Introduction to Nanotechnology

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9.4 Excitons 244 9.5 Single-Electron Tunneling 245 9.6 Applications 248 9.6.1 Infrared Detectors 248 9.6.2 Quantum Dot Lasers 251 9.7 Superconductivity 253 10 Self-Assembly and Catalysis 10.1 Self-Assembly 257 10.1.1 Process of Self-Assembly 257 10.1.2 Semiconductor Islands 258 10.1.3 Monolayers 260 10.2 Catalysis 264 10.2.1 Nature of Catalysis 264 10.2.2 Surface Area of Nanoparticles 264 10.2.3 Porous Materials 268 10.2.4 Pillared Clays 273 10.2.5 Colloids 277 11 Organic Compounds and Polymers 1 1.1 Introduction 28 1 1 1.2 Forming and Characterizing Polymers 283 1 1.2.1 Polymerization 283 11.2.2 Sizes of Polymers 284 11.3 Nanocrystals 285 1 1.3.1 Condensed Ring Types 285 11.3.2 Polydiacetylene Types 289 11.4 Polymers 292 1 1.4.1 Conductive Polymers 292 1 1.4.2 Block Copolymers 293 11.5 Supramolecular Structures 295 1 1.5.1 Transition-Metal-Mediated Types 295 1 1.5.2 Dendritic Molecules 296 11.5.3 Supramolecular Dendrimers 302 11.5.4 Micelles 305 CONTENTS iX 257 281
X CONTENTS 12 Biological Materials 12.1 Introduction 3 10 12.2 Biological Building Blocks 3 1 1 12.2.1 12.2.2 Sizes of Building Blocks and Nanostructures 3 11 Polypeptide Nanowire and Protein Nanoparticle 3 14 12.3 Nucleic Acids 3 16 12.3.1 DNA Double Nanowire 316 12.3.2 Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis 322 12.4 Biological Nanostructures 324 12.4.1 Examples of Proteins 324 12.4.2 Micelles and Vesicles 326 12.4.3 Multilayer Films 329 13 Nanomachines and Nanodevices 13.1 Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMSs) 332 13.2 Nanoelectromechanical Systems (NEMSs) 335 13.2.1 Fabrication 335 13.2.2 Nanodevices and Nanomachines 339 13.3 Molecular and Supramolecular Switches 345 A Formulas for Dimensionality A. 1 Introduction 357 A.2 Delocalization 357 A.3 Partial Confinement 358 B Tabulations of Semiconducting Material Properties Index 31 0 332 357 361 371
Page 2 and 3: INTRODUCTION TO NANOTECHNOLOGY Char
Page 4 and 5: CONTENTS Preface xi 1 Introduction
Page 6 and 7: 5.2 Carbon Molecules 103 5.2.1 Natu
Page 10 and 11: PREFACE In recent years nanotechnol
Page 12 and 13: INTRODUCTION The prefix nano in the
Page 14 and 15: INTRODUCTION 3 he recognized the ex
Page 16 and 17: 1000 (I) a 900 4 800 a 900 I 6 700
Page 18 and 19: INTRODUCTION 7 developed before the
Page 20 and 21: 2.1. STRUCTURE 9 mechanics, the res
Page 22 and 23: X T 2.1. STRUCTURE 11 Figure 2.4. C
Page 24 and 25: 2.1. STRUCTURE 13 Figure 2.6. Thirt
Page 26 and 27: Sodium Nanoparticle Na, Magic Numbe
Page 28 and 29: 2.1. STRUCTURE 17 of the large anio
Page 30 and 31: 2.1. STRUCTURE 19 other, and high-f
Page 32 and 33: 2.2. ENERGY BANDS 21 Conduction Ban
Page 34 and 35: 2.2. ENERGY BANDS 23 Figure 2.13. S
Page 36 and 37: 2.2. ENERGYBANDS 25 band at point T
Page 38 and 39: A X ' Wavevector A Si c z 2.2. ENER
Page 40 and 41: 2.2. ENERGY BANDS 29 bands of Figs.
