Introduction to Nanotechnology

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explosion, 93 force, 244 interaction, 196, 244 interaction, exciton, 32 staircase, 247, 248, 256 counterion, 295, 297, 298 covalency, fractional, 17, 1 8 Cr (chromium), 262 nanostructure, micrograph, 57, 58 Cr203 chromia, 270 crack, 137, 138 cracking reaction, 277 crystal growth, activation energy, 286 lattice, 36 plane, 38 space group, 37 structure, 9, 10 system, 36 system, table, 37 crystallography, 37 Cu (copper), 260, 279 electron affinity, 84 electron paramagnetic resonance, 69 nanocluster, 83 nanoparticle, photoelectron spectrum, 84 nanostructure, 137 nanostructure, stress-strain curve, 141 surface, 338, 339 wire, conductivity, 12 1 Cu20, exciton optical spectrum, 90, 91 cubane C8H8, 105, 106 cuboctrahedron, 12 Curie law, 176 temperature, 168, 185 current dark, 250 threshold, 254 CuSO4 electrolyte, 137 cyanide, 300 cyano, 298 cyclohexane, 265, 266 cyclohexene, 265, 266 cyclotron resonance, 30 cytosine, 315, 318. 320, 322 Dalton, 284, 3 12 damping factor, 342, 343 dangling bond, 55 dark current, 250 INDEX 375 field image, 48, 49 de Broglie wavelength, 45 Debye screening length, 159 temperatures of semiconductors, table of values, 367 -Scherrer powder x-ray diffraction, 41 decalin, 171 deep trap level, 21 defect, Frenkel, 232 degeneracy, 239 valley, 26 de Haas-van Alphen effect, 244 dehydroxylation, 276 dekatessarahedron, 12 delocalization, 357 dimensions, table, 234 delta function, 242 dendralyst, 300-302 dendrimer, 296-3 05 supramolecular, 302 dendritic molecule, 296 densities of semiconductors, table of values, 363 density of states, 23&237, 241 confined electrons, 242, 243 confinement, 359, 360 dimensions, table, 236 energy dependence, 237 functional theory, 80 phonon, 242 desoxyribonucleic acid, (DNA), 3 10, 3 11, 314, 316, 320, 323 desoxyribose sugar, 3 18, 3 19 diacetylene, 282, 290, 291 diallyl, 328 diamine, 298, 300 diamond, 205, 207 Raman spectrum, 208 structure, 15 structure figure, 16 diatomic chain, I9 dielectric constants of semiconductors, table of values, 366 dielectric gap, 162 differential thermal analysis (DTA), 270,272 diffraction limit, 341 diffractometer, 3 8 dimensionality, 357 effects, 231 dipole moment, 344 dipole-dipole interaction, 168 dislocation, 138 edge, 138
376 INDEX dispersion, 277 disulfide bond, 3 18 divergent growth, 299 synthesis, 299 DNA (desoxyribonucleic acid), 310, 3 11, 314, 316, 320, 323 double helix, sketch, 321 double nanowire, 3 16 successive foldings, 322 dodecahedral structure, 114 domain ferrimagnetic, 166 ferromagnetic, 166, I69 growth, 169 rotation, 169 donor, 30 level, 21 d-orbital, 87 dots in a well, 251 double helix, 310 nanowire, 3 10 refraction, 287 well potential, 174-176 drain, 245, 246 dual space, 22 dye molecules, 288 dynamics of nanomagnets, 172 edge dislocation, 138 EELS, acronym for electron energy loss spectroscopy, 64, 66 effective mass definition, 28 exciton, 32 GaAs, 34 longitudinal, 30 semiconductors, table of values, 365 transverse, 30 elastin, 3 15, 325 electrical conduction along chain molecule, 350 electrical properties of nanostructure, 142 electrochemical cell, 128 Raman spectrum, 129 electrochromic, 293 electrodeposition, 137 electroluminescence, 153 electron affinity, 83, 84, 153, 180 conduction electrons, EPR, 99, 100 copolymer, EPR, 306, 308 diffraction, 37 donor, 180 energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), 64, 66 gun, 125 micrograph, 3 1 1, 3 12 paramagnetic resonance (EPR), 69. 308 spin resonance (ESR), 68 emulsion, silver halide, 2 energy activation, 143 surface, ellipsoidal, 26 thermal, 175 energy band, 20 parabolic, figure, 25 small metal cluster, 82 energy gap pressure dependence, 26 temperature dependence, 26 enzyme, 227, 324, 328 epitaxial film, 3 film, face centered cubic, 37 film, hexagonal close packed, 37 growth, 3 epitaxy, molecular beam, 35 EPR, acronym for electron paramagnetic resonance, 69, 308 erythrocyte, 316, 324 Escherichia coli, 3 I6 ester, 263 ethanol, 265, 266 ethylene, 105 glycol, 307 Euler buckling force, 344 exchange coupling, 172 interaction, 167 exciton, 196, 244 confinement, 92 effective mass, 32 energy levels, 90 fluorescence, 21 9 Frenkel, 34 Mott-Wannier, 34, 244 optical spectrum, 34, 91 radius, 34, 245 self trapped, 287 spectrum, 197 exclusion principle, 167 exothermic, 270 face centered cubic (FCC), 10, 36 nearest neighbor distance, 13
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INTRODUCTION TO NANOTECHNOLOGY Char
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CONTENTS Preface xi 1 Introduction
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5.2 Carbon Molecules 103 5.2.1 Natu
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9.4 Excitons 244 9.5 Single-Electro
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PREFACE In recent years nanotechnol
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INTRODUCTION The prefix nano in the
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INTRODUCTION 3 he recognized the ex
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1000 (I) a 900 4 800 a 900 I 6 700
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INTRODUCTION 7 developed before the
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2.1. STRUCTURE 9 mechanics, the res
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X T 2.1. STRUCTURE 11 Figure 2.4. C
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2.1. STRUCTURE 13 Figure 2.6. Thirt
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Sodium Nanoparticle Na, Magic Numbe
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2.1. STRUCTURE 17 of the large anio
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2.1. STRUCTURE 19 other, and high-f
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 21 Conduction Ban
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 23 Figure 2.13. S
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2.2. ENERGYBANDS 25 band at point T
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A X ' Wavevector A Si c z 2.2. ENER
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 29 bands of Figs.
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2.3. LOCALIZED PARTICLES 31 add ele
