Introduction to Nanotechnology

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8.4. NANOSTRUCTURES IN ZEOLITE CAGES 223 Figure 8.35. Sketch of zeolite-Y structure showing six sodalite cages (diameter -0.5 nm) occupied by Cd4S4 tetrahedral clusters, and one empty supercage (diameter -1.3 nm) in the center. (From H. Herron and Y. Wang, in Nanornaterials, Synthesis, Properties and Applications, A. S. Edelstein, ed., IOP, Bristol, UK, 1996, p. 73.) 100 80 60 40 20 0 I 200 300 400 500 600 Wavelength(nm) Figure 8.36. Reflectance spectra of CdS clusters in zeolite-Y, with CdS loadings of 1, 3, 5, and 20wt% corresponding to curves 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. [From W. Chen et al., J. Lurnin. 71, 151 (1997).]
224 OPTICAL AND VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY 40 10 - L-4 Y Photoluminescence Figure 8.37. Dependence of thermoluminescent and phosphorescent intensities of CdS clusters in zeolite-Y on the CdS loading. [From W. Chen et al., J. Lumin. 71, 151 (1997).] (400-600 nm) optical absorption spectra shown in Fig. 8.36 exhibit a shift to the red (toward longer wavelengths) as the loading increases from 1 to 5% in zeolite-Y, as expected from the increase in the average cluster size with greater loading. At 20% loading the spectrum corresponds to that of bulk CdS, suggesting that some bulk phase has formed outside the zeolite pores. The photoluminescence is low for low CdS loading, increases in intensity as CdS is added, then falls off again for high loadings, as shown in Fig. 8.37. In contrast to this, the thermoluminescence glow curve intensity is highest for low loading, and decreases in intensity as the loading increases, as indicated by the data presented in Figs. 8.34 and 8.37. This is explained by the presence of trapped carriers introduced into the CdS clusters during sample processing. These carriers are detrapped by the thermal energy added to the sample near the temperature 375 K of the thermoluminescence peak in Fig. 8.34, the temperature where the thermal energy kBTequals the trap depth. The smaller clusters associated with low loading have more surface states, and hence more electrons to detrap and contribute to the glow peak. The increase in quantum confinement characteristic of smaller clusters also contributes to the increase in recombination probability, with the resulting enhanced thermoluminescence. FURTHER READING M.4. Baraton, “Fourier Transform Infrared Surface Spectrometry of Nano-Sized Particles,” in Nalwa (ZOOO), Vol. 2, Chapter 2, p. 89. W. Chen, “Fluorescence, Thermoluminescence, and Photostimulated Luminescence of Nanoparticles,” in Nalwa (2000), Vol. 4, Chapter 5, p. 325.
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INTRODUCTION TO NANOTECHNOLOGY Char
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CONTENTS Preface xi 1 Introduction
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5.2 Carbon Molecules 103 5.2.1 Natu
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9.4 Excitons 244 9.5 Single-Electro
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PREFACE In recent years nanotechnol
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INTRODUCTION The prefix nano in the
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INTRODUCTION 3 he recognized the ex
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1000 (I) a 900 4 800 a 900 I 6 700
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INTRODUCTION 7 developed before the
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2.1. STRUCTURE 9 mechanics, the res
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X T 2.1. STRUCTURE 11 Figure 2.4. C
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2.1. STRUCTURE 13 Figure 2.6. Thirt
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Sodium Nanoparticle Na, Magic Numbe
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2.1. STRUCTURE 17 of the large anio
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2.1. STRUCTURE 19 other, and high-f
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 21 Conduction Ban
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 23 Figure 2.13. S
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2.2. ENERGYBANDS 25 band at point T
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A X ' Wavevector A Si c z 2.2. ENER
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 29 bands of Figs.
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2.3. LOCALIZED PARTICLES 31 add ele
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1 meV 10 meV 100 meV FJ E W 1 eV 10
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3 METHODS OF MEASURING PROPERTIES 3
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3.2. STRUCTURE 37 Table 3.1. Crysta
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3.2. STRUCTURE 39 Figure 3.2. Two-d
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3.2. STRUCTURE 41 The widths of the
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44 METHODS OF MEASURING PROPERTIES
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3.3. MICROSCOPY 51 types of transit
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3.3. MICROSCOPY 53 Actual diverging
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Tunneling current Tunneling current
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3.3. MrCAOSCOPY 57 and the latter m
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3.4. SPECTROSCOPY 59 From Eq. (3.8)
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1 Average Panicle FWHM Size (nm) in
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CdSe colloidal NCs a = 1.2 nrn 3.4.
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El X-RAY TUBE 8000 - A 6000 - 4000
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2 N I w 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1 .o 0.5 3.
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i 3.4. SPECTROSCOPY 69 NMR involves
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T=220K - 2G H FURTHER READING 71 Fi
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NUMBER OF ATOMS RADIUS (nm) 1 10 1
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I L 7 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 NUMBER OF
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JELLIUM MODEL OF CLUSTERS ATOMS CLU
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1.02 { 1.01 - 1 - 0.99 - 4.2. METAL
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4.2. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 81 Figure 4
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4.2. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 83 Figure 4
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-0 100 200 300 400 500 600 MASSICHA
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a 42. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 87 Figure
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. . . .. . - . D 111111111111111111
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3 4 2.5 0 cn g 2 0 z d 1.5 t a 9 1
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4.3. SEMICONDUCTING NANOPARTICLES 9
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4.4. RARE GAS AND MOLECULAR CLUSTER
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4.5. METHODS OF SYNTHESIS 97 d Figu
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4.5. METHODS OF SYNTHESIS 99 isopro
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PULSED LASER BEAM 1 1 1 1 1 I ROTAT
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5.1. INTRODUCTION CARBON NANOSTRUCT
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5.2. CARBON MOLECULES 105 methane d
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5.3. CARBON CLUSTERS 107 -0 20 40 6
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PHOTON ENERGY (electron volts) 5.3.