Page 42 and 43: 2.3. LOCALIZED PARTICLES 31 add ele
Page 44 and 45: 1 meV 10 meV 100 meV FJ E W 1 eV 10
Page 46 and 47: 3 METHODS OF MEASURING PROPERTIES 3
Page 48 and 49: 3.2. STRUCTURE 37 Table 3.1. Crysta
Page 50 and 51: 3.2. STRUCTURE 39 Figure 3.2. Two-d
Page 52 and 53: 3.2. STRUCTURE 41 The widths of the
Page 55 and 56: 44 METHODS OF MEASURING PROPERTIES
Page 57 and 58: 46 METHODS OF MEASURING PROPERTIES
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48 METHODS OF MEASURING PROPERTIES
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3.3. MICROSCOPY 51 types of transit
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3.3. MICROSCOPY 53 Actual diverging
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Tunneling current Tunneling current
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3.3. MrCAOSCOPY 57 and the latter m
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3.4. SPECTROSCOPY 59 From Eq. (3.8)
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1 Average Panicle FWHM Size (nm) in
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CdSe colloidal NCs a = 1.2 nrn 3.4.
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El X-RAY TUBE 8000 - A 6000 - 4000
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2 N I w 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1 .o 0.5 3.
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i 3.4. SPECTROSCOPY 69 NMR involves
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T=220K - 2G H FURTHER READING 71 Fi
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NUMBER OF ATOMS RADIUS (nm) 1 10 1
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I L 7 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 NUMBER OF
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JELLIUM MODEL OF CLUSTERS ATOMS CLU
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1.02 { 1.01 - 1 - 0.99 - 4.2. METAL
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4.2. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 81 Figure 4
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4.2. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 83 Figure 4
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-0 100 200 300 400 500 600 MASSICHA
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a 42. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 87 Figure
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. . . .. . - . D 111111111111111111
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3 4 2.5 0 cn g 2 0 z d 1.5 t a 9 1
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4.3. SEMICONDUCTING NANOPARTICLES 9
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4.4. RARE GAS AND MOLECULAR CLUSTER
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4.5. METHODS OF SYNTHESIS 97 d Figu
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4.5. METHODS OF SYNTHESIS 99 isopro
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PULSED LASER BEAM 1 1 1 1 1 I ROTAT
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5.1. INTRODUCTION CARBON NANOSTRUCT
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5.2. CARBON MOLECULES 105 methane d
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5.3. CARBON CLUSTERS 107 -0 20 40 6
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PHOTON ENERGY (electron volts) 5.3.
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Figure 5.6. Structure of the CEO fu
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1 30 0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 LAT
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(c) 5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 115 Figur
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 1 17 The mech
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 11 9 investig
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 121 energy gr
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 123 stretch c
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5.5. APPLICATIONS OF CARBON NANOTUB
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- v) 450 : 400 3 350 1 300 : 5 250
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BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS In th
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h 8 0 6.1. SOLID DISORDERED NANOSTR
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6.1. SOLID DISORDERED NANOSTRUCTURE
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6.2. NANOSTRUCTURED CRYSTALS 153 qu
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6.2. NANOSTRUCTURED CRYSTALS 155 Fi
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158 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS 6
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160 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS w
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162 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS 0
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164 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS n
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166 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM f
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168 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM i
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170 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM M
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172 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM h
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174 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM d
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176 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM o
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4 h $ 3 7.5. NANOCARBON FERROMAGNET
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7.6. GIANT AND COLOSSAL MAGNETORESI
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1.4 N 1 1.2 z " 1 0 v 5 h 0.8 0 0.6
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7.6. GIANT AND COLOSSAL MAGNETORESI
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7.7. FERROFLUIDS 187 Figure 7.22. M
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7.7. FECIROFLUIDS 189 Figure 7.25.
