Introduction to Nanotechnology

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hydroxyproline, 324, 325 hyperfolding, 320 hysteresis, 168, 177 loop, 170 icosahedral structure, 153, 154 imido, 198 FTIR, 59 In (indium) cluster, 79 size, 42 superconductor, 254 Ids, 18,42, 260 islands, 261 micrograph, 261 quantum dot, 251 index of refraction intensity dependence, 149 of semiconductors, table of values, 367 inert-gas nanocluster, 94 influenza virus, 3 15 infrared, 195, 196 active, 205, 207 sensor, 334 spectroscopy, 58 surface spectroscopy, 198 infrared detector quantum well, 248-251 InGaAs, 25 1-253 InP, US, 65 insulator, 20 insulin, 3 15 interstellar dust, 109 intraband scattering, 232 intrinsic semiconductor, 21 inverse photoelectron spectroscopy (IPS), 64 ionization energy, 66 energy of outer electrons, plot, 67 ionization energies of semiconductors, table of values, 366 Ir (iridium), 279 isomerization photo, 345 trans-to-cis, 346 isoprene, 284 itinerant ferromagnetism, 18 1 jellium model, 3, 75, 77 Josephson junction, 244, 255 junction, metal-insulator-metal, 146 K (potassium), 3 KAl13, 153 structure, 155 K3C60, 110, 254 magnetization, 1 12 KCl, 153, 344 Keggin ion, 275, 276 Kelly-Tyson equation, 13 1 Kerr shutter, 287 Kharash addition reaction, 301 kinetic control, 258 Kirkwood-Adler transition, 158 KOH, 128 Kr (krypton) nanocluster, 94 Kramers-Kronig analysis, 59 INDEX 379 La (lanthanum), 71 Lacs2, 45, 46 electron paramagnetic resonance, 68, 69, 71 lambda point, 96 transition, 96 LaMn03, 184 structure, 185 Landau band, quantum dots, 70 level, 122 Langmuir-Blodgett film, 260 laser evaporation, 97 excitation, 220 focused atomic disposition, 57, 58 hybrid, 251 infrared, 252 nanoparticle preparation, 101 polarized, 42 quantum dot, 5, 251-253 quantum well, 251 quantum wire, 251 vaporization, 45 lateral force microscope, 57 lattice constant, 38, 39 constants of semiconductors, table of values, 362 mismatch, 18, 259 plane, 39 plane indices hkl, 39 vibration, normal mode, 18 lead, see Pb length characteristic, 4
380 INDEX length (continued) critical, 4 scattering, 4 Lennard-Jones potential, 95 lens objective, 47, 48 projector, 47, 48 leukocyte, 3 16 Lewis acid, 276 site, 202, 272 strength, 273 Li (lithium) nanoparticle synthesis, 99 stored in nanotube, 127 LiB(C2H5)3H, 98 ligament, 324 ligand stabilization, 13, 79 light emitting diode (LED), 293 scattering, 286 LiN3 (lithium azide), 99 linked cluster, 143 linker region, 320 lipid, 328 lipophilic (same as hydrophobic), 279. 326 lipoprotein, 313, 3 15 liposome, 328 unilaminar, 328 liquid crystal, 187 short range order, 9, 166 lithography, 35, 126, 143, 227-230 electron beam, 2, 4, 160, 228, 229, 336, 340 molecular switch, 353 nanoimprint, 336, 337 photo, 344 x-ray, 160 locked moment magnetism, 88 logic gate, 351 longitudinal acoustic (LA) mode, 20 mode, 19 optical (LO) mode, 20 long range order, 9 low energy electron diffraction (LEED), 45 luminescence, 151, 195, 196, 213 emission model, 22 I perylene, 287 Lycurgus cup, 1 lysosome, 3 16 macromolecule, 257 macroscopic, 3 1 1 magic number, 3, 13, 74 AlI3 nanoparticle, 78, 80, 85, 276 A u nanoparticle, ~ ~ 13,247-249,260,277 electronic, 15, 75 energy, 74, 76 energy, figure, 76 face centered cubic nanoparticle, 13 figure, 15 hexagonal close packed nanoparticle, 13 inert gas-nanoparticle, 94 mass spectrometer measurement, 74 metal atom, 74 NaldI5 nanoparticle, 14, 15 Pd561 nanoparticle, 14 potential, figure, 76 Pt309 nanoparticle, 14 sodium Nan nanoparticle, 14, 15 structural, 13, 15, 75, 94 structural, table, 14 Til3 nanoparticle, 278 magnetic information storage, 147 material, hard, 170 material, soft, 170 moment, 165, 167 moment measured by SternCjerlach experiment, 88 moment, net, 87 nanoparticle chain, 188, 189 resonance, 68 susceptibilities of semiconductors, table of values, 369 magnetism, locked moment, 88 magnetite, 186 magnetization, 168 curve, reversible, 17 1 remnant, 169, 170 saturation, 170 magnetofluid 186 magnetoresistance colossal, 18 1 giant, 4, 181 magnetorestrictive effect, 334 mass analyzer, 43 fiee electron, 28 molecular of semiconductors, table of values, 363 spectrometer, 43, 84, 106 spectrometer, figure, 44 spectrometer, time of flight, 45 spectrum, Pb cluster, 75
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INTRODUCTION TO NANOTECHNOLOGY Char
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CONTENTS Preface xi 1 Introduction
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5.2 Carbon Molecules 103 5.2.1 Natu
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9.4 Excitons 244 9.5 Single-Electro
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PREFACE In recent years nanotechnol
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INTRODUCTION The prefix nano in the
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INTRODUCTION 3 he recognized the ex
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1000 (I) a 900 4 800 a 900 I 6 700
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INTRODUCTION 7 developed before the
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2.1. STRUCTURE 9 mechanics, the res
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X T 2.1. STRUCTURE 11 Figure 2.4. C
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2.1. STRUCTURE 13 Figure 2.6. Thirt
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Sodium Nanoparticle Na, Magic Numbe
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2.1. STRUCTURE 17 of the large anio
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2.1. STRUCTURE 19 other, and high-f
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 21 Conduction Ban
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 23 Figure 2.13. S
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2.2. ENERGYBANDS 25 band at point T
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A X ' Wavevector A Si c z 2.2. ENER
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 29 bands of Figs.
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2.3. LOCALIZED PARTICLES 31 add ele
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1 meV 10 meV 100 meV FJ E W 1 eV 10