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Figure 5.6. Structure of the CEO fu
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1 30 0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 LAT
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(c) 5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 115 Figur
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 1 17 The mech
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 11 9 investig
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 121 energy gr
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 123 stretch c
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5.5. APPLICATIONS OF CARBON NANOTUB
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- v) 450 : 400 3 350 1 300 : 5 250
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BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS In th
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h 8 0 6.1. SOLID DISORDERED NANOSTR
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6.1. SOLID DISORDERED NANOSTRUCTURE
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6.2. NANOSTRUCTURED CRYSTALS 153 qu
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6.2. NANOSTRUCTURED CRYSTALS 155 Fi
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158 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS 6
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160 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS w
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162 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS 0
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164 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS n
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166 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM f
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168 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM i
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170 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM M
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Page 190 and 191: 4 h $ 3 7.5. NANOCARBON FERROMAGNET
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Page 198 and 199: 7.7. FERROFLUIDS 187 Figure 7.22. M
Page 200 and 201: 7.7. FECIROFLUIDS 189 Figure 7.25.
Page 202 and 203: 7.7. FERRQFLUlOS 191 FerroRuids can
Page 204 and 205: FURTHER READING FURTHER READING 193
Page 206 and 207: 10- IR f IA -1 8.1. INTRODUCTION 19
Page 208 and 209: 8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 197 1
Page 210 and 211: 8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 199 d
Page 212 and 213: s C CTI e 8 9 4( 8.2. INFRARED FREQ
Page 214 and 215: 8.2.3. Raman Spectroscopy 8.2. INFR
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Page 218 and 219: - r I 520 51 8 v 6 516 a" 51 4 51 2
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Page 224 and 225: i E (cm-’ ) 20 c I 1 ID 0 4x107 8
Page 226 and 227: - ? m v .- - z In C a, c C - .. . .
Page 228 and 229: Excitatior I [eV]: 2.175 2.214 2.25
Page 230 and 231: 6 100 200 300 Time (ns) 8.3. LUMINE
Page 232 and 233: 400 nm Laser / Free excitons Trappe
Page 236 and 237: FURTHER READING 225 P. Milani and C
Page 238 and 239: 9.2. PREPARATION OF QUANTUM NANOSTR
Page 240 and 241: i 9.2. PREPARATION OF QUANTUM NANOS
Page 242 and 243: 9.3. SIZE AND DIMENSIONALITY EFFECT
Page 248 and 249: w n 3 2 1 9.3. SIZE AND DIMENSIONAL
Page 254 and 255: WE) Quantum Dot Number of Electrons
Page 256 and 257: 9.5. SINGLE-ELECTRON TUNNELING 245
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Page 260 and 261: 1 pair section ;- COT. .; . . I. .
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Page 264 and 265: 9.7. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 253 horizont
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Page 270 and 271: 10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 259 factor of 2
Page 272 and 273: (a) (LI (dl 10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 261
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Page 278 and 279: 10.2. CATALYSIS 267 where the lengt
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7 - I 2,330 m .- c r 0 2 2,300 - u)
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10.2. CATALYSIS 275 with a top and
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10.2. CATALYSIS 277 based on the pr
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10.2. CATALYSIS 279 CnHlnfl, which
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I1 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND POLYMERS 1
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11.2. FORMING AND CHARACTERIZING PO
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1 1.3. NANOCRYSTALS 285 This expres
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-1 5 0) C a, -1 1 000 300 100 30 10
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11.3. NANOCRYSTALS 289 Table 11.1.
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11.3. NANOCRYSTALS 291 R’ groups
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11.4. POLYMERS 293 Figure 11.9. Ske
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11.5. SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURES 295
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M Et3P OTf M=Pd M=Pt M=Pd, 41 % M=P
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11.5. SVPRAMOLECUUAR STRUCTURES 2s
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11 5. SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURES 303
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BiodegradaWe surface 4 Functional g
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FURTHER READING 309 F. J. Owens and
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12.2. BIOLOGICAL BUILDING BLOCKS 31
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314 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS which we w
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316 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS Table 12.2
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318 BIOLOGICAL MATERtALS i J / Flgu
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320 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS Pyrimidine
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322 BlOLMjlCAL MATERiALS (a) DNA do
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324 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS so each wo
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326 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS 12.4.2. Mi
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328 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS tions they
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330 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS hardened f
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13 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES In
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334 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES CA
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336 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES Op
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338 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES ti
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340 NANOMACHINES AN0 NANODEVICES PO
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342 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES X
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344 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES na
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346 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES 31
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348 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES -
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350 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES re
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352 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES 1
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354 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES -1
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A.l. INTRODUCTION APPENDIX A FORMUL
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A.3. PARTIAL CONFINEMENT 359 limiti
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APPENDIX B TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDU
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TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTING MATER
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Table B.8. Effective masses m+ rela
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372 INDEX amoeba, 3 16 amphiphilic,
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374 INDEX CdS, 9, 130, 213, 216, 36
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376 INDEX dispersion, 277 disulfide
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378 INDEX Ga (gallium) (continued)
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380 INDEX length (continued) critic
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382 INDEX multiple ionization, 93 r
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384 INDEX pi-conjugation, 282, 292
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silica, 269 silica-alumina, 269, 27
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388 INDEX wavefimction (continued)
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