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1 meV 10 meV 100 meV FJ E W 1 eV 10
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3 METHODS OF MEASURING PROPERTIES 3
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3.2. STRUCTURE 37 Table 3.1. Crysta
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3.2. STRUCTURE 39 Figure 3.2. Two-d
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3.2. STRUCTURE 41 The widths of the
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44 METHODS OF MEASURING PROPERTIES
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3.3. MICROSCOPY 51 types of transit
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3.3. MICROSCOPY 53 Actual diverging
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Tunneling current Tunneling current
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3.3. MrCAOSCOPY 57 and the latter m
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3.4. SPECTROSCOPY 59 From Eq. (3.8)
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1 Average Panicle FWHM Size (nm) in
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CdSe colloidal NCs a = 1.2 nrn 3.4.
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El X-RAY TUBE 8000 - A 6000 - 4000
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2 N I w 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1 .o 0.5 3.
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i 3.4. SPECTROSCOPY 69 NMR involves
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T=220K - 2G H FURTHER READING 71 Fi
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NUMBER OF ATOMS RADIUS (nm) 1 10 1
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I L 7 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 NUMBER OF
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JELLIUM MODEL OF CLUSTERS ATOMS CLU
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1.02 { 1.01 - 1 - 0.99 - 4.2. METAL
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4.2. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 81 Figure 4
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4.2. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 83 Figure 4
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-0 100 200 300 400 500 600 MASSICHA
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a 42. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 87 Figure
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. . . .. . - . D 111111111111111111
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3 4 2.5 0 cn g 2 0 z d 1.5 t a 9 1
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4.3. SEMICONDUCTING NANOPARTICLES 9
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4.4. RARE GAS AND MOLECULAR CLUSTER
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4.5. METHODS OF SYNTHESIS 97 d Figu
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4.5. METHODS OF SYNTHESIS 99 isopro
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PULSED LASER BEAM 1 1 1 1 1 I ROTAT
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5.1. INTRODUCTION CARBON NANOSTRUCT
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5.2. CARBON MOLECULES 105 methane d
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5.3. CARBON CLUSTERS 107 -0 20 40 6
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PHOTON ENERGY (electron volts) 5.3.
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Figure 5.6. Structure of the CEO fu
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1 30 0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 LAT
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(c) 5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 115 Figur
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 1 17 The mech
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 11 9 investig
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 121 energy gr
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 123 stretch c
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5.5. APPLICATIONS OF CARBON NANOTUB
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- v) 450 : 400 3 350 1 300 : 5 250
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BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS In th
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h 8 0 6.1. SOLID DISORDERED NANOSTR
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6.1. SOLID DISORDERED NANOSTRUCTURE
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6.2. NANOSTRUCTURED CRYSTALS 153 qu
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6.2. NANOSTRUCTURED CRYSTALS 155 Fi
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158 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS 6
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160 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS w
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162 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS 0
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164 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS n
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166 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM f
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168 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM i
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170 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM M
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172 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM h
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174 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM d
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176 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM o
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4 h $ 3 7.5. NANOCARBON FERROMAGNET
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7.6. GIANT AND COLOSSAL MAGNETORESI
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1.4 N 1 1.2 z " 1 0 v 5 h 0.8 0 0.6
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7.6. GIANT AND COLOSSAL MAGNETORESI
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7.7. FERROFLUIDS 187 Figure 7.22. M
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7.7. FECIROFLUIDS 189 Figure 7.25.
