Introduction to Nanotechnology

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nuclear fusion, 94 deuterium cluster, 93 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 68, 244 27Al, 275 13C, 69, 109 19F, 69 ‘H, 69 31F’, 69 29Si, 269 nucleation, 258 nucleic acid, 3 16 nucleosome, 320, 322 nucleotide, 3 IO, 3 15, 3 16 structure, 3 19 number of free electrons, energy dependence, 236 0 (oxygen), 199 170, 199 octadecylthiol surfactant, 80 octahedral site, 11 fullerene, 1 11 octanethiol self assembly, 349 OD, 200, 201 OH, 199, 200 oligopeptide, 3 14 optical extinction, 107 mode, 19 spectroscopy, 194 order long range, 9 short range, 9 organelle, 3 16 organic compound, 281 metal, 292 organosol, 277 oxygen ion, 11 P (phosphorus), 69 31P nuclear magnetic resonance, 69 packing of nucleosomes, 320, 322 parabolic energy band, 25 well. 239, 240 paramagnetism, 166 parity, 238 partial confinement, 24 1 particle in box, 82 INDEX 383 size, 13-15, 42, 231, 232 size, Raman measurement, 205 passivation, 80, 264 Pauli exclusion principle, 167 Pb (lead), 254 cluster mass spectrum, 75 nanoparticle, 74 superconductor. 254 PbMo6Ss (Chevrel compound), 254 Pb-Ir alloy, 254 Pd (palladium), 14 Pd561 nanoparticle, 14 penetration depth, 254 microwave, 99 pentane, 282 peptide bond, 3 10, 3 17 perylene, 286, 289 Arrhenius plot, 290 formula, 288 phase transition FCCiBCC, 159 phenanthroline, 14 phenylene, 298 phenylenediamine, 298 phonon acoustic, 2 10 optical, 203 phosphate, 316, 319 phospholipid, 328, 329 bilayer, 328 bilayer, spin label ESR, 70, 71 phosphorescence, 15 1, 195 porous silicon, 15 1 phosphorus donor, 152 phosphoryl, 328, 329 photodissociation of Si nanoparticle, 92 photoelectron, 63 photoemission, 195 density of states, 243 spectroscopy (PES), 62 photofragmentation, 92 photography, 2 photoisomerization, 345 photolithography, 344 photoluminescence, 2 13 quantum dot, 230 photomultiplier, 189 photonic crystal, 4, 159, 160 air band, 163 band gap, 161, 163 dielectric band, 163 guided mode, 162 two-dimensional, 16 1 photosynthesis, 316 picometer, 7
384 INDEX pi-conjugation, 282, 292 compounds, 288 piezoelectric scanner, 54 scanning mechanism, 55 pillared clay, 273, 276 pillaring, 275 pixel, 2 plasma hot, 3 membrane, 328, 329 plasmon, 49 polarizability, 59, 344 electronic, 94 polarization, 347 circular, 347 linear, 347 polarizer, 347 polaron, 292 poliomyelitis, 3 12 polyacetylene, 294 nanoparticle, 293 polyacrylonitrile, 130 polyamine, 300 polyaminoarnine, 298, 299 dendrimer, 30 1 polyaniline, 42, 292 nanoparticles, micrograph, 43 polydiacetylene, 289, 292 polyethylene, 15 1 polyhedron, 12 polyion film, 331 polymer, 28 1, 292 brush, 158, 294 conductive, 292 conductive nanoparticles, 44 linear, 283 size, 284, 285 star, 294 thermoplastic, 336 polymerization, 283, 291, 326, 328 polypeptide, 310, 314, 324, 325 nanowire, 3 14 polypropylene, 130 polystyrene, 283 sphere, 158 p-orbital, 105 pores in zeolite, 154 porous materials, 268 porous silicon phosphorescence, 15 I positronium, 32, 33 potassium (K) azide, 3 nanoparticle, 3 potential double-well, 174, 175 well, 75, 236, 237 primary structure, 318 primitive, 10 printed circuit, 293 proline, 324, 325 propanol, 265, 266 protein, 310, 312, 315 extrinsic, 329 intrinsic, 329 globular, 3 15 synthesis, 323 Pt (platinum), 260, 272, 279 electrode, 152 Pt309 nanoparticle, 14 p-type semiconductor, 2 1, 152 pulsed laser synthesis, 100 purine, 319, 320 pyridine, 202, 276, 298 pyrimidine, 319, 320 pyrrole, 292 quantum confinement, 3 corral, 338, 339 number for spin, 167 size effect, 82 wire, 157, 226, 233 wire density of states, 243 quantum dot, 5, 157, 226, 230 array, 229-231 density of states, 243 laser, 25 1 photoluminescence, 230 size, 231 size, table, 232 tunneling, 245 quantum well, 5, 226, 228, 229, 233, 249 density of states, 243 laser, 251 preparation, 227 quaternary structure, 315, 318 radiationless transition, I96 Raman, 195, 196 active, 123, 205, 207 scattering, 203 spectroscopy, 58, 203 spectrum, electrochemical cell, 129 rare-gas nanocluster, 94 Rayleigh-Gans theory, 42
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INTRODUCTION TO NANOTECHNOLOGY Char
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CONTENTS Preface xi 1 Introduction
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5.2 Carbon Molecules 103 5.2.1 Natu
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9.4 Excitons 244 9.5 Single-Electro
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PREFACE In recent years nanotechnol
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INTRODUCTION The prefix nano in the
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INTRODUCTION 3 he recognized the ex
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1000 (I) a 900 4 800 a 900 I 6 700
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INTRODUCTION 7 developed before the
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2.1. STRUCTURE 9 mechanics, the res
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X T 2.1. STRUCTURE 11 Figure 2.4. C
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2.1. STRUCTURE 13 Figure 2.6. Thirt
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Sodium Nanoparticle Na, Magic Numbe
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2.1. STRUCTURE 17 of the large anio
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2.1. STRUCTURE 19 other, and high-f
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 21 Conduction Ban
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 23 Figure 2.13. S
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2.2. ENERGYBANDS 25 band at point T
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A X ' Wavevector A Si c z 2.2. ENER
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 29 bands of Figs.
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2.3. LOCALIZED PARTICLES 31 add ele
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1 meV 10 meV 100 meV FJ E W 1 eV 10
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3 METHODS OF MEASURING PROPERTIES 3
