Introduction to Nanotechnology

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A.3. PARTIAL CONFINEMENT 359 limiting case is a bulk material, in which they are all delocalized. The intermediate cases are a quantum wire, which is long in one dimension and very small in its transverse directions; and a quantum well, which is a flat plate nanosized in thickness and much larger in length and width. The quantum wire exhibits electron confinement in two dimensions and delocalization in one dimension, and the quantum well reverses these characteristics. Table A.3 lists the numbers of electrons N(E) and the densities of states D(E) for these four cases, and Figs. 9.9 and 9.10, respectively, provide plots of how they depend on the energy. The degeneracies di refer to potential well energy levels. For fither details, see L. Jacak, P. Hawrylak and A. Wojs, Quantzim Dots, Springer, Berlin, 1998, Section 3.1. The formulas presented in this appendix are for idealized cases of isotropic systems with circular Fermi limits in two dimensions, and spherical Fermi surfaces in three dimensions. The bulk case on the last row of Table A.3 assumes the presence of one conduction band. In practical cases the bands are more numerous and more complex, but these simplified expressions do serve to clarify the roles played by the effects of electron delocalization and electron confinement in nanostructures.
0 Q) 0 Table A.3. Number of electrons ME) and density of states @E) = dN(E)/dE as a function of the energy E for electrons delocalized/confined in quantum dots, quantum wires, quantum wells, and bulk material a Dimensions Number Density Type of Electrons N of States D(E) Delocalized Confined Dot N(E) = 2Cdi0(E - EIW) D(E) = 2Cdi8(E - Eiw) 0 3 Well N(E) = v 2m 'I2 Bulk N(E) = - (-) D(E) =- 2:2 (:)'I2 - @)'I2 379 h2 1 2 2 1 3 0 "The degeneracies of the confined (square or parabolic well) energy levels are given by d,. The Heaviside step function O(x) is zero for x < 0 and one for x z 0; the delta function 6(x) is zero for x # 0, infinity for x = 0, and integrates to a unit area.
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INTRODUCTION TO NANOTECHNOLOGY Char
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CONTENTS Preface xi 1 Introduction
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5.2 Carbon Molecules 103 5.2.1 Natu
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9.4 Excitons 244 9.5 Single-Electro
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PREFACE In recent years nanotechnol
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INTRODUCTION The prefix nano in the
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INTRODUCTION 3 he recognized the ex
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1000 (I) a 900 4 800 a 900 I 6 700
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INTRODUCTION 7 developed before the
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2.1. STRUCTURE 9 mechanics, the res
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X T 2.1. STRUCTURE 11 Figure 2.4. C
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2.1. STRUCTURE 13 Figure 2.6. Thirt
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Sodium Nanoparticle Na, Magic Numbe
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2.1. STRUCTURE 17 of the large anio
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2.1. STRUCTURE 19 other, and high-f
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 21 Conduction Ban
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 23 Figure 2.13. S
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2.2. ENERGYBANDS 25 band at point T
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A X ' Wavevector A Si c z 2.2. ENER
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 29 bands of Figs.
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2.3. LOCALIZED PARTICLES 31 add ele
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1 meV 10 meV 100 meV FJ E W 1 eV 10
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3 METHODS OF MEASURING PROPERTIES 3
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3.2. STRUCTURE 37 Table 3.1. Crysta
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3.2. STRUCTURE 39 Figure 3.2. Two-d
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3.2. STRUCTURE 41 The widths of the
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44 METHODS OF MEASURING PROPERTIES
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3.3. MICROSCOPY 51 types of transit
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3.3. MICROSCOPY 53 Actual diverging
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Tunneling current Tunneling current
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3.3. MrCAOSCOPY 57 and the latter m
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3.4. SPECTROSCOPY 59 From Eq. (3.8)
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1 Average Panicle FWHM Size (nm) in
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CdSe colloidal NCs a = 1.2 nrn 3.4.
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El X-RAY TUBE 8000 - A 6000 - 4000
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2 N I w 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1 .o 0.5 3.
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i 3.4. SPECTROSCOPY 69 NMR involves
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T=220K - 2G H FURTHER READING 71 Fi
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NUMBER OF ATOMS RADIUS (nm) 1 10 1
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I L 7 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 NUMBER OF
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JELLIUM MODEL OF CLUSTERS ATOMS CLU
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1.02 { 1.01 - 1 - 0.99 - 4.2. METAL
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4.2. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 81 Figure 4
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4.2. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 83 Figure 4
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-0 100 200 300 400 500 600 MASSICHA
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a 42. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 87 Figure
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. . . .. . - . D 111111111111111111
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3 4 2.5 0 cn g 2 0 z d 1.5 t a 9 1
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4.3. SEMICONDUCTING NANOPARTICLES 9
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4.4. RARE GAS AND MOLECULAR CLUSTER
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4.5. METHODS OF SYNTHESIS 97 d Figu
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4.5. METHODS OF SYNTHESIS 99 isopro
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PULSED LASER BEAM 1 1 1 1 1 I ROTAT
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5.1. INTRODUCTION CARBON NANOSTRUCT
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5.2. CARBON MOLECULES 105 methane d
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5.3. CARBON CLUSTERS 107 -0 20 40 6
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PHOTON ENERGY (electron volts) 5.3.
