Introduction to Nanotechnology

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5.2 Carbon Molecules 103 5.2.1 Nature of the Carbon Bond 103 5.2.2 New Carbon Structures 105 5.3 Carbon Clusters 106 5.3.1 Small Carbon Clusters 106 5.3.2 Discovery of c60 107 5.3.3 5.3.4 Alkali-Doped c60 110 5.3.5 Superconductivity in c60 112 5.3.6 Larger and Smaller Fullerenes 113 5.3.7 Other Buckyballs 113 Structure of c60 and Its Crystal 110 5.4 Carbon Nanotubes 114 5.4.1 Fabrication 114 5.4.2 Structure 117 5.4.3 Electrical Properties 11 8 5.4.4 Vibrational Properties 122 5.4.5 Mechanical Properties 123 5.5 Applications of Carbon Nanotubes 125 5.5.1 Field Emission and Shielding 125 5.5.2 Computers 126 5.5.3 Fuel Cells 127 5.5.4 Chemical Sensors 128 5.5.5 Catalysis 129 5.5.6 Mechanical Reinforcement 130 6 Bulk Nanostructured Materials 6.1 Solid Disordered Nanostructures 133 6.1.1 Methods of Synthesis 133 6.1.2 Failure Mechanisms of Conventional Grain-Sized Materials 137 6.1.3 Mechanical Properties 139 6.1.4 Nanostructured Multilayers 141 6.1.5 Electrical Properties 142 6.1.6 Other Properties 147 6.1.7 Metal Nanocluster Composite Glasses 148 6.1.8 Porous Silicon 150 6.2 Nanostructured Crystals 153 6.2.1 Natural Nanocrystals 153 6.2.2 Computational Prediction of Cluster Lattices 153 6.2.3 Arrays of Nanoparticles in Zeolites 154 6.2.4 Crystals of Metal Nanoparticles 157 CONTENTS Vii 133
viii CONTENTS 6.2.5 Nanoparticle Lattices in Colloidal Suspensions 158 6.2.6 Photonic Crystals 159 7 Nanostructured Ferromagnetism 7.1 Basics of Ferromagnetism 165 7.2 Effect of Bulk Nanostructuring of Magnetic Properties 170 7.3 Dynamics of Nanomagnets 172 7.4 Nanopore Containment of Magnetic Particles 176 7.5 Nanocarbon Ferromagnets 177 7.6 Giant and Colossal Magnetoresistance 18 1 7.7 Ferrofluids 186 8 Optical and Vibrational Spectroscopy 8.1 Introduction 194 8.2 Infrared Frequency Range 196 8.2.1 Spectroscopy of Semiconductors; Excitons 196 8.2.2 Infrared Surface Spectroscopy 198 8.2.3 Raman Spectroscopy 203 8.2.4 Brillouin Spectroscopy 210 8.3 Luminescence 213 8.3.1 Photoluminescence 213 8.3.2 Surface States 215 8.3.3 Thermoluminescence 221 8.4 Nanostructures in Zeolite Cages 222 9 Quantum Wells, Wires, and Dots 9.1 Introduction 226 9.2 9.3 Preparation of Quantum Nanostructures 227 Size and Dimensionality Effects 231 9.3.1 Size Effects 231 9.3.2 Conduction Electrons and Dimensionality 233 9.3.3 Fermi Gas and Density of States 234 9.3.4 Potential Wells 236 9.3.5 Partial Confinement 241 9.3.6 Properties Dependent on Density of States 242 165 194 226
Page 2 and 3: INTRODUCTION TO NANOTECHNOLOGY Char
Page 4 and 5: CONTENTS Preface xi 1 Introduction
Page 8 and 9: 9.4 Excitons 244 9.5 Single-Electro
Page 10 and 11: PREFACE In recent years nanotechnol
Page 12 and 13: INTRODUCTION The prefix nano in the
Page 14 and 15: INTRODUCTION 3 he recognized the ex
Page 16 and 17: 1000 (I) a 900 4 800 a 900 I 6 700
Page 18 and 19: INTRODUCTION 7 developed before the
Page 20 and 21: 2.1. STRUCTURE 9 mechanics, the res
Page 22 and 23: X T 2.1. STRUCTURE 11 Figure 2.4. C
Page 24 and 25: 2.1. STRUCTURE 13 Figure 2.6. Thirt
Page 26 and 27: Sodium Nanoparticle Na, Magic Numbe
Page 28 and 29: 2.1. STRUCTURE 17 of the large anio
Page 30 and 31: 2.1. STRUCTURE 19 other, and high-f
Page 32 and 33: 2.2. ENERGY BANDS 21 Conduction Ban
Page 34 and 35: 2.2. ENERGY BANDS 23 Figure 2.13. S
Page 36 and 37: 2.2. ENERGYBANDS 25 band at point T
Page 38 and 39: A X ' Wavevector A Si c z 2.2. ENER
Page 40 and 41: 2.2. ENERGY BANDS 29 bands of Figs.