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3.2. STRUCTURE 37 Table 3.1. Crysta
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3.2. STRUCTURE 39 Figure 3.2. Two-d
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3.2. STRUCTURE 41 The widths of the
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44 METHODS OF MEASURING PROPERTIES
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3.3. MICROSCOPY 51 types of transit
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3.3. MICROSCOPY 53 Actual diverging
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Tunneling current Tunneling current
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3.3. MrCAOSCOPY 57 and the latter m
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3.4. SPECTROSCOPY 59 From Eq. (3.8)
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1 Average Panicle FWHM Size (nm) in
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CdSe colloidal NCs a = 1.2 nrn 3.4.
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El X-RAY TUBE 8000 - A 6000 - 4000
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2 N I w 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1 .o 0.5 3.
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i 3.4. SPECTROSCOPY 69 NMR involves
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T=220K - 2G H FURTHER READING 71 Fi
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NUMBER OF ATOMS RADIUS (nm) 1 10 1
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I L 7 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 NUMBER OF
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JELLIUM MODEL OF CLUSTERS ATOMS CLU
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1.02 { 1.01 - 1 - 0.99 - 4.2. METAL
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4.2. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 81 Figure 4
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4.2. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 83 Figure 4
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-0 100 200 300 400 500 600 MASSICHA
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a 42. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 87 Figure
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. . . .. . - . D 111111111111111111
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3 4 2.5 0 cn g 2 0 z d 1.5 t a 9 1
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4.3. SEMICONDUCTING NANOPARTICLES 9
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4.4. RARE GAS AND MOLECULAR CLUSTER
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4.5. METHODS OF SYNTHESIS 97 d Figu
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4.5. METHODS OF SYNTHESIS 99 isopro
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PULSED LASER BEAM 1 1 1 1 1 I ROTAT
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5.1. INTRODUCTION CARBON NANOSTRUCT
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5.2. CARBON MOLECULES 105 methane d
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5.3. CARBON CLUSTERS 107 -0 20 40 6
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PHOTON ENERGY (electron volts) 5.3.
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Figure 5.6. Structure of the CEO fu
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1 30 0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 LAT
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(c) 5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 115 Figur
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 1 17 The mech
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 11 9 investig
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 121 energy gr
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 123 stretch c
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5.5. APPLICATIONS OF CARBON NANOTUB
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- v) 450 : 400 3 350 1 300 : 5 250
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BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS In th
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h 8 0 6.1. SOLID DISORDERED NANOSTR
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6.1. SOLID DISORDERED NANOSTRUCTURE
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6.2. NANOSTRUCTURED CRYSTALS 153 qu
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6.2. NANOSTRUCTURED CRYSTALS 155 Fi
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158 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS 6
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160 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS w
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162 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS 0
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164 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS n
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166 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM f
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168 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM i
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170 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM M
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172 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM h
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174 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM d
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176 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM o
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4 h $ 3 7.5. NANOCARBON FERROMAGNET
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7.6. GIANT AND COLOSSAL MAGNETORESI
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1.4 N 1 1.2 z " 1 0 v 5 h 0.8 0 0.6
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7.6. GIANT AND COLOSSAL MAGNETORESI
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7.7. FERROFLUIDS 187 Figure 7.22. M
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7.7. FECIROFLUIDS 189 Figure 7.25.
