Introduction to Nanotechnology

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effective, see effective mass mean free path, 73, 232 definition, 47 electron, 47 mechanical properties of nanostructures, 139 reinforcement, 130 medieval cathedral, 1 melting points of semiconductors, table of values, 367 merocyanine, 347, 348 mesoscopic, 3 1 1 messenger RNA, 323 metal -insulator junction, 146 organic, 292 oxide semiconductor (MOS), 195 metaphase chromosome, 32 1, 322 metastable, 196 methacrylate, 328 methane C&, 104, 105, 282 structure, 104 methanol, 265, 266 methyl CH,, 198, 263 methyl methacrylate, 301 Mg (magnesium), 274 ion, 11, 12 radius, 1 1, 12 MgAI2O4 spinel, 11 MgO, 11 MgS, 11 micelle, 305, 326, 327 critical concentration, 328 dendritic, 306 microcontact printing, 263 microelectromec hanical device, 334, 335 systems, 332 microemulsion, 327 microfibril, 3 1 1 microhardness of semiconductors, table of values, 369 microscale, 333 microwave absorption, 71 Mie theory, 2, 149 miniaturization, 333 mitochondrion, 3 16 Mn (manganese) electron paramagnetic resonance, 308 mixed valence system, 184 MnO, 11 MnS, 11 Mo (molybdenum) nanoparticle synthesis, 98 INDEX 381 x-radiation, 40 x-ray line energy levels, sketch, 68 mobility Ge and Si, 31 semiconductor, table of values, 366 mode, vibrational longitudinal, 19 transverse, 19 molecular beam epitaxy, 35 mass of semiconductors, table of values, 3 63 nanocluster, 96 orbital calculation, 78, 79 orbital theory, 76 sieve, 268-270 square, 297-299 switch, 300, 347 weight, 312 molecule guest, 304 size, determination, 311, 312, 314, 320 trapped, 304 mollusk, 330 monolayer self-assembled, 80, 260 monomer, 283, 294 montmorillonite, 274, 276 M002, 130 MoO3, 130 Moore's law, 35 mordenite, 154 channels, 156 Moseley's law, 66 plot, 67 Mott-Wannier exciton, 34, 196, 244 multilayer film, 329 TiN-NbN, 142 multiplicity, 333 N (nitrogen), 114 "N, 199 N20, 113 Na (sodium), 3 diffusion in glass, 150 nanoparticle, 3, 14, 15 NaB(C2H5),H, 98 NaBH,, 98 NaCl lattice type, 11 structure, 39, 142 nanocluster molecular, 96
382 INDEX multiple ionization, 93 rare-gas, 94 nanocrystal, 285 nanodevice, 332, 339 nanoelectromechanica1 device, 6 machine, 335 system, 335 nanofilm, 3 15 nanoindenter, 142 nanomachine, 332, 339 nanomagnet dynamics, 172 nanoparticle definition, 72, 74 fabrication by laser evaporation, 74 geometric structure, 78 icosahedron, 78 mass, 43 polypeptide, 3 10 reactivity, 83 size range, 73 surface area, 264 theoretical modeling, 75 nanoparticle synthesis, 97 chemical methods, 98 pulsed laser, 100 radiofrequency (RF) plasma, 97, 98 thermolysis, 99 nanopore containment, 176 nanosphere, 294, 295 nanostrand, 3 19 nanostructure, 6 carbon, 103 electrical properties, 142 FET-type, 246 mechanical properties, 139 multilayer, 14 1 stress-strain curve, 14 1 nanoswitch, 348 nanotechnology applications, 6 interdisciplinary nature, 5 meaning, 1 research growth, 5 nanotube, 4, 114 aligned, 177 applications, 6, 125 armchair, chiral, zigzag structures, 1 15 asymmetric stretch, 122, 123 band gap, 118 bending, 124 carbon arc fabrication, 115 chemical vapor deposition, 116 computer switching, 127 Coulomb blockade, 121 electrical properties, 11 8 electrochemical cell, 128 electron transport, 120 fabrication, 1 14 formation, 1 17 growth, 117 growth and Co, Ni, 177 hydrogen stored, 128 Landau level, 122 laser evaporation synthesis, 114, 116 mechanical properties, 123 multiwalled, 115, 116, 344 nested, 115, 116, 124 normal mode of vibration, 122, 129 paper, 128, 339 Raman spectrum, 129 semiconducting, 1 18 structure, 117 symmetric stretch vibrational mode, 122 tensile strength, 124, 131 thermal conductivity, 121 vibration, 122 nanowire DNA and RNA, 323 double, 3 10 polypeptide, 3 10, 3 14 naphthalene, 282 formula, 288 Nb (niobium), 142 Nb3Ge, 254 NbN, 142 alloy, 254 ND, 199, 200 ND2, 199, 200 Nd (neodymium), 17 1 NdFeB alloy, 171, 172 Nd magnet material, 17 1 Nd-YAG laser, 252 nearest neighbor distances in semiconductors, table of values, 363 neutron diffraction, 37 NH, 199,200 NH3 (ammonia) cluster, 97 Ni (nickel), 130, 279, 301 nanoparticle, 49 nanoparticle, transmission electron microscope image, 50 NiO, 130, 270 Ni(OH),, 128 nitrile, 263 nitro NOz, 20, 129, 351 normal mode, 18 n-type semiconductor, 2 1, 152
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INTRODUCTION TO NANOTECHNOLOGY Char
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CONTENTS Preface xi 1 Introduction
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5.2 Carbon Molecules 103 5.2.1 Natu
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9.4 Excitons 244 9.5 Single-Electro
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PREFACE In recent years nanotechnol
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INTRODUCTION The prefix nano in the
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INTRODUCTION 3 he recognized the ex
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1000 (I) a 900 4 800 a 900 I 6 700
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INTRODUCTION 7 developed before the
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2.1. STRUCTURE 9 mechanics, the res
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X T 2.1. STRUCTURE 11 Figure 2.4. C
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2.1. STRUCTURE 13 Figure 2.6. Thirt
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Sodium Nanoparticle Na, Magic Numbe
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2.1. STRUCTURE 17 of the large anio
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2.1. STRUCTURE 19 other, and high-f
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 21 Conduction Ban
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 23 Figure 2.13. S
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2.2. ENERGYBANDS 25 band at point T
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A X ' Wavevector A Si c z 2.2. ENER
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 29 bands of Figs.
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2.3. LOCALIZED PARTICLES 31 add ele
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1 meV 10 meV 100 meV FJ E W 1 eV 10