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7.7. FERRQFLUlOS 191 FerroRuids can
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FURTHER READING FURTHER READING 193
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10- IR f IA -1 8.1. INTRODUCTION 19
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 197 1
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 199 d
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s C CTI e 8 9 4( 8.2. INFRARED FREQ
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8.2.3. Raman Spectroscopy 8.2. INFR
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 205 a
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- r I 520 51 8 v 6 516 a" 51 4 51 2
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 209 i
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v) - C 3 8 600 400 100 0 e e 10 20
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i E (cm-’ ) 20 c I 1 ID 0 4x107 8
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- ? m v .- - z In C a, c C - .. . .
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Excitatior I [eV]: 2.175 2.214 2.25
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6 100 200 300 Time (ns) 8.3. LUMINE
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400 nm Laser / Free excitons Trappe
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8.4. NANOSTRUCTURES IN ZEOLITE CAGE
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FURTHER READING 225 P. Milani and C
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9.2. PREPARATION OF QUANTUM NANOSTR
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i 9.2. PREPARATION OF QUANTUM NANOS
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9.3. SIZE AND DIMENSIONALITY EFFECT
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w n 3 2 1 9.3. SIZE AND DIMENSIONAL
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WE) Quantum Dot Number of Electrons
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9.5. SINGLE-ELECTRON TUNNELING 245
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9.5. SINGLE-ELECTRON TUNNELING 247
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1 pair section ;- COT. .; . . I. .
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o.6 LWIR: T = 77 K 45" incidence AD
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9.7. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 253 horizont
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9.7. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 255 applied
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 10 SELF-ASSEMBL
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 259 factor of 2
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(a) (LI (dl 10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 261
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 263 atoms, as n
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- c v) ._ C 3 2 9 40 c - .- e m v w
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10.2. CATALYSIS 267 where the lengt
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10.2. CATALYSIS 269 are also other
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1600 2 1200 t p - Bi2M020, 10.2. CA
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7 - I 2,330 m .- c r 0 2 2,300 - u)
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10.2. CATALYSIS 275 with a top and
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10.2. CATALYSIS 277 based on the pr
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10.2. CATALYSIS 279 CnHlnfl, which
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I1 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND POLYMERS 1
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11.2. FORMING AND CHARACTERIZING PO
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1 1.3. NANOCRYSTALS 285 This expres
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-1 5 0) C a, -1 1 000 300 100 30 10
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11.3. NANOCRYSTALS 289 Table 11.1.
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11.3. NANOCRYSTALS 291 R’ groups
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11.4. POLYMERS 293 Figure 11.9. Ske
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11.5. SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURES 295
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M Et3P OTf M=Pd M=Pt M=Pd, 41 % M=P
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11.5. SVPRAMOLECUUAR STRUCTURES 2s
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11 5. SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURES 303
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BiodegradaWe surface 4 Functional g
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FURTHER READING 309 F. J. Owens and
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12.2. BIOLOGICAL BUILDING BLOCKS 31
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314 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS which we w
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316 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS Table 12.2
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318 BIOLOGICAL MATERtALS i J / Flgu
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320 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS Pyrimidine
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322 BlOLMjlCAL MATERiALS (a) DNA do
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Page 368 and 369: A.l. INTRODUCTION APPENDIX A FORMUL
Page 370 and 371: A.3. PARTIAL CONFINEMENT 359 limiti
Page 372 and 373: APPENDIX B TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDU
Page 374 and 375: TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTING MATER
Page 376 and 377: Table B.8. Effective masses m+ rela
Page 378 and 379: TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTING MATER
Page 380: TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTING MATER
Page 383 and 384: 372 INDEX amoeba, 3 16 amphiphilic,
Page 385: 374 INDEX CdS, 9, 130, 213, 216, 36
Page 389 and 390: 378 INDEX Ga (gallium) (continued)
Page 391 and 392: 380 INDEX length (continued) critic
Page 393 and 394: 382 INDEX multiple ionization, 93 r
Page 395 and 396: 384 INDEX pi-conjugation, 282, 292
Page 397 and 398: silica, 269 silica-alumina, 269, 27
Page 399: 388 INDEX wavefimction (continued)
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