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Figure 5.6. Structure of the CEO fu
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1 30 0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 LAT
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(c) 5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 115 Figur
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 1 17 The mech
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 11 9 investig
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 121 energy gr
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 123 stretch c
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5.5. APPLICATIONS OF CARBON NANOTUB
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- v) 450 : 400 3 350 1 300 : 5 250
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BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS In th
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h 8 0 6.1. SOLID DISORDERED NANOSTR
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6.1. SOLID DISORDERED NANOSTRUCTURE
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6.2. NANOSTRUCTURED CRYSTALS 153 qu
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6.2. NANOSTRUCTURED CRYSTALS 155 Fi
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158 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS 6
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160 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS w
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162 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS 0
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164 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS n
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166 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM f
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168 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM i
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170 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM M
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172 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM h
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174 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM d
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176 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM o
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4 h $ 3 7.5. NANOCARBON FERROMAGNET
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7.6. GIANT AND COLOSSAL MAGNETORESI
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1.4 N 1 1.2 z " 1 0 v 5 h 0.8 0 0.6
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7.6. GIANT AND COLOSSAL MAGNETORESI
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7.7. FERROFLUIDS 187 Figure 7.22. M
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7.7. FECIROFLUIDS 189 Figure 7.25.
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7.7. FERRQFLUlOS 191 FerroRuids can
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FURTHER READING FURTHER READING 193
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10- IR f IA -1 8.1. INTRODUCTION 19
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 197 1
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 199 d
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s C CTI e 8 9 4( 8.2. INFRARED FREQ
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8.2.3. Raman Spectroscopy 8.2. INFR
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 205 a
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- r I 520 51 8 v 6 516 a" 51 4 51 2
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 209 i
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v) - C 3 8 600 400 100 0 e e 10 20
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i E (cm-’ ) 20 c I 1 ID 0 4x107 8
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- ? m v .- - z In C a, c C - .. . .
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Excitatior I [eV]: 2.175 2.214 2.25
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6 100 200 300 Time (ns) 8.3. LUMINE
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400 nm Laser / Free excitons Trappe
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8.4. NANOSTRUCTURES IN ZEOLITE CAGE
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FURTHER READING 225 P. Milani and C
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9.2. PREPARATION OF QUANTUM NANOSTR
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i 9.2. PREPARATION OF QUANTUM NANOS
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9.3. SIZE AND DIMENSIONALITY EFFECT
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w n 3 2 1 9.3. SIZE AND DIMENSIONAL
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WE) Quantum Dot Number of Electrons
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9.5. SINGLE-ELECTRON TUNNELING 245
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9.5. SINGLE-ELECTRON TUNNELING 247
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1 pair section ;- COT. .; . . I. .
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o.6 LWIR: T = 77 K 45" incidence AD
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9.7. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 253 horizont
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9.7. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 255 applied
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 10 SELF-ASSEMBL
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 259 factor of 2
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(a) (LI (dl 10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 261
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 263 atoms, as n
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- c v) ._ C 3 2 9 40 c - .- e m v w
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10.2. CATALYSIS 267 where the lengt
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10.2. CATALYSIS 269 are also other
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1600 2 1200 t p - Bi2M020, 10.2. CA
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7 - I 2,330 m .- c r 0 2 2,300 - u)
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10.2. CATALYSIS 275 with a top and
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10.2. CATALYSIS 277 based on the pr
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10.2. CATALYSIS 279 CnHlnfl, which
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I1 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND POLYMERS 1
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11.2. FORMING AND CHARACTERIZING PO
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1 1.3. NANOCRYSTALS 285 This expres
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-1 5 0) C a, -1 1 000 300 100 30 10
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11.3. NANOCRYSTALS 289 Table 11.1.
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11.3. NANOCRYSTALS 291 R’ groups
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11.4. POLYMERS 293 Figure 11.9. Ske
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11.5. SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURES 295
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M Et3P OTf M=Pd M=Pt M=Pd, 41 % M=P
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11.5. SVPRAMOLECUUAR STRUCTURES 2s
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11 5. SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURES 303
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BiodegradaWe surface 4 Functional g
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Page 331 and 332: 320 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS Pyrimidine
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Page 339 and 340: 328 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS tions they
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Page 355 and 356: 344 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES na
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Page 359 and 360: 348 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES -
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Page 368 and 369: A.l. INTRODUCTION APPENDIX A FORMUL
Page 372 and 373: APPENDIX B TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDU
Page 374 and 375: TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTING MATER
Page 376 and 377: Table B.8. Effective masses m+ rela
Page 378 and 379: TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTING MATER
Page 380: TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTING MATER
Page 383 and 384: 372 INDEX amoeba, 3 16 amphiphilic,
Page 385 and 386: 374 INDEX CdS, 9, 130, 213, 216, 36
Page 387 and 388: 376 INDEX dispersion, 277 disulfide
Page 389 and 390: 378 INDEX Ga (gallium) (continued)
Page 391 and 392: 380 INDEX length (continued) critic
Page 393 and 394: 382 INDEX multiple ionization, 93 r
Page 395 and 396: 384 INDEX pi-conjugation, 282, 292
Page 397 and 398: silica, 269 silica-alumina, 269, 27
Page 399: 388 INDEX wavefimction (continued)
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Introduction to Nanotechnology

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