Introduction to Nanotechnology

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one, 324 bongo drum, 2 Bose-Einstein condensation, 95 boson, 95 bottom-up nanostructure preparation, 227 Br (bromine), 277 angle, 41 condition, 4 1 reflection, 38, 160 Bravais lattice, 9 three dimensional, 10 two dimensional, 9, 10 Bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy (BIS), 64 bright field image, 48, 49 Brillouin scattering, 61, 203, 210 spectra and particle size, 213 spectroscopy, 2 10 spectrum, 2 10, 2 1 1 Brillouin zone, 20 figure, 23 GaAs, 23 symmetry lines, 23, 24 symmetry points, 23, 24, 28 two dimensional, 22, 23 brittle fracture, 137 brittle-to-ductile transition, 138 Brernsted acid, 270, 276 site, 272 Brownian motion, 277 Brunauer-Emmett-Teller adsorption isotherm, 269 brush polymer, 15 8 buckyball, 1 13 bulk nanostructure, 133 chill block melt fabrication, 136 electrodeposition fabrication, 137 gas atomization fabrication, 137 gas deposition fabrication, 137 materials, 133 bulk-to-nano transition, 88 butadiene, 282 butanol, 265, 266 l3C, 199 in fidlerene, 109 nuclear magnetic resonance, 69 c20, 11 3 c22, 113 c60, 45 alkali doped, 1 1 &I 12 INDEX 373 crystal, 110 crystal unit cell, 111 discovery, 107 infrared spectrum, 108, 109 mass spectrum, 107 nuclear magnetic resonance singlet, 69, 70 soccer ball structure, 1 11 superconductivity, 1 12 C70, 45, 113 mass spectrum, 107 rugby ball shaped, nuclear magnetic resonance, 69 c76, 45, 113 c781 45 CSO, 113 c82, 45 c84, 113 calcium carbonate, CaC03, 1, 281 cantilever, 334, 335 bimorph actuator, 339 nanosize, 344 oscillation, 345 tip, 341 capacitance, interparticle, 248 capacitor, 246, 247 carbon (C) chemical bond, 103, 104, 106 cluster, 106 clusters, figure, 108 glassy, 209 nanostructure, 103, 106 carbonate, 1, 281 carrier density figure, 26 GaAs, 29 Ge, 29 Si, 29 cartilage, 324 catalysis. 257, 264 definition, 129 heterogeneous, 264 homogeneous, 264 reactivity, 3 7 catalyst, 198, 227, 300 Co, 298 pillard, 277 catenane, 347, 348 cathedral windows, 1 cathodoluminescence, 153 cationic, 326 Cd (cadmium) superconductor, 254 CdAS4, 223 CdO, 130
374 INDEX CdS, 9, 130, 213, 216, 361 fluorescence, 2 16-22 1 glow peak, 221, 222 in zeolite cages, 221 nanocrystal. 285 photoluminescence, 224 thermoluminescence, 224 CdSe absorption edge, 90 colloidal, 61 fluorescence, 2 15, 2 17 nanocrystal, 285 nanoparticle size dependence of energy gap, 64 optical spectrum, 63. 90, 91 quantum dot, 214, 216 cellulose acetate, 2 center deep, 31 shallow, 31 CH4 methane, 104, 105, 282 CaH8 cubane, 97 C2oH20 dodecahedron, 105, 106 charcoal, 209 charge coupled device, 195 Cz0HBi-13, 1 13 chemical bond carbon, 103-106 wavefunction, 17 chemical sensor, 128 chemical shift, 270 chemochromic, 293 chill block melt spinning, 136 chip, 127, 333 Intel, Pentium, 127 chirality, 1 18 chlorophyll, 3 15 chloroplast, 3 16 cholesterol, 315, 328, 329 chromatin, 320, 322 chromatographic column, 46 chromatography, 45 chromophor, 300 chromosome, 3 16, 32 1 circular well, 239, 240 circumferential vector, 1 17 C1 (chlorine), 11, 277 clay, 273, 274 cluster array, 143, 145 cluster, water, 96, 97 CO carbon monoxide, 198, 281 infrared spectrum, 198, 199 C02 carbon dioxide, 198, 281 cluster, 97 infrared spectrum, 198, 199 Co (cobalt) catalyst, 298 nanoparticle, 182 nanoparticle magnetoresistance, 184 c0304, 270 code word, 323 coding strand, 322 codon, 317, 325 coercive field 170 particle size dependence, 173 coherence length, 254 coke, 209, 277 collagen, 3 11, 324 colloid, 3, 279, 280 solution, 143 color of nanocluster, 82 colossal magnetoresistance, 18 1-1 85 compact disk (CD), 5 complementary strand, 3 19, 322 computer switch, 6 concentration of electrons, intrinsic, 3 1 conductance, 147 differential, 1 19 quantization, 4 conduction band, 20 figure, 21 conduction electron content, table, 233 electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum, 100 conductive polymer, 292. 293 conductivity electrical, 22 electrical, temperature dependence, 22 confinement dimensions, table, 234 electron, 157 partial, 241, 358 quantum, 3 conformation change, 351 controlling electrode, 246 Cooper pair, 254 copolymer, 293, 294, 306 block, 293 electron paramagnetic resonance, 306, 308 cordierite, 2 12, 2 13 cornea of eye, 324 Cotton--Mouton effect, 189 Coulomb attraction, exciton, 90 blockade, 121, 157, 233, 247, 255 blockade, quantum dot, 71 charging energy, 247
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INTRODUCTION TO NANOTECHNOLOGY Char
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CONTENTS Preface xi 1 Introduction
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5.2 Carbon Molecules 103 5.2.1 Natu
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9.4 Excitons 244 9.5 Single-Electro
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PREFACE In recent years nanotechnol
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INTRODUCTION The prefix nano in the
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INTRODUCTION 3 he recognized the ex
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1000 (I) a 900 4 800 a 900 I 6 700
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INTRODUCTION 7 developed before the
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2.1. STRUCTURE 9 mechanics, the res
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X T 2.1. STRUCTURE 11 Figure 2.4. C