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3 METHODS OF MEASURING PROPERTIES 3
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3.2. STRUCTURE 37 Table 3.1. Crysta
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3.2. STRUCTURE 39 Figure 3.2. Two-d
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3.2. STRUCTURE 41 The widths of the
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44 METHODS OF MEASURING PROPERTIES
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3.3. MICROSCOPY 51 types of transit
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3.3. MICROSCOPY 53 Actual diverging
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Tunneling current Tunneling current
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3.3. MrCAOSCOPY 57 and the latter m
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3.4. SPECTROSCOPY 59 From Eq. (3.8)
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1 Average Panicle FWHM Size (nm) in
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CdSe colloidal NCs a = 1.2 nrn 3.4.
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El X-RAY TUBE 8000 - A 6000 - 4000
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2 N I w 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1 .o 0.5 3.
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i 3.4. SPECTROSCOPY 69 NMR involves
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T=220K - 2G H FURTHER READING 71 Fi
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NUMBER OF ATOMS RADIUS (nm) 1 10 1
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I L 7 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 NUMBER OF
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JELLIUM MODEL OF CLUSTERS ATOMS CLU
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1.02 { 1.01 - 1 - 0.99 - 4.2. METAL
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4.2. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 81 Figure 4
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4.2. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 83 Figure 4
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-0 100 200 300 400 500 600 MASSICHA
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a 42. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 87 Figure
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. . . .. . - . D 111111111111111111
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3 4 2.5 0 cn g 2 0 z d 1.5 t a 9 1
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4.3. SEMICONDUCTING NANOPARTICLES 9
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4.4. RARE GAS AND MOLECULAR CLUSTER
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4.5. METHODS OF SYNTHESIS 97 d Figu
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4.5. METHODS OF SYNTHESIS 99 isopro
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PULSED LASER BEAM 1 1 1 1 1 I ROTAT
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5.1. INTRODUCTION CARBON NANOSTRUCT
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5.2. CARBON MOLECULES 105 methane d
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5.3. CARBON CLUSTERS 107 -0 20 40 6
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PHOTON ENERGY (electron volts) 5.3.
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Figure 5.6. Structure of the CEO fu
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1 30 0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 LAT
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(c) 5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 115 Figur
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 1 17 The mech
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 11 9 investig
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 121 energy gr
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 123 stretch c
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5.5. APPLICATIONS OF CARBON NANOTUB
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- v) 450 : 400 3 350 1 300 : 5 250
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BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS In th
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h 8 0 6.1. SOLID DISORDERED NANOSTR
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6.1. SOLID DISORDERED NANOSTRUCTURE
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6.2. NANOSTRUCTURED CRYSTALS 153 qu
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6.2. NANOSTRUCTURED CRYSTALS 155 Fi
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158 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS 6
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160 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS w
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162 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS 0
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164 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS n
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166 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM f
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168 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM i
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170 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM M
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172 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM h
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174 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM d
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176 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM o
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4 h $ 3 7.5. NANOCARBON FERROMAGNET
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7.6. GIANT AND COLOSSAL MAGNETORESI
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1.4 N 1 1.2 z " 1 0 v 5 h 0.8 0 0.6
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7.6. GIANT AND COLOSSAL MAGNETORESI
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7.7. FERROFLUIDS 187 Figure 7.22. M
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7.7. FECIROFLUIDS 189 Figure 7.25.
