Introduction to Nanotechnology

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Figure 5.6. Structure of the CEO fullerene molecule. 5.3. CARBON CLUSTERS 11 1 atom it becomes electrically conducting. Figure 5.7 shows the location of the alkali atoms in the lattice where they occupy the two vacant tetrahedral sites and a larger octahedral site per c.50 molecule. In the tetrahedral site the alkali atom has four surrounding c60 balls, and in the octahedral site there are six surrounding c60 TETRAHEDRAL SITE Figure 5.7. Crystal lattice unit cell of Cso molecules (large spheres) doped with alkali atoms (dark circles). [From F. J. Owens and C. P. Poole, Jr., The New Superconducfors, Plenum, 1998.1
11 2 CARBON NANOSTRUCTURES molecules. When C60 is doped with potassium to form K3C60, the potassium atoms become ionized to form Kf and their electrons become associated with the C60, which becomes a C603- triply negative ion. Thus each C6,, has three extra electrons that are loosely bonded to the C60, and can move through the lattice making C60 electrically conducting. In this case the C60 is said to he electron-doped. 5.3.5. Superconductivity in C6,, Superconductivity is a state of matter in which the resistance of a sample becomes zero, and in which no magnetic field is allowed to penetrate the sample. The latter manifests itself as a reduction of the magnetic susceptibility x of the sample to x = - 1 (in the MKS system). In 199 1, when A. E Hebard and his co-workers at Bell Telephone Laboratories doped C6,, crystals with potassium by the methods described above and tested them for superconductivity, to the surprise of all, evidence was found for a superconducting transition at 18 K. Figure 5.8 shows the drop in the magnetization indicative of the presence of superconductivity. A new class of superconducting materials had been found having a simple cubic structure and containing only two elements. Not long after the initial report it was found that many alkali atoms could he doped into the lattice, and the transition temperature increased to as high as 33 K in Cs2RbC60, As the radius of the dopant alkali atom increases, the cubic C60 lattice expands, and the superconducting transition temperature goes up. Figure 5.9 is a plot of the transition temperature versus the lattice parameter. It was mentioned above that graphite consists of parallel planar graphitic sheets of carbon atoms. It is possible to put other atoms between the planes of these sheets, a procedure called intercalation. When intercalated with potassium atoms, crystalline graphite becomes superconducting at the extremely low temperature of a few tenths of a kelvin. z 0 0.025 k -0.025 I I , I , I I I I , I I I I ( ***** l I I I - - z 9 -0.075 I z -0.125 - - N 2 -0.175 - z 0 -0.225 ' ' ' ' ' I I I I ' I ' I ' I ' ' ' ' TEMPERATURE (K) Figure 5.8. Magnetization versus temperature for K3C6,, showing the transition to the superconducting state. [Adapted from A. F. Hebard, Phys. Today29 (Nov. 1992).]
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INTRODUCTION TO NANOTECHNOLOGY Char
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CONTENTS Preface xi 1 Introduction
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5.2 Carbon Molecules 103 5.2.1 Natu
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9.4 Excitons 244 9.5 Single-Electro
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PREFACE In recent years nanotechnol
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INTRODUCTION The prefix nano in the
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INTRODUCTION 3 he recognized the ex
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1000 (I) a 900 4 800 a 900 I 6 700
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INTRODUCTION 7 developed before the
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2.1. STRUCTURE 9 mechanics, the res
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X T 2.1. STRUCTURE 11 Figure 2.4. C
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2.1. STRUCTURE 13 Figure 2.6. Thirt
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Sodium Nanoparticle Na, Magic Numbe
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2.1. STRUCTURE 17 of the large anio
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2.1. STRUCTURE 19 other, and high-f
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 21 Conduction Ban
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 23 Figure 2.13. S
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2.2. ENERGYBANDS 25 band at point T
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A X ' Wavevector A Si c z 2.2. ENER
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 29 bands of Figs.
