Introduction to Nanotechnology

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sublattice, 15 unit cell figure, 12, 13 face centered tetragonal, 79 failure mechanism, 137 fascicle, 311, 316 faujasite, 154 FCC, acronym for face centered cubic, 10, 12, 13, 15, 36 Fe (iron), 279 circular array, 338, 339 electronic structure, 165 granular, 139 in human body, 176 nanoparticle, blocking temperature, 177 nanoparticle, reactivity with hydrogen gas, 86 Young’s modulus, 139 Fe nanoparticles on nanotubes, 177 coercive field, 179 hysteresis loop, 179 micrograph, 178 remnant magnetization, 180 FeBiSi alloy, 147 FeCo alloy yield strength, 140 FeCr alloy magnetoresistance, 183 FeCu alloy, 133 nanoparticle grain size, 135 stress-strain curve, 135 femtometer, 7 Fe20, hematite, 270 substrate, 85 Fe304 magnetite, 186, 270 FePt, 174 nanoparticle, 173 Fermi circle. 235 energy, 145 gas, 234, 241 level, 146 region, 235 sphere, 29, 235, 241 surface, 29 Fermi-Dirac distribution, 146 fermion, 95 ferrimagnetism, 166 ferritin, 176 iron content, 178 ferrofluid, 3, 186 applications, 192 diffraction grating, 19 1 optical polarization, 190 ferromagnet, 6, 153 INDEX 377 nonpolymeric organic, 180 ferromagnetism, 6, 165, 166 itinerant, 181 single domain nanoparticle, 182 FET, acronym for field effect transistor, 4, 126, 246 fiberoptic cable, 164 fibril, 31 1 fibrinogen, 3 12-3 15 fibroin, 325 field effect transistor (FET), 4, 126, 246 nanotube, 126 field emission, 125 flagella, 335 flocculation, 277 fluorescence, 15 1 fluorocarbon, 263 flux quantum, 255 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 59 transform infrared spectrum, 198-202 transform, fast, 49 transformation, 39 Franck-van der Merwe growth, 259 free electron approximation, 159 free energy, 259 Frenkel exciton, 34 defect, 232 friction, 333 force microscope, 57 FTIR, acronym for Fourier transform infrared (spectroscopy), 59 fuel cell, 127 fullerene, 3, 205, 289 discovery, 108-1 10 endohedral, 45, 70 ferromagnetic, 180 graphitic structure, 180 infrared spectrum, 208 endohedral La, hyperfine structure, 7 1 mass spectrum, 46, 107 nanocrystal, I53 nuclear magnetic resonance, 70 polarize and rotate, 344 Raman spectrum, 208 sketch, 11 1, 288 small and large, 11 1 furan, 278 Ga (gallium) acceptor, 30
378 INDEX Ga (gallium) (continued) size, 42 GaAs, 9, 15, 42, 260, 361 band structure, 24 bond distance, 45 Brillouin zone, 23 camer density, 26, 29 effective mass, 34 exciton, 244, 245 excitonic spectrum, 197 micrograph, 261 mixed crystal, 18 quantum dot. 228. 23 I quantum well, 227, 249, 250 quantum wire, 228 specific surface area, 267 substrate, 143 galaxy, 107 galvanic series, 292 gamma globulin (y-globulin), 3 12, 3 13 GaN, 199 XPS, 64 GaP energy band, 25 gas atomization, 137 gate, AND, 353, 354 Gd (gadolinium) electron paramagnetic resonance, 69 Ge (germanium), 9, 15, 25, 26, 260 bandgap, 3 1 carrier density, 26, 29 film, 203 nanocrystal Raman spectrum, 59, 61, 62, 203-20.5 gelatin, 2 genome, 321 geometric structure, 78 germanium, see Ge, giant magnetoresistance, 18 1 Gibbs free energy, 259 glass Au nanoparticles, 148 color, 2 ion exchange doping, 150 globular protein, 3 I5 glow peak, 22 1, 222 glutamate, 3 17 glutamic acid, 3 17 glycine, 315, 317, 325 glycogen, 3 15 gold, see Au grain nanosized, 6 size determination, 41 graphite, 205, 207 Raman spectrum, 208, 209 spectroscopy, 108 graphitic sheet, 117, 118 group, space group, 36, 37 growth, divergent, 299 guanine, 315, 318, 320, 322 guest molecule, 304 hairy nanosphere, 294 Hall-Petch equation, 139, 140 haploid, 321 hard magnetic material, 170 harmonic oscillator, damped, 342 HCP, see hexagonal close packed, H/D exchange, 199 He (helium) lambda transition, 96 liquid, 96 specific heat, 96 superfluid, 95 heats of formation of semiconductors, table of values, 367 Heaviside step function, 242 Heisenberg model, 167 uncertainty principle, 82 heme, 73 hemoglobin, 176, 313, 315, 324 heredity, 323 heterocyclic, 276 heteroepitaxy, 258 hexagonal close packed (HCP), 1 1, 36 hexamer, 303 hexane, 279 hexyl, 279 HF (hydrogen fluoride), 15 1, 152 histone, 319, 320 hole, 2 I. 25 valence band, 25, 30 hormone, 3 15 HZS, 130 hybridization, 105 hydrogen atom, 75 atom energy levels, 77 atom wavefunction, 76 bond, 318-320 Aeuterium exchange. 199 molecule, 77 hydrophilic, 279. 305. 326 hydrophobic, 30.5 hydrosol, 277, 279 hydroxyl OH, 20, 198 FTIR, 59 Raman spectrum, 96
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INTRODUCTION TO NANOTECHNOLOGY Char
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CONTENTS Preface xi 1 Introduction
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5.2 Carbon Molecules 103 5.2.1 Natu
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9.4 Excitons 244 9.5 Single-Electro
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PREFACE In recent years nanotechnol
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INTRODUCTION The prefix nano in the
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INTRODUCTION 3 he recognized the ex
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1000 (I) a 900 4 800 a 900 I 6 700
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INTRODUCTION 7 developed before the
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2.1. STRUCTURE 9 mechanics, the res
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X T 2.1. STRUCTURE 11 Figure 2.4. C
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2.1. STRUCTURE 13 Figure 2.6. Thirt
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Sodium Nanoparticle Na, Magic Numbe
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2.1. STRUCTURE 17 of the large anio
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2.1. STRUCTURE 19 other, and high-f
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 21 Conduction Ban
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 23 Figure 2.13. S
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2.2. ENERGYBANDS 25 band at point T
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A X ' Wavevector A Si c z 2.2. ENER
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 29 bands of Figs.
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2.3. LOCALIZED PARTICLES 31 add ele