Page 42 and 43: 2.3. LOCALIZED PARTICLES 31 add ele
Page 44 and 45: 1 meV 10 meV 100 meV FJ E W 1 eV 10
Page 46 and 47: 3 METHODS OF MEASURING PROPERTIES 3
Page 48 and 49: 3.2. STRUCTURE 37 Table 3.1. Crysta
Page 50 and 51: 3.2. STRUCTURE 39 Figure 3.2. Two-d
Page 52 and 53: 3.2. STRUCTURE 41 The widths of the
Page 55 and 56: 44 METHODS OF MEASURING PROPERTIES
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46 METHODS OF MEASURING PROPERTIES
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48 METHODS OF MEASURING PROPERTIES
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3.3. MICROSCOPY 51 types of transit
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3.3. MICROSCOPY 53 Actual diverging
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Tunneling current Tunneling current
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3.3. MrCAOSCOPY 57 and the latter m
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3.4. SPECTROSCOPY 59 From Eq. (3.8)
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1 Average Panicle FWHM Size (nm) in
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CdSe colloidal NCs a = 1.2 nrn 3.4.
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El X-RAY TUBE 8000 - A 6000 - 4000
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2 N I w 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1 .o 0.5 3.
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i 3.4. SPECTROSCOPY 69 NMR involves
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T=220K - 2G H FURTHER READING 71 Fi
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NUMBER OF ATOMS RADIUS (nm) 1 10 1
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I L 7 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 NUMBER OF
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JELLIUM MODEL OF CLUSTERS ATOMS CLU
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1.02 { 1.01 - 1 - 0.99 - 4.2. METAL
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4.2. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 81 Figure 4
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4.2. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 83 Figure 4
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-0 100 200 300 400 500 600 MASSICHA
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a 42. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 87 Figure
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. . . .. . - . D 111111111111111111
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3 4 2.5 0 cn g 2 0 z d 1.5 t a 9 1
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4.3. SEMICONDUCTING NANOPARTICLES 9
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4.4. RARE GAS AND MOLECULAR CLUSTER
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4.5. METHODS OF SYNTHESIS 97 d Figu
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4.5. METHODS OF SYNTHESIS 99 isopro
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PULSED LASER BEAM 1 1 1 1 1 I ROTAT
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5.1. INTRODUCTION CARBON NANOSTRUCT
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5.2. CARBON MOLECULES 105 methane d
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5.3. CARBON CLUSTERS 107 -0 20 40 6
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PHOTON ENERGY (electron volts) 5.3.
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Figure 5.6. Structure of the CEO fu
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1 30 0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 LAT
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(c) 5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 115 Figur
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 1 17 The mech
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 11 9 investig
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 121 energy gr
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 123 stretch c
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5.5. APPLICATIONS OF CARBON NANOTUB
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- v) 450 : 400 3 350 1 300 : 5 250
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BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS In th
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h 8 0 6.1. SOLID DISORDERED NANOSTR
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6.1. SOLID DISORDERED NANOSTRUCTURE
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6.2. NANOSTRUCTURED CRYSTALS 153 qu
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6.2. NANOSTRUCTURED CRYSTALS 155 Fi
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158 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS 6
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160 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS w
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162 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS 0
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164 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS n
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166 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM f
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168 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM i
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170 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM M
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172 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM h
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174 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM d
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176 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM o
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4 h $ 3 7.5. NANOCARBON FERROMAGNET
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7.6. GIANT AND COLOSSAL MAGNETORESI
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1.4 N 1 1.2 z " 1 0 v 5 h 0.8 0 0.6
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7.6. GIANT AND COLOSSAL MAGNETORESI
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7.7. FERROFLUIDS 187 Figure 7.22. M
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7.7. FECIROFLUIDS 189 Figure 7.25.
