waste system and the commercial solid waste services in the future. From the standpoint of consumer product, significant volumes of retired computer electronics products are stored in home closets or garages, in part due to a lack of an infrastructure to collect and transport them to a viable recovery facility. Many municipalities would prefer not to pick up large volumes of electronic equipment at curbside given their current inability to deal with them. Also, many consumers believe that used electronic equipment has residual economic value and are therefore reluctant to dispose of it without recouping some of this perceived value. Finally, the consumer may simply be unaware of disposition options. The situation for commercial products is somewhat better. Several commercial electronic equipment manufacturers have created product recovery programs that allow purchasers to return used equipment when new equipment is being purchased. Some of these manufacturers have established internal programs to recycle and remanufacture these products, or recover value of the constituent parts and materials. There is also a significant number of commercial providers seeking to serve the electronics industry. However, even commercial owners of electronic equipment may be reluctant to give up their systems without recovering some of the perceived value. Furthermore, systems are often held in long-term storage as inventory that might potentially be needed or sold someday. Once product flows into the pipeline, the disposition system is still hampered by the lack of an efficient, affordable, convenient transportation system to take products to a recovery site for further processing. In the absence of a well-established recycling network, a commercial electronic equipment manufacturer wishing to collect and recycle its retired electronic products will likely be faced with high costs of transporting product across the U.S. Recycling fees may be added to the purchase price of new products, potentially driving consumers across borders and state lines in search of products not subject to the added costs. In such cases, the marketing benefits of an environmentally conscious image may not outweigh a potential loss in sales. Due in part to the difficulty of transporting the retired products from consumers to refurbishers and/or recyclers, long-term storage of obsolete or unused electronic equipment is another frequently used alternative to returning retired items to the disposition pipeline. A study by Tufts University noted that 75% of end-of-life electronic products are in storage [24]. For the remainder, 14% are landfilled and incinerated, 7% are sold, and 3% are refurbished or recycled. 67
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MCC TECHNICAL REPORT MCC-ECESM-001-
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MCC Technical Report Document No. M
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Table of Contents Electronics Indus
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Electronics Industry Environmental
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Executive Summary Electronics Indus
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1.0 Introduction Introduction 1.1 O
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Introduction These kinds of cross-c
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Introduction Strategic Priority Nee
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Introduction Tactical Priority Need
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2.0 Strategic Business Opportunitie
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Strategic Business Opportunities To
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Strategic Business Opportunities Go
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Page 37 and 38: Strategic Business Opportunities -
Page 39 and 40: Environmental Cost Accounting at AT
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Page 47 and 48: Strategic Business Opportunities en
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Page 58 and 59: Information and Knowledge Systems 4
Page 60 and 61: Information and Knowledge Systems A
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Page 69 and 70: Design for Environment: Evolution a
Page 79 and 80: 5. Models to support more comprehen
Page 81 and 82: 5.0 Disposition Disposition 5.1 Obj
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Page 95 and 96: Disposition The proposals strongly
Page 97 and 98: 5.5.5 Summary: Lessons from Program
Page 99 and 100: Disposition The left side of the mo
Page 101 and 102: Disposition and government for esta
Page 103 and 104: Disposition Recycling: The collecti
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Page 108 and 109: Emerging Technologies self-aligned
Page 110 and 111: Emerging Technologies wafer. 18 Gen
Page 112 and 113: Emerging Technologies 94 Planarizat
Page 114 and 115: Emerging Technologies Therefore, gi
Page 116 and 117: Emerging Technologies Printed Wirin
Page 118 and 119: Emerging Technologies 100 ensures f
Page 120 and 121: Emerging Technologies Etch Chemical
Page 122 and 123: Emerging Technologies 104 Fully Sub
Page 124 and 125: Emerging Technologies adhesives and
Page 126 and 127: Emerging Technologies 108 have sign
Page 128 and 129: Emerging Technologies 110 of automa
Page 130 and 131: Emerging Technologies 112 managemen
Page 132 and 133: Emerging Technologies 6.4.4 Fully A
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Emerging Technologies 116 Priority
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Appendix A. Other Industry Roadmaps
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Appendix A Overriding Issue SIA/SEM
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Appendix A Integrated Circuit Fabri
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IPC OIDA SIA/SEMATECH Interconnect
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Appendix A IPC Substrate thickness
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SIA/SEMATECH Precision Electromecha
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Appendix A SIA/SEMATECH As CMOS tec
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Appendix A IPC “The coordination
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Appendix A OIDA Specific technical
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Appendix A NEMI Photonics Critical
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Appendix A SIA/SEMATECH In a steady
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Appendix A SIA/SEMATECH Hand-in-han
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Appendix A SIA/SEMATECH Chemical, e
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Appendix A IPC Several approaches m
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Appendix A SIA/SEMATECH Conversion
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SIA/SEMATECH Benchmarking NEMI Need
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Appendix A IPC Purchasing Suppliers
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Appendix B. The Ten Ceres Principle
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Appendix C. The ICC Business Charte
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Appendix D Appendix D. Statistical
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SIC CODE Table 1. Demographic and w
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Appendix D Table 2. Correlation of
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SIC Code Table 3. Costs of fuels an
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3672 Printed Circuit Boards 3674 Se
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1 Value of shipments for product by
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3676- Electronic resistors 3677- El
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Appendix D Product Product Company
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Appendix D 183
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Appendix D Table 9. Quantity and va
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Key to Table 9: - Represents zero.
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SIC Code 36 361 Table 10. Air pollu
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SIC Code 36 361 362 Table 11. Pollu
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SIC Code 36 Appendix D Table 12. Po
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Appendix E Appendix E. Development
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Appendix E releases with component
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Appendix E 2 1 ITEM: Common Sense I
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Appendix E 6 1 ITEM: U.S. Industria
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Appendix E 1 ITEM: Waste Wi$e 2 SOU
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Appendix E 14 1 ITEM: 33/50 Program
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Appendix E 3 CONTENT: This Departme
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Appendix E clearinghouses, database
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5 COST: Free access to all data/inf
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Appendix E 34 1 ITEM: EMPF (Electro
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Appendix E 37 1 ITEM: I3LA (Initiat
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Appendix E 40 1 ITEM: Access EPA 2
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Appendix E 7 PERTINENCE: Probably n
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Appendix E 3 CONTENT: Large indexed
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Appendix E 55 1 ITEM: UCLA Center f
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Item # Type Source of Item Access C
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Appendix F. Survey of Tool Characte
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[Definitions for the design activit
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Human Interface (Please rank the im
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Appendix F 5 Quantifies and reports
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Appendix G Appendix G. Building Blo
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Appendix G The Nordic cooperation g
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Appendix G undertaken to assess env
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Appendix H If no accrual is made be
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Appendix H 248
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Appendix I 250
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Appendix J The ordinance requires U
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Appendix J 254 150,001 to 600,000 1
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Appendix J Germany (Proposed; effec
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References [16] Waitz and Corbet,
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References 260
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