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1 meV 10 meV 100 meV FJ E W 1 eV 10
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3 METHODS OF MEASURING PROPERTIES 3
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3.2. STRUCTURE 37 Table 3.1. Crysta
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3.2. STRUCTURE 39 Figure 3.2. Two-d
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3.2. STRUCTURE 41 The widths of the
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44 METHODS OF MEASURING PROPERTIES
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3.3. MICROSCOPY 51 types of transit
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3.3. MICROSCOPY 53 Actual diverging
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Tunneling current Tunneling current
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3.3. MrCAOSCOPY 57 and the latter m
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3.4. SPECTROSCOPY 59 From Eq. (3.8)
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1 Average Panicle FWHM Size (nm) in
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CdSe colloidal NCs a = 1.2 nrn 3.4.
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El X-RAY TUBE 8000 - A 6000 - 4000
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2 N I w 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1 .o 0.5 3.
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i 3.4. SPECTROSCOPY 69 NMR involves
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T=220K - 2G H FURTHER READING 71 Fi
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NUMBER OF ATOMS RADIUS (nm) 1 10 1
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I L 7 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 NUMBER OF
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JELLIUM MODEL OF CLUSTERS ATOMS CLU
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1.02 { 1.01 - 1 - 0.99 - 4.2. METAL
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4.2. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 81 Figure 4
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4.2. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 83 Figure 4
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-0 100 200 300 400 500 600 MASSICHA
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a 42. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 87 Figure
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. . . .. . - . D 111111111111111111
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3 4 2.5 0 cn g 2 0 z d 1.5 t a 9 1
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4.3. SEMICONDUCTING NANOPARTICLES 9
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4.4. RARE GAS AND MOLECULAR CLUSTER
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4.5. METHODS OF SYNTHESIS 97 d Figu
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4.5. METHODS OF SYNTHESIS 99 isopro
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PULSED LASER BEAM 1 1 1 1 1 I ROTAT
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5.1. INTRODUCTION CARBON NANOSTRUCT
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5.2. CARBON MOLECULES 105 methane d
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5.3. CARBON CLUSTERS 107 -0 20 40 6
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PHOTON ENERGY (electron volts) 5.3.
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Figure 5.6. Structure of the CEO fu
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1 30 0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 LAT
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(c) 5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 115 Figur
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 1 17 The mech
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 11 9 investig
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 121 energy gr
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 123 stretch c
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5.5. APPLICATIONS OF CARBON NANOTUB
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- v) 450 : 400 3 350 1 300 : 5 250
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BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS In th
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h 8 0 6.1. SOLID DISORDERED NANOSTR
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6.1. SOLID DISORDERED NANOSTRUCTURE
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6.2. NANOSTRUCTURED CRYSTALS 153 qu
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6.2. NANOSTRUCTURED CRYSTALS 155 Fi
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158 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS 6
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160 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS w
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162 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS 0
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164 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS n
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166 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM f
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168 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM i
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170 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM M
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172 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM h
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174 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM d
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176 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM o
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4 h $ 3 7.5. NANOCARBON FERROMAGNET
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7.6. GIANT AND COLOSSAL MAGNETORESI
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1.4 N 1 1.2 z " 1 0 v 5 h 0.8 0 0.6
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7.6. GIANT AND COLOSSAL MAGNETORESI
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7.7. FERROFLUIDS 187 Figure 7.22. M
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7.7. FECIROFLUIDS 189 Figure 7.25.
