Introduction to Nanotechnology

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7.7. FERROFLUIDS 187 Figure 7.22. Maggnetization curve for a ferrafluid made of magnetite. F%O,. nanoparticles showing the soft (nonhyslerelic) magnetic behavior. An oersted corresponds to T fAdapted lrom D. K Kim, J. Mqn. Map. Mater, 225. 30 (2001).] Analopous prepflies are observed in liquid ctystaIs, which Consist of long molecules having large electric dipole moments, which can hc oricnktl hy the application of an electric field in the fluid phase. Electric-field-niodulntcd birefringencc or doublc rehction of liquid crystals is widely used in optical dcviccs, such as liquid crysral displays in digital watches, and screens of portnhlc computers. This siiggcs&i a potential application of ferrofluids employing magnetic Iicld induced hifirngcficc. To observe the behavior, the ferrofluid is sealed in a glnss ccll having a thickness of several micrometers. When a DC magnetic field is applinl pnrallel to Bgure 7.23. Picture taken through an optical microscope of chains of magnetic nanoparticles formed m a film of a Ferrofluid when the DC magnelic fteld IS parallel to the plane 01 the film [With permission lrom H. E. Hornig et al., J, fhys. Chem. Sol& 62, 1749 (2WI).]
iaa NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM the surface and the film is examined by an optical microscope, it is found that some of the magnetic particles in the fluid agglomerate to form needle like chains parallel to the direction of the magnetic field. Figure 7.23 depicts the chains viewed through an optical microscope. As the magnetic field increases more particles join the chains, and the chains become broader and longer. The separation between the chains also decreases. Figures 7.24a and 7.24b show plots of the chain separation and the chain width as a function of the DC magnetic field. When the field is applied perpendicular to the face ofthe film the ends of the chains arrange tlicmsclves in the pattern shown s 25: z g z g 0 20i z 15: $ 10: -2 : 5f . L 0 _LLLL . - . . - . - - 1 1 ' 1I ' ~ Y ~ ~ " " ' ' ' " ' ~ ~ 20 5 ~ , , , 1 , , , 1 , , , 1 , " 1 " ' 1 , , , 4.5 : 0 g 45 0 - E k 3.5 i r 3: 5 2.5 2 LL 40 0 0 LL 60 0 80 100 - - - - D - Figure 7.24. (a) Plot of separation of magnetic nanoparticle chains versus strength of a magnetic field applied parallel lo the surface of the film; (b) plol of the width of the chains as a lunction 01 DC magnetic field strength. An oersted corresponds to lO-'T. [Adapted Irom H. E. Hornig el al.. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 62, 1749 (2001).] -
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INTRODUCTION TO NANOTECHNOLOGY Char
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CONTENTS Preface xi 1 Introduction
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5.2 Carbon Molecules 103 5.2.1 Natu
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9.4 Excitons 244 9.5 Single-Electro
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PREFACE In recent years nanotechnol
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INTRODUCTION The prefix nano in the
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INTRODUCTION 3 he recognized the ex
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1000 (I) a 900 4 800 a 900 I 6 700
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INTRODUCTION 7 developed before the
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2.1. STRUCTURE 9 mechanics, the res
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X T 2.1. STRUCTURE 11 Figure 2.4. C
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2.1. STRUCTURE 13 Figure 2.6. Thirt
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Sodium Nanoparticle Na, Magic Numbe
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2.1. STRUCTURE 17 of the large anio
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2.1. STRUCTURE 19 other, and high-f
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 21 Conduction Ban
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 23 Figure 2.13. S
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2.2. ENERGYBANDS 25 band at point T
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A X ' Wavevector A Si c z 2.2. ENER
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 29 bands of Figs.