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7.7. FERRQFLUlOS 191 FerroRuids can
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FURTHER READING FURTHER READING 193
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10- IR f IA -1 8.1. INTRODUCTION 19
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 197 1
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 199 d
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s C CTI e 8 9 4( 8.2. INFRARED FREQ
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8.2.3. Raman Spectroscopy 8.2. INFR
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 205 a
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- r I 520 51 8 v 6 516 a" 51 4 51 2
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 209 i
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v) - C 3 8 600 400 100 0 e e 10 20
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i E (cm-’ ) 20 c I 1 ID 0 4x107 8
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- ? m v .- - z In C a, c C - .. . .
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Excitatior I [eV]: 2.175 2.214 2.25
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6 100 200 300 Time (ns) 8.3. LUMINE
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400 nm Laser / Free excitons Trappe
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8.4. NANOSTRUCTURES IN ZEOLITE CAGE
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FURTHER READING 225 P. Milani and C
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9.2. PREPARATION OF QUANTUM NANOSTR
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i 9.2. PREPARATION OF QUANTUM NANOS
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9.3. SIZE AND DIMENSIONALITY EFFECT
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w n 3 2 1 9.3. SIZE AND DIMENSIONAL
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WE) Quantum Dot Number of Electrons
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9.5. SINGLE-ELECTRON TUNNELING 245
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9.5. SINGLE-ELECTRON TUNNELING 247
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1 pair section ;- COT. .; . . I. .
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o.6 LWIR: T = 77 K 45" incidence AD
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9.7. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 253 horizont
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9.7. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 255 applied
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 10 SELF-ASSEMBL
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 259 factor of 2
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(a) (LI (dl 10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 261
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 263 atoms, as n
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- c v) ._ C 3 2 9 40 c - .- e m v w
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10.2. CATALYSIS 267 where the lengt
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10.2. CATALYSIS 269 are also other
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1600 2 1200 t p - Bi2M020, 10.2. CA
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7 - I 2,330 m .- c r 0 2 2,300 - u)
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10.2. CATALYSIS 275 with a top and
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10.2. CATALYSIS 277 based on the pr
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10.2. CATALYSIS 279 CnHlnfl, which
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I1 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND POLYMERS 1
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11.2. FORMING AND CHARACTERIZING PO
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1 1.3. NANOCRYSTALS 285 This expres
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-1 5 0) C a, -1 1 000 300 100 30 10
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11.3. NANOCRYSTALS 289 Table 11.1.
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11.3. NANOCRYSTALS 291 R’ groups
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11.4. POLYMERS 293 Figure 11.9. Ske
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11.5. SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURES 295
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M Et3P OTf M=Pd M=Pt M=Pd, 41 % M=P
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11.5. SVPRAMOLECUUAR STRUCTURES 2s
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11 5. SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURES 303
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BiodegradaWe surface 4 Functional g
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FURTHER READING 309 F. J. Owens and
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12.2. BIOLOGICAL BUILDING BLOCKS 31
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314 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS which we w
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316 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS Table 12.2
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318 BIOLOGICAL MATERtALS i J / Flgu
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320 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS Pyrimidine
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322 BlOLMjlCAL MATERiALS (a) DNA do
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324 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS so each wo
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326 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS 12.4.2. Mi
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328 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS tions they
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330 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS hardened f
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Page 368 and 369: A.l. INTRODUCTION APPENDIX A FORMUL
Page 370 and 371: A.3. PARTIAL CONFINEMENT 359 limiti
Page 372 and 373: APPENDIX B TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDU
Page 374 and 375: TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTING MATER
Page 376 and 377: Table B.8. Effective masses m+ rela
Page 378 and 379: TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTING MATER
Page 380: TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTING MATER
Page 383 and 384: 372 INDEX amoeba, 3 16 amphiphilic,
Page 385 and 386: 374 INDEX CdS, 9, 130, 213, 216, 36
Page 387 and 388: 376 INDEX dispersion, 277 disulfide
Page 389 and 390: 378 INDEX Ga (gallium) (continued)
Page 391 and 392: 380 INDEX length (continued) critic
Page 393: 382 INDEX multiple ionization, 93 r
Page 397 and 398: silica, 269 silica-alumina, 269, 27
Page 399: 388 INDEX wavefimction (continued)
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