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7.7. FERRQFLUlOS 191 FerroRuids can
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FURTHER READING FURTHER READING 193
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10- IR f IA -1 8.1. INTRODUCTION 19
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 197 1
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 199 d
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s C CTI e 8 9 4( 8.2. INFRARED FREQ
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8.2.3. Raman Spectroscopy 8.2. INFR
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 205 a
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- r I 520 51 8 v 6 516 a" 51 4 51 2
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 209 i
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v) - C 3 8 600 400 100 0 e e 10 20
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i E (cm-’ ) 20 c I 1 ID 0 4x107 8
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- ? m v .- - z In C a, c C - .. . .
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Excitatior I [eV]: 2.175 2.214 2.25
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6 100 200 300 Time (ns) 8.3. LUMINE
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400 nm Laser / Free excitons Trappe
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8.4. NANOSTRUCTURES IN ZEOLITE CAGE
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FURTHER READING 225 P. Milani and C
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9.2. PREPARATION OF QUANTUM NANOSTR
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i 9.2. PREPARATION OF QUANTUM NANOS
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9.3. SIZE AND DIMENSIONALITY EFFECT
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w n 3 2 1 9.3. SIZE AND DIMENSIONAL
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WE) Quantum Dot Number of Electrons
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9.5. SINGLE-ELECTRON TUNNELING 245
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9.5. SINGLE-ELECTRON TUNNELING 247
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1 pair section ;- COT. .; . . I. .
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o.6 LWIR: T = 77 K 45" incidence AD
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9.7. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 253 horizont
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9.7. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 255 applied
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 10 SELF-ASSEMBL
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 259 factor of 2
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(a) (LI (dl 10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 261
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 263 atoms, as n
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- c v) ._ C 3 2 9 40 c - .- e m v w
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10.2. CATALYSIS 267 where the lengt
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10.2. CATALYSIS 269 are also other
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1600 2 1200 t p - Bi2M020, 10.2. CA
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7 - I 2,330 m .- c r 0 2 2,300 - u)
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10.2. CATALYSIS 275 with a top and
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10.2. CATALYSIS 277 based on the pr
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10.2. CATALYSIS 279 CnHlnfl, which
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I1 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND POLYMERS 1
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11.2. FORMING AND CHARACTERIZING PO
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1 1.3. NANOCRYSTALS 285 This expres
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-1 5 0) C a, -1 1 000 300 100 30 10
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11.3. NANOCRYSTALS 289 Table 11.1.
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11.3. NANOCRYSTALS 291 R’ groups
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11.4. POLYMERS 293 Figure 11.9. Ske
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11.5. SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURES 295
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M Et3P OTf M=Pd M=Pt M=Pd, 41 % M=P
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11.5. SVPRAMOLECUUAR STRUCTURES 2s
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11 5. SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURES 303
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BiodegradaWe surface 4 Functional g
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FURTHER READING 309 F. J. Owens and
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12.2. BIOLOGICAL BUILDING BLOCKS 31
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314 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS which we w
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316 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS Table 12.2
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318 BIOLOGICAL MATERtALS i J / Flgu
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320 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS Pyrimidine
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322 BlOLMjlCAL MATERiALS (a) DNA do
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324 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS so each wo
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326 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS 12.4.2. Mi
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328 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS tions they
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330 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS hardened f
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13 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES In
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334 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES CA
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336 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES Op
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338 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES ti
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340 NANOMACHINES AN0 NANODEVICES PO
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342 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES X
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344 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES na
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346 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES 31
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348 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES -
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350 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES re
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352 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES 1
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354 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES -1
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A.l. INTRODUCTION APPENDIX A FORMUL
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A.3. PARTIAL CONFINEMENT 359 limiti
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APPENDIX B TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDU
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TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTING MATER
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Table B.8. Effective masses m+ rela
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372 INDEX amoeba, 3 16 amphiphilic,
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374 INDEX CdS, 9, 130, 213, 216, 36
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376 INDEX dispersion, 277 disulfide
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378 INDEX Ga (gallium) (continued)
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380 INDEX length (continued) critic
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382 INDEX multiple ionization, 93 r
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384 INDEX pi-conjugation, 282, 292
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silica, 269 silica-alumina, 269, 27
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388 INDEX wavefimction (continued)
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