Introduction to Nanotechnology

T=220K
-
2G
H
FURTHER READING 71
Figure 3.35. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum of the endohedral fullerene molecule
Lac,, dissolved in toluene at 220K. The unpaired electron delocalized on the carbon cage
interacts with the I = nuclear spin of the lanthanum atom inside the cage to produce the
observed eight-line hyperfine multiplet. [From R. D. Johnson, D. S. Bethune, C. S. Yannoni, Acc.
Chem. Res. 25, 169 (1992).]
conveniently studied by attaching spin labels (e.g., paramagnetic nitroxides) to the
lipids and using EPR to probe the restriction of the spin-label motions arising from
phospholipids associated with membrane-inserted domains of proteins.
Microwaves or radar waves can also provide useful information about materials
when employed under nonresonant conditions in the absence of an applied magnetic
field. For example, energy gaps that occur in the microwave region can be estimated
by the frequency dependence of the microwave absorption signal. Microwaves have
been used to study photon-assisted single-electron tunneling and Coulomb block-
ades in quantum dots.
FURTHER READING
J. M. Cowley and J. C. H. Spence, “Nanodifiaction,” in Nalwa (2000), Vol. 2, Chapter 1,2000.
T. Hahn, ed., Znternational Tables for Crystallography, 4th ed., Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1996.
M. JosC-Yacaman and J. A. Ascencio, “Electron Microscopy Study of Nanostructured and
Ancient Materials,” in Nalwa (2000), Vol. 2, Chapter 8, 2000.
C. E. Krill, R. Haberkom, and R. Birringer, “Specification of Microstructure and Characterization
by Scattering Techniques,” Nalwa (2000), Vol. 2, Chapter 3, 2000.
G. E. Moore, IEEE ZEDM Tech. Digest. 1 1-1 3 (1975).
H. S. Nalwa, ed., Handbook of Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnoloa, Vols. 1-5,
Academic Press, Boston, 2000.
R. E. Whan, Materials Characterization, Vol. 10 of Metals Handbook, American Society for
Metals, Metals Park OH, 1986.