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2.3. LOCALIZED PARTICLES 31 add ele
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1 meV 10 meV 100 meV FJ E W 1 eV 10
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3 METHODS OF MEASURING PROPERTIES 3
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3.2. STRUCTURE 37 Table 3.1. Crysta
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3.2. STRUCTURE 39 Figure 3.2. Two-d
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3.2. STRUCTURE 41 The widths of the
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44 METHODS OF MEASURING PROPERTIES
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3.3. MICROSCOPY 51 types of transit
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3.3. MICROSCOPY 53 Actual diverging
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Tunneling current Tunneling current
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3.3. MrCAOSCOPY 57 and the latter m
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3.4. SPECTROSCOPY 59 From Eq. (3.8)
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Page 74 and 75: CdSe colloidal NCs a = 1.2 nrn 3.4.
Page 76 and 77: El X-RAY TUBE 8000 - A 6000 - 4000
Page 78 and 79: 2 N I w 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1 .o 0.5 3.
Page 80 and 81: i 3.4. SPECTROSCOPY 69 NMR involves
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Page 84 and 85: NUMBER OF ATOMS RADIUS (nm) 1 10 1
Page 86 and 87: I L 7 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 NUMBER OF
Page 88 and 89: JELLIUM MODEL OF CLUSTERS ATOMS CLU
Page 90 and 91: 1.02 { 1.01 - 1 - 0.99 - 4.2. METAL
Page 92 and 93: 4.2. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 81 Figure 4
Page 94 and 95: 4.2. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 83 Figure 4
Page 96 and 97: -0 100 200 300 400 500 600 MASSICHA
Page 98 and 99: a 42. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 87 Figure
Page 100 and 101: . . . .. . - . D 111111111111111111
Page 102 and 103: 3 4 2.5 0 cn g 2 0 z d 1.5 t a 9 1
Page 104 and 105: 4.3. SEMICONDUCTING NANOPARTICLES 9
Page 106 and 107: 4.4. RARE GAS AND MOLECULAR CLUSTER
Page 108 and 109: 4.5. METHODS OF SYNTHESIS 97 d Figu
Page 110 and 111: 4.5. METHODS OF SYNTHESIS 99 isopro
Page 112 and 113: PULSED LASER BEAM 1 1 1 1 1 I ROTAT
Page 114 and 115: 5.1. INTRODUCTION CARBON NANOSTRUCT
Page 116 and 117: 5.2. CARBON MOLECULES 105 methane d
Page 118 and 119: 5.3. CARBON CLUSTERS 107 -0 20 40 6
Page 120 and 121: PHOTON ENERGY (electron volts) 5.3.
Page 124 and 125: 1 30 0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 LAT
Page 126 and 127: (c) 5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 115 Figur
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Page 130 and 131: 5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 11 9 investig
Page 132 and 133: 5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 121 energy gr
Page 134 and 135: 5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 123 stretch c
Page 136 and 137: 5.5. APPLICATIONS OF CARBON NANOTUB
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Page 144 and 145: BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS In th
Page 146 and 147: h 8 0 6.1. SOLID DISORDERED NANOSTR
Page 148 and 149: 6.1. SOLID DISORDERED NANOSTRUCTURE
Page 164 and 165: 6.2. NANOSTRUCTURED CRYSTALS 153 qu
Page 166: 6.2. NANOSTRUCTURED CRYSTALS 155 Fi
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162 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS 0
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164 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS n
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166 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM f
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168 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM i
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170 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM M
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172 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM h
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174 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM d
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176 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM o
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4 h $ 3 7.5. NANOCARBON FERROMAGNET
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7.6. GIANT AND COLOSSAL MAGNETORESI
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1.4 N 1 1.2 z " 1 0 v 5 h 0.8 0 0.6
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7.6. GIANT AND COLOSSAL MAGNETORESI
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7.7. FERROFLUIDS 187 Figure 7.22. M
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7.7. FECIROFLUIDS 189 Figure 7.25.
