Introduction to Nanotechnology

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NAME Glycine Alanine Valine Threonine Glutamate (Glutamic acid) 12.3. NUCLEIC ACiDS 317 SYMBOL M, Da RNA WORDS STRUCTURE sized, nm (CODONS) G~Y Ala Val Thr Tryptophan Try 75.07 Da 0.42 nrn 89.09 Da 0.47 nm* 117.12 Da 0.54 nm 119.12 Da 0.54 nm 147.13 Da 0.70 nm 246.27 Da 0.90 nm GGU GGA GGC GGG NH,- CHz- COOH "2 GCU GCC GCG GCA CH3-C-COOH , H H NH, CH3 I GUU GUA 'L-C- COOH GUC GUG CHj /, I H NH, I 1 ACU ACA CHs-GC- COOH ACC ACG L A H GAA GAG HOOC-CH,-CH2-C-COOH "2 I I H "2 C 1 c4 'c- C-CH,-C-COOH UGG I II II C\C/C,N/CH H Figure 12.5. Names, symbols, molecular weights &, size parameters d, three-letter RNA genetic codewords (codons), and structures 01 6 of the 20 amino acids, with the smallest amino acid, glycine, at the top, and the largest, tryptophan. at the bottom. R O Fro R O I II I II I II HzN-C-C-OH + H,N-C-C-OH + H,N-C-C-OH I I I H H Before bonding R O H R ' O H R ' O I I I I I I I I I l l HzN- C - C- N - C - C- N- C- C - OH +2H20 I H I H Alter bonding Figure 12.6. Formation of a tripeptide chain (bottom) by establishing peptide bonds between three amino acids (lop). I H H I H
318 BIOLOGICAL MATERtALS i J / Flgure 12.7. The four levels of structure of a protein: (a) primary structure of a stretched-out polypeptide, (b) secondary struclures ol an x helix (Iefl) and a /i’ sheet (right), (c) lertiary structure 01 a polypeptide held tcgelher by disullide bnds (-S-S-). and quaternary struclure Iormed by two polypeplides. [From S. S. Mader, Bology, McGraw-Hill, Boston, 2001 p. 47.1 attachment points where the bases bond to the desoxyribose sugar are indicated by vertical arrows in Fig. 12.9, and the bases pair off with each other in the double- stranded DNA in accordance with the horizontal arrows in the figure; that is, cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G), and thyminc (T) pairs with adenine (A), in the manner shown in Fig. 12.10, We see from this figure that the acid-phosphate group bond
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INTRODUCTION TO NANOTECHNOLOGY Char
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CONTENTS Preface xi 1 Introduction
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5.2 Carbon Molecules 103 5.2.1 Natu
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9.4 Excitons 244 9.5 Single-Electro
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PREFACE In recent years nanotechnol
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INTRODUCTION The prefix nano in the
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INTRODUCTION 3 he recognized the ex
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1000 (I) a 900 4 800 a 900 I 6 700
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INTRODUCTION 7 developed before the
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2.1. STRUCTURE 9 mechanics, the res
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X T 2.1. STRUCTURE 11 Figure 2.4. C
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2.1. STRUCTURE 13 Figure 2.6. Thirt
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Sodium Nanoparticle Na, Magic Numbe
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2.1. STRUCTURE 17 of the large anio
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2.1. STRUCTURE 19 other, and high-f
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 21 Conduction Ban
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 23 Figure 2.13. S
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2.2. ENERGYBANDS 25 band at point T
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A X ' Wavevector A Si c z 2.2. ENER
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 29 bands of Figs.
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2.3. LOCALIZED PARTICLES 31 add ele
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1 meV 10 meV 100 meV FJ E W 1 eV 10
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3 METHODS OF MEASURING PROPERTIES 3
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3.2. STRUCTURE 37 Table 3.1. Crysta
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3.2. STRUCTURE 39 Figure 3.2. Two-d
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3.2. STRUCTURE 41 The widths of the
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44 METHODS OF MEASURING PROPERTIES
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3.3. MICROSCOPY 51 types of transit
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3.3. MICROSCOPY 53 Actual diverging
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Tunneling current Tunneling current
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3.3. MrCAOSCOPY 57 and the latter m
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3.4. SPECTROSCOPY 59 From Eq. (3.8)
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1 Average Panicle FWHM Size (nm) in
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CdSe colloidal NCs a = 1.2 nrn 3.4.
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El X-RAY TUBE 8000 - A 6000 - 4000
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2 N I w 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1 .o 0.5 3.
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i 3.4. SPECTROSCOPY 69 NMR involves
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T=220K - 2G H FURTHER READING 71 Fi
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NUMBER OF ATOMS RADIUS (nm) 1 10 1
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I L 7 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 NUMBER OF
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JELLIUM MODEL OF CLUSTERS ATOMS CLU
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1.02 { 1.01 - 1 - 0.99 - 4.2. METAL
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4.2. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 81 Figure 4
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4.2. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 83 Figure 4
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-0 100 200 300 400 500 600 MASSICHA
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a 42. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 87 Figure
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. . . .. . - . D 111111111111111111
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3 4 2.5 0 cn g 2 0 z d 1.5 t a 9 1
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4.3. SEMICONDUCTING NANOPARTICLES 9
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4.4. RARE GAS AND MOLECULAR CLUSTER
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4.5. METHODS OF SYNTHESIS 97 d Figu
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4.5. METHODS OF SYNTHESIS 99 isopro
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PULSED LASER BEAM 1 1 1 1 1 I ROTAT
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5.1. INTRODUCTION CARBON NANOSTRUCT
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5.2. CARBON MOLECULES 105 methane d
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5.3. CARBON CLUSTERS 107 -0 20 40 6
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PHOTON ENERGY (electron volts) 5.3.
