Introduction to Nanotechnology

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abalone mollusk, 1 absorption coefficient, 149 edge, CdSe, 90 accelerometer, 333 acceptor, 30 AI, 30 Ga, 30 level, 21 acetal, 306, 307 acetylene, 105, 282 acoustic mode, 18 acrylate, 328 activation energy, 286 actuator, 333 bimorph cantilever, 339, 340 adatom, 258 adenine, 3 18, 322 adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 3 15, 3 16, 335 Ag (silver), 260 colloidal, photography, 72 doped glass, 285 halide, 2 matrix, 182 nanoparticle, Brillouin spectrum, 2 12 nanoparticle, preparation, 100, 101 nanoparticle, superlattice, 157 nanoparticles in glass, 149 nitrate, 2 air bag, 333, 334 AI (aluminum), 130 acceptor, 30, 152 density of states, 244 donor, 30 electrode, 352 ion, 11 INDEX nanoparticle mass spectra, 85 unit cell, 78 *'AI, nuclear magnetic resonance, 275 A112, 133, 134 AII3, 85, 275 nanoparticle. 78 nanoparticle'binding energy, 80 Ah, 85 alanine, 317, 325 AIAs, 18, 25 albumin, 3 15 AICl3, 130 alcohol, 263 aldehyde, 306, 307 AIGaAs, 252 alkali halide, 17 alkaline earth chalcogenide, 17 alkanethiol, 260, 263 alkanethiolate, 262, 263 alkylthiol, 143, 157 allyl, 328 AlOH on y-alumina surface, 201 alpha helix, 314, 318 alphabet, four letter, 322 AlSb, 25 alternating bonds, 291 alumina, 200, 269, 351 nanoparticle passivation, 80 rods, 161 amido, 198 amino, 20, 58, 307, 314 amino acid, 227, 257, 310, 312, 315, 317 residue, 314 sequence, 324 structure, 3 15 unnatural, 325 371
372 INDEX amoeba, 3 16 amphiphilic, 327 anatase, 198, 269 AND gate, 353, 354 angular momentum, orbital, 86 antiferromagnetism, 166 aniline, 292 anionic, 326 anthracene, 288, 289 anti-Stokes line, 59 antisymmetric wavefunction, 167 Ar (argon), 269 aragonite, 330 architecture, nanosize, 345 armchair, chiral, zigzag structures, 1 15, 118 Arrhenius plot, 286 process, 175 As (arsenic), size, 42 atomic force microscope (AFM), 52, 344, 345 cantilever probe arm, 56 map of surface, 336 radii of atoms, table of values, 362 ATP, acronym for adenosine triphosphate, 315, 316, 335 Au (gold), 13, 279 cluster, electrical conductivity mode, 145 cluster, melting point, 89 doped glass, 285 electrode, 351 encapsulated nanoparticle, 143 fluctuation induced changes in nanoparticle structure, 87 layer, 261-263 linked nanoparticles, 143 nanocluster, 86 nanoparticle, 85 nanoparticle, linked cluster currentvoltage relationship, 144 nanoparticle self-assembly, 157 nanoparticles in glass, optical spectrum, 148 nanoparticles, micrograph, 54 substrate, 4 A~55, 260 ligand stabilized, 13, 247-249, 277 nanoparticle, 13 audiospeaker, 192 Auger spectroscopy, 64 azide, 3, 334 azobenzene, 346, 347 B (boron) nanoparticle, 81-83 B6 nanocluster energy levels, 83 BB nanocluster energy levels, 83 B12, 83 icosohedral structure, 154 nanocluster energy levels, 83 back-scattering of electrons, 48 bacteriophage, 3 12-3 15 bacterium, 312, 314, 316 motion, 335 band gap, 24, 8 1, 90 band structure conduction band valley, 25 direct gap, 24 GaAs, 24 Ge, 27 indirect gap, 25 Si. 27 valley, 24 bandgaps of semiconductors, table of base pair, 318, 321 battery, 293 BCC, acronym for body centered cubic, 10, 12, 36 beads on string, 322 benzene, 282, 292 molecule gears, 343 beta sheet, 3 14, 3 15, 3 18 BET isotherm, 269 bifurcation, 299-302 Bi2M0209, 270 catalyst, 271 biological materials, 3 10 biometrics, 329 biomineralization, 329, 330 birefringence, 287 block values, 364 copolymer, 293, 305, 307 polymer, 305 blocking temperature, 176, 177 blood platelet, 3 16 blue shift, 196, 215 exciton energy, 245 optical absorption edge, 245 BN, boron nitride, 199, 200 body centered cubic (BCC), 10, 12, 36 Bohr magneton, 167 Bohr radius, effective, 33 Bombyx silk caterpillar, 325 bond broken, 31 disulfide, 3 18 hydrogen, 318
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INTRODUCTION TO NANOTECHNOLOGY Char
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CONTENTS Preface xi 1 Introduction
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5.2 Carbon Molecules 103 5.2.1 Natu
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9.4 Excitons 244 9.5 Single-Electro
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PREFACE In recent years nanotechnol
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INTRODUCTION The prefix nano in the
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INTRODUCTION 3 he recognized the ex
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1000 (I) a 900 4 800 a 900 I 6 700
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INTRODUCTION 7 developed before the
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2.1. STRUCTURE 9 mechanics, the res
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X T 2.1. STRUCTURE 11 Figure 2.4. C
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2.1. STRUCTURE 13 Figure 2.6. Thirt
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Sodium Nanoparticle Na, Magic Numbe
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2.1. STRUCTURE 17 of the large anio
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2.1. STRUCTURE 19 other, and high-f
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 21 Conduction Ban
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 23 Figure 2.13. S
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2.2. ENERGYBANDS 25 band at point T
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A X ' Wavevector A Si c z 2.2. ENER
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 29 bands of Figs.