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2.3. LOCALIZED PARTICLES 31 add ele
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1 meV 10 meV 100 meV FJ E W 1 eV 10
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3 METHODS OF MEASURING PROPERTIES 3
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3.2. STRUCTURE 37 Table 3.1. Crysta
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3.2. STRUCTURE 39 Figure 3.2. Two-d
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3.2. STRUCTURE 41 The widths of the
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44 METHODS OF MEASURING PROPERTIES
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3.3. MICROSCOPY 51 types of transit
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3.3. MICROSCOPY 53 Actual diverging
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Tunneling current Tunneling current
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3.3. MrCAOSCOPY 57 and the latter m
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3.4. SPECTROSCOPY 59 From Eq. (3.8)
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1 Average Panicle FWHM Size (nm) in
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CdSe colloidal NCs a = 1.2 nrn 3.4.
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El X-RAY TUBE 8000 - A 6000 - 4000
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2 N I w 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1 .o 0.5 3.
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i 3.4. SPECTROSCOPY 69 NMR involves
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T=220K - 2G H FURTHER READING 71 Fi
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NUMBER OF ATOMS RADIUS (nm) 1 10 1
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I L 7 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 NUMBER OF
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JELLIUM MODEL OF CLUSTERS ATOMS CLU
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1.02 { 1.01 - 1 - 0.99 - 4.2. METAL
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4.2. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 81 Figure 4
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4.2. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 83 Figure 4
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-0 100 200 300 400 500 600 MASSICHA
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a 42. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 87 Figure
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. . . .. . - . D 111111111111111111
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3 4 2.5 0 cn g 2 0 z d 1.5 t a 9 1
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4.3. SEMICONDUCTING NANOPARTICLES 9
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4.4. RARE GAS AND MOLECULAR CLUSTER
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4.5. METHODS OF SYNTHESIS 97 d Figu
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4.5. METHODS OF SYNTHESIS 99 isopro
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PULSED LASER BEAM 1 1 1 1 1 I ROTAT
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5.1. INTRODUCTION CARBON NANOSTRUCT
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5.2. CARBON MOLECULES 105 methane d
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5.3. CARBON CLUSTERS 107 -0 20 40 6
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PHOTON ENERGY (electron volts) 5.3.
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Figure 5.6. Structure of the CEO fu
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1 30 0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 LAT
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(c) 5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 115 Figur
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 1 17 The mech
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 11 9 investig
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 121 energy gr
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 123 stretch c
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5.5. APPLICATIONS OF CARBON NANOTUB
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- v) 450 : 400 3 350 1 300 : 5 250
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BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS In th
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h 8 0 6.1. SOLID DISORDERED NANOSTR
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Page 164 and 165: 6.2. NANOSTRUCTURED CRYSTALS 153 qu
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Page 169 and 170: 158 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS 6
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Page 175 and 176: 164 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS n
Page 177 and 178: 166 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM f
Page 179 and 180: 168 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM i
Page 181 and 182: 170 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM M
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Page 185 and 186: 174 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM d
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Page 190 and 191: 4 h $ 3 7.5. NANOCARBON FERROMAGNET
Page 192 and 193: 7.6. GIANT AND COLOSSAL MAGNETORESI
Page 194 and 195: 1.4 N 1 1.2 z " 1 0 v 5 h 0.8 0 0.6
Page 196 and 197: 7.6. GIANT AND COLOSSAL MAGNETORESI
Page 200 and 201: 7.7. FECIROFLUIDS 189 Figure 7.25.
Page 202 and 203: 7.7. FERRQFLUlOS 191 FerroRuids can
Page 204 and 205: FURTHER READING FURTHER READING 193
Page 206 and 207: 10- IR f IA -1 8.1. INTRODUCTION 19
Page 208 and 209: 8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 197 1
Page 210 and 211: 8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 199 d
Page 212 and 213: s C CTI e 8 9 4( 8.2. INFRARED FREQ
Page 214 and 215: 8.2.3. Raman Spectroscopy 8.2. INFR
Page 216 and 217: 8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 205 a
Page 218 and 219: - r I 520 51 8 v 6 516 a" 51 4 51 2
Page 220 and 221: 8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 209 i
Page 222 and 223: v) - C 3 8 600 400 100 0 e e 10 20
Page 224 and 225: i E (cm-’ ) 20 c I 1 ID 0 4x107 8
Page 226 and 227: - ? m v .- - z In C a, c C - .. . .