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7.7. FERRQFLUlOS 191 FerroRuids can
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FURTHER READING FURTHER READING 193
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10- IR f IA -1 8.1. INTRODUCTION 19
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 197 1
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 199 d
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s C CTI e 8 9 4( 8.2. INFRARED FREQ
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8.2.3. Raman Spectroscopy 8.2. INFR
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 205 a
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- r I 520 51 8 v 6 516 a" 51 4 51 2
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 209 i
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v) - C 3 8 600 400 100 0 e e 10 20
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i E (cm-’ ) 20 c I 1 ID 0 4x107 8
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- ? m v .- - z In C a, c C - .. . .
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Excitatior I [eV]: 2.175 2.214 2.25
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6 100 200 300 Time (ns) 8.3. LUMINE
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400 nm Laser / Free excitons Trappe
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8.4. NANOSTRUCTURES IN ZEOLITE CAGE
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FURTHER READING 225 P. Milani and C
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9.2. PREPARATION OF QUANTUM NANOSTR
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i 9.2. PREPARATION OF QUANTUM NANOS
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9.3. SIZE AND DIMENSIONALITY EFFECT
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w n 3 2 1 9.3. SIZE AND DIMENSIONAL
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WE) Quantum Dot Number of Electrons
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9.5. SINGLE-ELECTRON TUNNELING 245
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9.5. SINGLE-ELECTRON TUNNELING 247
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1 pair section ;- COT. .; . . I. .
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o.6 LWIR: T = 77 K 45" incidence AD
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9.7. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 253 horizont
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9.7. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 255 applied
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 10 SELF-ASSEMBL
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 259 factor of 2
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(a) (LI (dl 10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 261
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 263 atoms, as n
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- c v) ._ C 3 2 9 40 c - .- e m v w
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10.2. CATALYSIS 267 where the lengt
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10.2. CATALYSIS 269 are also other
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1600 2 1200 t p - Bi2M020, 10.2. CA
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7 - I 2,330 m .- c r 0 2 2,300 - u)
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10.2. CATALYSIS 275 with a top and
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10.2. CATALYSIS 277 based on the pr
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10.2. CATALYSIS 279 CnHlnfl, which
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I1 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND POLYMERS 1
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11.2. FORMING AND CHARACTERIZING PO
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1 1.3. NANOCRYSTALS 285 This expres
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-1 5 0) C a, -1 1 000 300 100 30 10
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11.3. NANOCRYSTALS 289 Table 11.1.
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11.3. NANOCRYSTALS 291 R’ groups
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11.4. POLYMERS 293 Figure 11.9. Ske
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11.5. SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURES 295
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M Et3P OTf M=Pd M=Pt M=Pd, 41 % M=P
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11.5. SVPRAMOLECUUAR STRUCTURES 2s
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11 5. SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURES 303
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BiodegradaWe surface 4 Functional g
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FURTHER READING 309 F. J. Owens and
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12.2. BIOLOGICAL BUILDING BLOCKS 31
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314 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS which we w
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316 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS Table 12.2
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318 BIOLOGICAL MATERtALS i J / Flgu
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320 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS Pyrimidine
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322 BlOLMjlCAL MATERiALS (a) DNA do
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324 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS so each wo
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326 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS 12.4.2. Mi
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328 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS tions they
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330 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS hardened f
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13 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES In
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334 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES CA
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336 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES Op
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338 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES ti
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340 NANOMACHINES AN0 NANODEVICES PO
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342 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES X
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344 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES na
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346 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES 31
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348 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES -
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350 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES re
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352 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES 1
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354 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES -1
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A.l. INTRODUCTION APPENDIX A FORMUL
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A.3. PARTIAL CONFINEMENT 359 limiti
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APPENDIX B TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDU
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TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTING MATER
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Table B.8. Effective masses m+ rela
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372 INDEX amoeba, 3 16 amphiphilic,
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374 INDEX CdS, 9, 130, 213, 216, 36
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376 INDEX dispersion, 277 disulfide
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378 INDEX Ga (gallium) (continued)
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380 INDEX length (continued) critic
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382 INDEX multiple ionization, 93 r
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384 INDEX pi-conjugation, 282, 292
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silica, 269 silica-alumina, 269, 27
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388 INDEX wavefimction (continued)
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Introduction to Nanotechnology

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