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7.7. FERRQFLUlOS 191 FerroRuids can
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FURTHER READING FURTHER READING 193
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10- IR f IA -1 8.1. INTRODUCTION 19
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 197 1
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 199 d
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s C CTI e 8 9 4( 8.2. INFRARED FREQ
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8.2.3. Raman Spectroscopy 8.2. INFR
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 205 a
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- r I 520 51 8 v 6 516 a" 51 4 51 2
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 209 i
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v) - C 3 8 600 400 100 0 e e 10 20
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i E (cm-’ ) 20 c I 1 ID 0 4x107 8
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- ? m v .- - z In C a, c C - .. . .
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Excitatior I [eV]: 2.175 2.214 2.25
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6 100 200 300 Time (ns) 8.3. LUMINE
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400 nm Laser / Free excitons Trappe
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8.4. NANOSTRUCTURES IN ZEOLITE CAGE
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FURTHER READING 225 P. Milani and C
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9.2. PREPARATION OF QUANTUM NANOSTR
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i 9.2. PREPARATION OF QUANTUM NANOS
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9.3. SIZE AND DIMENSIONALITY EFFECT
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w n 3 2 1 9.3. SIZE AND DIMENSIONAL
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WE) Quantum Dot Number of Electrons
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9.5. SINGLE-ELECTRON TUNNELING 245
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9.5. SINGLE-ELECTRON TUNNELING 247
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1 pair section ;- COT. .; . . I. .
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o.6 LWIR: T = 77 K 45" incidence AD
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9.7. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 253 horizont
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9.7. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 255 applied
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 10 SELF-ASSEMBL
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 259 factor of 2
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(a) (LI (dl 10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 261
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 263 atoms, as n
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- c v) ._ C 3 2 9 40 c - .- e m v w
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10.2. CATALYSIS 267 where the lengt
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10.2. CATALYSIS 269 are also other
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1600 2 1200 t p - Bi2M020, 10.2. CA
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7 - I 2,330 m .- c r 0 2 2,300 - u)
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10.2. CATALYSIS 275 with a top and
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10.2. CATALYSIS 277 based on the pr
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10.2. CATALYSIS 279 CnHlnfl, which
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I1 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND POLYMERS 1
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11.2. FORMING AND CHARACTERIZING PO
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1 1.3. NANOCRYSTALS 285 This expres
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-1 5 0) C a, -1 1 000 300 100 30 10
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11.3. NANOCRYSTALS 289 Table 11.1.
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11.3. NANOCRYSTALS 291 R’ groups
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11.4. POLYMERS 293 Figure 11.9. Ske
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11.5. SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURES 295
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M Et3P OTf M=Pd M=Pt M=Pd, 41 % M=P
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11.5. SVPRAMOLECUUAR STRUCTURES 2s
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11 5. SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURES 303
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BiodegradaWe surface 4 Functional g
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FURTHER READING 309 F. J. Owens and
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12.2. BIOLOGICAL BUILDING BLOCKS 31
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314 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS which we w
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316 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS Table 12.2
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318 BIOLOGICAL MATERtALS i J / Flgu
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320 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS Pyrimidine
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322 BlOLMjlCAL MATERiALS (a) DNA do
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324 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS so each wo
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326 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS 12.4.2. Mi
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328 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS tions they
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330 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS hardened f
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13 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES In
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334 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES CA
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336 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES Op
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338 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES ti
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340 NANOMACHINES AN0 NANODEVICES PO
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342 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES X
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344 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES na
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346 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES 31
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348 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES -
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350 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES re
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352 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES 1
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354 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES -1
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A.l. INTRODUCTION APPENDIX A FORMUL
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A.3. PARTIAL CONFINEMENT 359 limiti
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APPENDIX B TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDU
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TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTING MATER
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Table B.8. Effective masses m+ rela
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372 INDEX amoeba, 3 16 amphiphilic,
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374 INDEX CdS, 9, 130, 213, 216, 36
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376 INDEX dispersion, 277 disulfide
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378 INDEX Ga (gallium) (continued)
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380 INDEX length (continued) critic
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382 INDEX multiple ionization, 93 r
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384 INDEX pi-conjugation, 282, 292
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silica, 269 silica-alumina, 269, 27
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388 INDEX wavefimction (continued)
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