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Figure 5.6. Structure of the CEO fu
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1 30 0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 LAT
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(c) 5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 115 Figur
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 1 17 The mech
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 11 9 investig
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 121 energy gr
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 123 stretch c
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5.5. APPLICATIONS OF CARBON NANOTUB
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- v) 450 : 400 3 350 1 300 : 5 250
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BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS In th
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h 8 0 6.1. SOLID DISORDERED NANOSTR
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6.1. SOLID DISORDERED NANOSTRUCTURE
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6.2. NANOSTRUCTURED CRYSTALS 153 qu
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6.2. NANOSTRUCTURED CRYSTALS 155 Fi
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158 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS 6
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160 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS w
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162 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS 0
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164 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS n
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166 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM f
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168 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM i
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170 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM M
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172 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM h
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174 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM d
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176 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM o
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4 h $ 3 7.5. NANOCARBON FERROMAGNET
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7.6. GIANT AND COLOSSAL MAGNETORESI
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1.4 N 1 1.2 z " 1 0 v 5 h 0.8 0 0.6
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7.6. GIANT AND COLOSSAL MAGNETORESI
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7.7. FERROFLUIDS 187 Figure 7.22. M
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7.7. FECIROFLUIDS 189 Figure 7.25.
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7.7. FERRQFLUlOS 191 FerroRuids can
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FURTHER READING FURTHER READING 193
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10- IR f IA -1 8.1. INTRODUCTION 19
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 197 1
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 199 d
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s C CTI e 8 9 4( 8.2. INFRARED FREQ
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8.2.3. Raman Spectroscopy 8.2. INFR
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 205 a
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- r I 520 51 8 v 6 516 a" 51 4 51 2
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 209 i
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v) - C 3 8 600 400 100 0 e e 10 20
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i E (cm-’ ) 20 c I 1 ID 0 4x107 8
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- ? m v .- - z In C a, c C - .. . .
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Excitatior I [eV]: 2.175 2.214 2.25
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6 100 200 300 Time (ns) 8.3. LUMINE
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400 nm Laser / Free excitons Trappe
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8.4. NANOSTRUCTURES IN ZEOLITE CAGE
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FURTHER READING 225 P. Milani and C
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9.2. PREPARATION OF QUANTUM NANOSTR
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i 9.2. PREPARATION OF QUANTUM NANOS
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9.3. SIZE AND DIMENSIONALITY EFFECT
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w n 3 2 1 9.3. SIZE AND DIMENSIONAL
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WE) Quantum Dot Number of Electrons
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9.5. SINGLE-ELECTRON TUNNELING 245
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9.5. SINGLE-ELECTRON TUNNELING 247
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1 pair section ;- COT. .; . . I. .
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o.6 LWIR: T = 77 K 45" incidence AD
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9.7. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 253 horizont
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9.7. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 255 applied
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 10 SELF-ASSEMBL
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 259 factor of 2
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(a) (LI (dl 10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 261
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 263 atoms, as n
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- c v) ._ C 3 2 9 40 c - .- e m v w
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Page 280 and 281: 10.2. CATALYSIS 269 are also other
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Page 292 and 293: I1 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND POLYMERS 1
Page 294 and 295: 11.2. FORMING AND CHARACTERIZING PO
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Page 302 and 303: 11.3. NANOCRYSTALS 291 R’ groups
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Page 306 and 307: 11.5. SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURES 295
Page 308 and 309: M Et3P OTf M=Pd M=Pt M=Pd, 41 % M=P
Page 310 and 311: 11.5. SVPRAMOLECUUAR STRUCTURES 2s
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Page 318 and 319: BiodegradaWe surface 4 Functional g
Page 320 and 321: FURTHER READING 309 F. J. Owens and
Page 322 and 323: 12.2. BIOLOGICAL BUILDING BLOCKS 31
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Page 331 and 332: 320 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS Pyrimidine
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Page 339 and 340: 328 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS tions they
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Page 343 and 344: 13 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES In
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Page 353 and 354: 342 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES X
Page 355 and 356: 344 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES na
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Page 365 and 366: 354 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES -1
Page 368 and 369: A.l. INTRODUCTION APPENDIX A FORMUL
Page 370 and 371: A.3. PARTIAL CONFINEMENT 359 limiti
Page 372 and 373: APPENDIX B TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDU
Page 374 and 375: TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTING MATER
Page 376 and 377: Table B.8. Effective masses m+ rela
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TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTING MATER
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TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTING MATER
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372 INDEX amoeba, 3 16 amphiphilic,
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374 INDEX CdS, 9, 130, 213, 216, 36
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376 INDEX dispersion, 277 disulfide
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378 INDEX Ga (gallium) (continued)
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380 INDEX length (continued) critic
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382 INDEX multiple ionization, 93 r
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384 INDEX pi-conjugation, 282, 292
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silica, 269 silica-alumina, 269, 27
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388 INDEX wavefimction (continued)
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