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2.3. LOCALIZED PARTICLES 31 add ele
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1 meV 10 meV 100 meV FJ E W 1 eV 10
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3 METHODS OF MEASURING PROPERTIES 3
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3.2. STRUCTURE 37 Table 3.1. Crysta
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3.2. STRUCTURE 39 Figure 3.2. Two-d
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3.2. STRUCTURE 41 The widths of the
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44 METHODS OF MEASURING PROPERTIES
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3.3. MICROSCOPY 51 types of transit
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3.3. MICROSCOPY 53 Actual diverging
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Tunneling current Tunneling current
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3.3. MrCAOSCOPY 57 and the latter m
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3.4. SPECTROSCOPY 59 From Eq. (3.8)
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1 Average Panicle FWHM Size (nm) in
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CdSe colloidal NCs a = 1.2 nrn 3.4.
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El X-RAY TUBE 8000 - A 6000 - 4000
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2 N I w 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1 .o 0.5 3.
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i 3.4. SPECTROSCOPY 69 NMR involves
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T=220K - 2G H FURTHER READING 71 Fi
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NUMBER OF ATOMS RADIUS (nm) 1 10 1
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I L 7 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 NUMBER OF
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JELLIUM MODEL OF CLUSTERS ATOMS CLU
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1.02 { 1.01 - 1 - 0.99 - 4.2. METAL
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4.2. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 81 Figure 4
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4.2. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 83 Figure 4
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-0 100 200 300 400 500 600 MASSICHA
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a 42. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 87 Figure
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. . . .. . - . D 111111111111111111
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3 4 2.5 0 cn g 2 0 z d 1.5 t a 9 1
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4.3. SEMICONDUCTING NANOPARTICLES 9
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4.4. RARE GAS AND MOLECULAR CLUSTER
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4.5. METHODS OF SYNTHESIS 97 d Figu
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4.5. METHODS OF SYNTHESIS 99 isopro
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PULSED LASER BEAM 1 1 1 1 1 I ROTAT
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5.1. INTRODUCTION CARBON NANOSTRUCT
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5.2. CARBON MOLECULES 105 methane d
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5.3. CARBON CLUSTERS 107 -0 20 40 6
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PHOTON ENERGY (electron volts) 5.3.
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Figure 5.6. Structure of the CEO fu
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1 30 0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 LAT
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(c) 5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 115 Figur
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 1 17 The mech
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 11 9 investig
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 121 energy gr
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 123 stretch c
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5.5. APPLICATIONS OF CARBON NANOTUB
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- v) 450 : 400 3 350 1 300 : 5 250
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BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS In th
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h 8 0 6.1. SOLID DISORDERED NANOSTR
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6.1. SOLID DISORDERED NANOSTRUCTURE
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6.2. NANOSTRUCTURED CRYSTALS 153 qu
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6.2. NANOSTRUCTURED CRYSTALS 155 Fi
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158 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS 6
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160 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS w
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162 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS 0
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164 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS n
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166 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM f
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168 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM i
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170 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM M
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172 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM h
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174 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM d
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176 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM o
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4 h $ 3 7.5. NANOCARBON FERROMAGNET
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7.6. GIANT AND COLOSSAL MAGNETORESI
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1.4 N 1 1.2 z " 1 0 v 5 h 0.8 0 0.6
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7.6. GIANT AND COLOSSAL MAGNETORESI
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7.7. FERROFLUIDS 187 Figure 7.22. M
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7.7. FECIROFLUIDS 189 Figure 7.25.