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3 METHODS OF MEASURING PROPERTIES 3
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3.2. STRUCTURE 37 Table 3.1. Crysta
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3.2. STRUCTURE 39 Figure 3.2. Two-d
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3.2. STRUCTURE 41 The widths of the
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44 METHODS OF MEASURING PROPERTIES
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3.3. MICROSCOPY 51 types of transit
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3.3. MICROSCOPY 53 Actual diverging
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Tunneling current Tunneling current
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3.3. MrCAOSCOPY 57 and the latter m
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3.4. SPECTROSCOPY 59 From Eq. (3.8)
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1 Average Panicle FWHM Size (nm) in
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CdSe colloidal NCs a = 1.2 nrn 3.4.
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El X-RAY TUBE 8000 - A 6000 - 4000
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2 N I w 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1 .o 0.5 3.
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i 3.4. SPECTROSCOPY 69 NMR involves
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T=220K - 2G H FURTHER READING 71 Fi
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NUMBER OF ATOMS RADIUS (nm) 1 10 1
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I L 7 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 NUMBER OF
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JELLIUM MODEL OF CLUSTERS ATOMS CLU
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1.02 { 1.01 - 1 - 0.99 - 4.2. METAL
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4.2. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 81 Figure 4
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4.2. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 83 Figure 4
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-0 100 200 300 400 500 600 MASSICHA
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a 42. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 87 Figure
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. . . .. . - . D 111111111111111111
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3 4 2.5 0 cn g 2 0 z d 1.5 t a 9 1
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4.3. SEMICONDUCTING NANOPARTICLES 9
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4.4. RARE GAS AND MOLECULAR CLUSTER
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4.5. METHODS OF SYNTHESIS 97 d Figu
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4.5. METHODS OF SYNTHESIS 99 isopro
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PULSED LASER BEAM 1 1 1 1 1 I ROTAT
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5.1. INTRODUCTION CARBON NANOSTRUCT
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5.2. CARBON MOLECULES 105 methane d
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5.3. CARBON CLUSTERS 107 -0 20 40 6
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PHOTON ENERGY (electron volts) 5.3.
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Figure 5.6. Structure of the CEO fu
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1 30 0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 LAT
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(c) 5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 115 Figur
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 1 17 The mech
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 11 9 investig
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 121 energy gr
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 123 stretch c
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5.5. APPLICATIONS OF CARBON NANOTUB
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- v) 450 : 400 3 350 1 300 : 5 250
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BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS In th
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h 8 0 6.1. SOLID DISORDERED NANOSTR
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6.1. SOLID DISORDERED NANOSTRUCTURE
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6.2. NANOSTRUCTURED CRYSTALS 153 qu
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6.2. NANOSTRUCTURED CRYSTALS 155 Fi
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158 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS 6
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160 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS w
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162 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS 0
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164 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS n
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166 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM f
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168 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM i
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170 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM M
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172 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM h
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174 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM d
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176 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM o
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4 h $ 3 7.5. NANOCARBON FERROMAGNET
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7.6. GIANT AND COLOSSAL MAGNETORESI
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1.4 N 1 1.2 z " 1 0 v 5 h 0.8 0 0.6
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7.6. GIANT AND COLOSSAL MAGNETORESI
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7.7. FERROFLUIDS 187 Figure 7.22. M
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7.7. FECIROFLUIDS 189 Figure 7.25.