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7.7. FERRQFLUlOS 191 FerroRuids can
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FURTHER READING FURTHER READING 193
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10- IR f IA -1 8.1. INTRODUCTION 19
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 197 1
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 199 d
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s C CTI e 8 9 4( 8.2. INFRARED FREQ
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8.2.3. Raman Spectroscopy 8.2. INFR
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 205 a
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- r I 520 51 8 v 6 516 a" 51 4 51 2
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 209 i
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v) - C 3 8 600 400 100 0 e e 10 20
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i E (cm-’ ) 20 c I 1 ID 0 4x107 8
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- ? m v .- - z In C a, c C - .. . .
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Excitatior I [eV]: 2.175 2.214 2.25
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6 100 200 300 Time (ns) 8.3. LUMINE
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400 nm Laser / Free excitons Trappe
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8.4. NANOSTRUCTURES IN ZEOLITE CAGE
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FURTHER READING 225 P. Milani and C
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9.2. PREPARATION OF QUANTUM NANOSTR
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i 9.2. PREPARATION OF QUANTUM NANOS
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9.3. SIZE AND DIMENSIONALITY EFFECT
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w n 3 2 1 9.3. SIZE AND DIMENSIONAL
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WE) Quantum Dot Number of Electrons
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9.5. SINGLE-ELECTRON TUNNELING 245
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9.5. SINGLE-ELECTRON TUNNELING 247
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1 pair section ;- COT. .; . . I. .
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o.6 LWIR: T = 77 K 45" incidence AD
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9.7. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 253 horizont
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9.7. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 255 applied
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 10 SELF-ASSEMBL
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 259 factor of 2
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(a) (LI (dl 10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 261
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 263 atoms, as n
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- c v) ._ C 3 2 9 40 c - .- e m v w
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10.2. CATALYSIS 267 where the lengt
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10.2. CATALYSIS 269 are also other
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1600 2 1200 t p - Bi2M020, 10.2. CA
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7 - I 2,330 m .- c r 0 2 2,300 - u)
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10.2. CATALYSIS 275 with a top and
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10.2. CATALYSIS 277 based on the pr
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10.2. CATALYSIS 279 CnHlnfl, which
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I1 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND POLYMERS 1
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11.2. FORMING AND CHARACTERIZING PO
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1 1.3. NANOCRYSTALS 285 This expres
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-1 5 0) C a, -1 1 000 300 100 30 10
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11.3. NANOCRYSTALS 289 Table 11.1.
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11.3. NANOCRYSTALS 291 R’ groups
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11.4. POLYMERS 293 Figure 11.9. Ske
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11.5. SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURES 295
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M Et3P OTf M=Pd M=Pt M=Pd, 41 % M=P
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11.5. SVPRAMOLECUUAR STRUCTURES 2s
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11 5. SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURES 303
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BiodegradaWe surface 4 Functional g
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FURTHER READING 309 F. J. Owens and
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12.2. BIOLOGICAL BUILDING BLOCKS 31
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314 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS which we w
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316 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS Table 12.2
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318 BIOLOGICAL MATERtALS i J / Flgu
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320 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS Pyrimidine
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322 BlOLMjlCAL MATERiALS (a) DNA do
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324 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS so each wo
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Page 368 and 369: A.l. INTRODUCTION APPENDIX A FORMUL
Page 370 and 371: A.3. PARTIAL CONFINEMENT 359 limiti
Page 372 and 373: APPENDIX B TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDU
Page 374 and 375: TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTING MATER
Page 376 and 377: Table B.8. Effective masses m+ rela
Page 378 and 379: TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTING MATER
Page 380: TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTING MATER
Page 383 and 384: 372 INDEX amoeba, 3 16 amphiphilic,
Page 385 and 386: 374 INDEX CdS, 9, 130, 213, 216, 36
Page 387: 376 INDEX dispersion, 277 disulfide
Page 391 and 392: 380 INDEX length (continued) critic
Page 393 and 394: 382 INDEX multiple ionization, 93 r
Page 395 and 396: 384 INDEX pi-conjugation, 282, 292
Page 397 and 398: silica, 269 silica-alumina, 269, 27
Page 399: 388 INDEX wavefimction (continued)
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