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7.7. FERRQFLUlOS 191 FerroRuids can
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FURTHER READING FURTHER READING 193
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10- IR f IA -1 8.1. INTRODUCTION 19
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 197 1
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 199 d
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s C CTI e 8 9 4( 8.2. INFRARED FREQ
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8.2.3. Raman Spectroscopy 8.2. INFR
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 205 a
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- r I 520 51 8 v 6 516 a" 51 4 51 2
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 209 i
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v) - C 3 8 600 400 100 0 e e 10 20
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i E (cm-’ ) 20 c I 1 ID 0 4x107 8
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- ? m v .- - z In C a, c C - .. . .
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Excitatior I [eV]: 2.175 2.214 2.25
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6 100 200 300 Time (ns) 8.3. LUMINE
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400 nm Laser / Free excitons Trappe
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8.4. NANOSTRUCTURES IN ZEOLITE CAGE
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FURTHER READING 225 P. Milani and C
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9.2. PREPARATION OF QUANTUM NANOSTR
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i 9.2. PREPARATION OF QUANTUM NANOS
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9.3. SIZE AND DIMENSIONALITY EFFECT
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w n 3 2 1 9.3. SIZE AND DIMENSIONAL
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WE) Quantum Dot Number of Electrons
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9.5. SINGLE-ELECTRON TUNNELING 245
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9.5. SINGLE-ELECTRON TUNNELING 247
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1 pair section ;- COT. .; . . I. .
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o.6 LWIR: T = 77 K 45" incidence AD
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9.7. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 253 horizont
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9.7. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 255 applied
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 10 SELF-ASSEMBL
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 259 factor of 2
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(a) (LI (dl 10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 261
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 263 atoms, as n
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- c v) ._ C 3 2 9 40 c - .- e m v w
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10.2. CATALYSIS 267 where the lengt
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10.2. CATALYSIS 269 are also other
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1600 2 1200 t p - Bi2M020, 10.2. CA
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7 - I 2,330 m .- c r 0 2 2,300 - u)
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10.2. CATALYSIS 275 with a top and
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10.2. CATALYSIS 277 based on the pr
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10.2. CATALYSIS 279 CnHlnfl, which
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I1 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND POLYMERS 1
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11.2. FORMING AND CHARACTERIZING PO
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1 1.3. NANOCRYSTALS 285 This expres
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-1 5 0) C a, -1 1 000 300 100 30 10
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11.3. NANOCRYSTALS 289 Table 11.1.
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11.3. NANOCRYSTALS 291 R’ groups
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11.4. POLYMERS 293 Figure 11.9. Ske
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11.5. SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURES 295
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M Et3P OTf M=Pd M=Pt M=Pd, 41 % M=P
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11.5. SVPRAMOLECUUAR STRUCTURES 2s
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11 5. SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURES 303
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BiodegradaWe surface 4 Functional g
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FURTHER READING 309 F. J. Owens and
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12.2. BIOLOGICAL BUILDING BLOCKS 31
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314 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS which we w
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316 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS Table 12.2
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318 BIOLOGICAL MATERtALS i J / Flgu
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Page 339 and 340: 328 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS tions they
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Page 343 and 344: 13 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES In
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Page 351 and 352: 340 NANOMACHINES AN0 NANODEVICES PO
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Page 355 and 356: 344 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES na
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Page 359 and 360: 348 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES -
Page 361 and 362: 350 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES re
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Page 365 and 366: 354 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES -1
Page 368 and 369: A.l. INTRODUCTION APPENDIX A FORMUL
Page 370 and 371: A.3. PARTIAL CONFINEMENT 359 limiti
Page 372 and 373: APPENDIX B TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDU
Page 374 and 375: TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTING MATER
Page 376 and 377: Table B.8. Effective masses m+ rela
Page 378 and 379: TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTING MATER
Page 380: TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTING MATER
Page 385 and 386: 374 INDEX CdS, 9, 130, 213, 216, 36
Page 387 and 388: 376 INDEX dispersion, 277 disulfide
Page 389 and 390: 378 INDEX Ga (gallium) (continued)
Page 391 and 392: 380 INDEX length (continued) critic
Page 393 and 394: 382 INDEX multiple ionization, 93 r
Page 395 and 396: 384 INDEX pi-conjugation, 282, 292
Page 397 and 398: silica, 269 silica-alumina, 269, 27
Page 399: 388 INDEX wavefimction (continued)
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