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7.7. FERRQFLUlOS 191 FerroRuids can
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FURTHER READING FURTHER READING 193
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10- IR f IA -1 8.1. INTRODUCTION 19
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 197 1
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 199 d
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s C CTI e 8 9 4( 8.2. INFRARED FREQ
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8.2.3. Raman Spectroscopy 8.2. INFR
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 205 a
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- r I 520 51 8 v 6 516 a" 51 4 51 2
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 209 i
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v) - C 3 8 600 400 100 0 e e 10 20
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i E (cm-’ ) 20 c I 1 ID 0 4x107 8
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- ? m v .- - z In C a, c C - .. . .
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Excitatior I [eV]: 2.175 2.214 2.25
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6 100 200 300 Time (ns) 8.3. LUMINE
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400 nm Laser / Free excitons Trappe
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8.4. NANOSTRUCTURES IN ZEOLITE CAGE
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FURTHER READING 225 P. Milani and C
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9.2. PREPARATION OF QUANTUM NANOSTR
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i 9.2. PREPARATION OF QUANTUM NANOS
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9.3. SIZE AND DIMENSIONALITY EFFECT
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w n 3 2 1 9.3. SIZE AND DIMENSIONAL
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WE) Quantum Dot Number of Electrons
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9.5. SINGLE-ELECTRON TUNNELING 245
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9.5. SINGLE-ELECTRON TUNNELING 247
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1 pair section ;- COT. .; . . I. .
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o.6 LWIR: T = 77 K 45" incidence AD
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9.7. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 253 horizont
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9.7. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 255 applied
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 10 SELF-ASSEMBL
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 259 factor of 2
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(a) (LI (dl 10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 261
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 263 atoms, as n
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- c v) ._ C 3 2 9 40 c - .- e m v w
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10.2. CATALYSIS 267 where the lengt
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10.2. CATALYSIS 269 are also other
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1600 2 1200 t p - Bi2M020, 10.2. CA
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7 - I 2,330 m .- c r 0 2 2,300 - u)
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10.2. CATALYSIS 275 with a top and
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10.2. CATALYSIS 277 based on the pr
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10.2. CATALYSIS 279 CnHlnfl, which
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I1 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND POLYMERS 1
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11.2. FORMING AND CHARACTERIZING PO
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1 1.3. NANOCRYSTALS 285 This expres
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-1 5 0) C a, -1 1 000 300 100 30 10
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11.3. NANOCRYSTALS 289 Table 11.1.
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11.3. NANOCRYSTALS 291 R’ groups
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11.4. POLYMERS 293 Figure 11.9. Ske
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11.5. SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURES 295
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M Et3P OTf M=Pd M=Pt M=Pd, 41 % M=P
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11.5. SVPRAMOLECUUAR STRUCTURES 2s
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11 5. SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURES 303
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BiodegradaWe surface 4 Functional g
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FURTHER READING 309 F. J. Owens and
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12.2. BIOLOGICAL BUILDING BLOCKS 31
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314 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS which we w
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316 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS Table 12.2
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318 BIOLOGICAL MATERtALS i J / Flgu
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320 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS Pyrimidine
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322 BlOLMjlCAL MATERiALS (a) DNA do
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324 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS so each wo
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326 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS 12.4.2. Mi
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328 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS tions they
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Page 368 and 369: A.l. INTRODUCTION APPENDIX A FORMUL
Page 370 and 371: A.3. PARTIAL CONFINEMENT 359 limiti
Page 372 and 373: APPENDIX B TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDU
Page 374 and 375: TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTING MATER
Page 376 and 377: Table B.8. Effective masses m+ rela
Page 378 and 379: TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTING MATER
Page 380: TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTING MATER
Page 383 and 384: 372 INDEX amoeba, 3 16 amphiphilic,
Page 385 and 386: 374 INDEX CdS, 9, 130, 213, 216, 36
Page 387 and 388: 376 INDEX dispersion, 277 disulfide
Page 389 and 390: 378 INDEX Ga (gallium) (continued)
Page 391: 380 INDEX length (continued) critic
Page 395 and 396: 384 INDEX pi-conjugation, 282, 292
Page 397 and 398: silica, 269 silica-alumina, 269, 27
Page 399: 388 INDEX wavefimction (continued)
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