Page 228 and 229: Excitatior I [eV]: 2.175 2.214 2.25
Page 230 and 231: 6 100 200 300 Time (ns) 8.3. LUMINE
Page 232 and 233: 400 nm Laser / Free excitons Trappe
Page 234 and 235: 8.4. NANOSTRUCTURES IN ZEOLITE CAGE
Page 236 and 237: FURTHER READING 225 P. Milani and C
Page 238 and 239: 9.2. PREPARATION OF QUANTUM NANOSTR
Page 240 and 241: i 9.2. PREPARATION OF QUANTUM NANOS
Page 242 and 243: 9.3. SIZE AND DIMENSIONALITY EFFECT
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w n 3 2 1 9.3. SIZE AND DIMENSIONAL
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9.3. SIZE AND DIMENSIONALITY EFFECT
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9.3. SIZE AND DIMENSIONALITY EFFECT
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WE) Quantum Dot Number of Electrons
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9.5. SINGLE-ELECTRON TUNNELING 245
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9.5. SINGLE-ELECTRON TUNNELING 247
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1 pair section ;- COT. .; . . I. .
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o.6 LWIR: T = 77 K 45" incidence AD
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9.7. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 253 horizont
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9.7. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 255 applied
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 10 SELF-ASSEMBL
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 259 factor of 2
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(a) (LI (dl 10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 261
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 263 atoms, as n
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- c v) ._ C 3 2 9 40 c - .- e m v w
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10.2. CATALYSIS 267 where the lengt
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10.2. CATALYSIS 269 are also other
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1600 2 1200 t p - Bi2M020, 10.2. CA
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7 - I 2,330 m .- c r 0 2 2,300 - u)
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10.2. CATALYSIS 275 with a top and
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10.2. CATALYSIS 277 based on the pr
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10.2. CATALYSIS 279 CnHlnfl, which
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I1 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND POLYMERS 1
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11.2. FORMING AND CHARACTERIZING PO
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1 1.3. NANOCRYSTALS 285 This expres
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-1 5 0) C a, -1 1 000 300 100 30 10
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11.3. NANOCRYSTALS 289 Table 11.1.
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11.3. NANOCRYSTALS 291 R’ groups
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11.4. POLYMERS 293 Figure 11.9. Ske
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11.5. SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURES 295
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M Et3P OTf M=Pd M=Pt M=Pd, 41 % M=P
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11.5. SVPRAMOLECUUAR STRUCTURES 2s
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11 5. SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURES 303
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BiodegradaWe surface 4 Functional g
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FURTHER READING 309 F. J. Owens and
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12.2. BIOLOGICAL BUILDING BLOCKS 31
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314 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS which we w
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316 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS Table 12.2
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318 BIOLOGICAL MATERtALS i J / Flgu
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320 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS Pyrimidine
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322 BlOLMjlCAL MATERiALS (a) DNA do
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324 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS so each wo
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326 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS 12.4.2. Mi
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328 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS tions they
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330 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS hardened f
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13 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES In
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334 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES CA
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336 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES Op
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338 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES ti
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340 NANOMACHINES AN0 NANODEVICES PO
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342 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES X
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344 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES na
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346 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES 31
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348 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES -
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350 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES re
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352 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES 1
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354 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES -1
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A.l. INTRODUCTION APPENDIX A FORMUL
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A.3. PARTIAL CONFINEMENT 359 limiti
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APPENDIX B TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDU
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TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTING MATER
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Table B.8. Effective masses m+ rela
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372 INDEX amoeba, 3 16 amphiphilic,
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374 INDEX CdS, 9, 130, 213, 216, 36
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376 INDEX dispersion, 277 disulfide
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378 INDEX Ga (gallium) (continued)
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380 INDEX length (continued) critic
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382 INDEX multiple ionization, 93 r
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384 INDEX pi-conjugation, 282, 292
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silica, 269 silica-alumina, 269, 27
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388 INDEX wavefimction (continued)
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