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7.7. FERRQFLUlOS 191 FerroRuids can
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FURTHER READING FURTHER READING 193
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10- IR f IA -1 8.1. INTRODUCTION 19
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 197 1
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 199 d
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s C CTI e 8 9 4( 8.2. INFRARED FREQ
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8.2.3. Raman Spectroscopy 8.2. INFR
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 205 a
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- r I 520 51 8 v 6 516 a" 51 4 51 2
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 209 i
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v) - C 3 8 600 400 100 0 e e 10 20
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i E (cm-’ ) 20 c I 1 ID 0 4x107 8
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- ? m v .- - z In C a, c C - .. . .
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Excitatior I [eV]: 2.175 2.214 2.25
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6 100 200 300 Time (ns) 8.3. LUMINE
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400 nm Laser / Free excitons Trappe
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8.4. NANOSTRUCTURES IN ZEOLITE CAGE
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FURTHER READING 225 P. Milani and C
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9.2. PREPARATION OF QUANTUM NANOSTR
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i 9.2. PREPARATION OF QUANTUM NANOS
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9.3. SIZE AND DIMENSIONALITY EFFECT
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w n 3 2 1 9.3. SIZE AND DIMENSIONAL
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WE) Quantum Dot Number of Electrons
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9.5. SINGLE-ELECTRON TUNNELING 245
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9.5. SINGLE-ELECTRON TUNNELING 247
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1 pair section ;- COT. .; . . I. .
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o.6 LWIR: T = 77 K 45" incidence AD
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9.7. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 253 horizont
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9.7. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 255 applied
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 10 SELF-ASSEMBL
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 259 factor of 2
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(a) (LI (dl 10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 261
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 263 atoms, as n
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- c v) ._ C 3 2 9 40 c - .- e m v w
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10.2. CATALYSIS 267 where the lengt
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10.2. CATALYSIS 269 are also other
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1600 2 1200 t p - Bi2M020, 10.2. CA
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7 - I 2,330 m .- c r 0 2 2,300 - u)
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10.2. CATALYSIS 275 with a top and
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10.2. CATALYSIS 277 based on the pr
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10.2. CATALYSIS 279 CnHlnfl, which
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I1 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND POLYMERS 1
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11.2. FORMING AND CHARACTERIZING PO
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1 1.3. NANOCRYSTALS 285 This expres
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-1 5 0) C a, -1 1 000 300 100 30 10
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11.3. NANOCRYSTALS 289 Table 11.1.
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11.3. NANOCRYSTALS 291 R’ groups
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11.4. POLYMERS 293 Figure 11.9. Ske
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11.5. SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURES 295
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M Et3P OTf M=Pd M=Pt M=Pd, 41 % M=P
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11.5. SVPRAMOLECUUAR STRUCTURES 2s
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11 5. SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURES 303
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BiodegradaWe surface 4 Functional g
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FURTHER READING 309 F. J. Owens and
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12.2. BIOLOGICAL BUILDING BLOCKS 31
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314 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS which we w
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316 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS Table 12.2
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318 BIOLOGICAL MATERtALS i J / Flgu
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320 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS Pyrimidine
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322 BlOLMjlCAL MATERiALS (a) DNA do
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324 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS so each wo
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326 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS 12.4.2. Mi
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Page 343 and 344: 13 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES In
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Page 368 and 369: A.l. INTRODUCTION APPENDIX A FORMUL
Page 370 and 371: A.3. PARTIAL CONFINEMENT 359 limiti
Page 372 and 373: APPENDIX B TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDU
Page 374 and 375: TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTING MATER
Page 376 and 377: Table B.8. Effective masses m+ rela
Page 378 and 379: TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTING MATER
Page 380: TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTING MATER
Page 383 and 384: 372 INDEX amoeba, 3 16 amphiphilic,
Page 385 and 386: 374 INDEX CdS, 9, 130, 213, 216, 36
Page 387 and 388: 376 INDEX dispersion, 277 disulfide
Page 389: 378 INDEX Ga (gallium) (continued)
Page 393 and 394: 382 INDEX multiple ionization, 93 r
Page 395 and 396: 384 INDEX pi-conjugation, 282, 292
Page 397 and 398: silica, 269 silica-alumina, 269, 27
Page 399: 388 INDEX wavefimction (continued)
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