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2.1. STRUCTURE 13 Figure 2.6. Thirt
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Sodium Nanoparticle Na, Magic Numbe
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2.1. STRUCTURE 17 of the large anio
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2.1. STRUCTURE 19 other, and high-f
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 21 Conduction Ban
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 23 Figure 2.13. S
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2.2. ENERGYBANDS 25 band at point T
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A X ' Wavevector A Si c z 2.2. ENER
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 29 bands of Figs.
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2.3. LOCALIZED PARTICLES 31 add ele
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1 meV 10 meV 100 meV FJ E W 1 eV 10
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3 METHODS OF MEASURING PROPERTIES 3
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3.2. STRUCTURE 37 Table 3.1. Crysta
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3.2. STRUCTURE 39 Figure 3.2. Two-d
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3.2. STRUCTURE 41 The widths of the
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44 METHODS OF MEASURING PROPERTIES
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3.3. MICROSCOPY 51 types of transit
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3.3. MICROSCOPY 53 Actual diverging
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Tunneling current Tunneling current
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3.3. MrCAOSCOPY 57 and the latter m
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3.4. SPECTROSCOPY 59 From Eq. (3.8)
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1 Average Panicle FWHM Size (nm) in
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CdSe colloidal NCs a = 1.2 nrn 3.4.
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El X-RAY TUBE 8000 - A 6000 - 4000
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2 N I w 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1 .o 0.5 3.
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i 3.4. SPECTROSCOPY 69 NMR involves
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T=220K - 2G H FURTHER READING 71 Fi
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NUMBER OF ATOMS RADIUS (nm) 1 10 1
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I L 7 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 NUMBER OF
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JELLIUM MODEL OF CLUSTERS ATOMS CLU
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1.02 { 1.01 - 1 - 0.99 - 4.2. METAL
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4.2. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 81 Figure 4
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4.2. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 83 Figure 4
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-0 100 200 300 400 500 600 MASSICHA
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a 42. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 87 Figure
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. . . .. . - . D 111111111111111111
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3 4 2.5 0 cn g 2 0 z d 1.5 t a 9 1
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4.3. SEMICONDUCTING NANOPARTICLES 9
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4.4. RARE GAS AND MOLECULAR CLUSTER
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4.5. METHODS OF SYNTHESIS 97 d Figu
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4.5. METHODS OF SYNTHESIS 99 isopro
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PULSED LASER BEAM 1 1 1 1 1 I ROTAT
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5.1. INTRODUCTION CARBON NANOSTRUCT
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5.2. CARBON MOLECULES 105 methane d
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5.3. CARBON CLUSTERS 107 -0 20 40 6
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PHOTON ENERGY (electron volts) 5.3.
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Figure 5.6. Structure of the CEO fu
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1 30 0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 LAT
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(c) 5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 115 Figur
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 1 17 The mech
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 11 9 investig
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 121 energy gr
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 123 stretch c
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5.5. APPLICATIONS OF CARBON NANOTUB
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- v) 450 : 400 3 350 1 300 : 5 250
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BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS In th
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h 8 0 6.1. SOLID DISORDERED NANOSTR
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6.1. SOLID DISORDERED NANOSTRUCTURE
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6.2. NANOSTRUCTURED CRYSTALS 153 qu
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6.2. NANOSTRUCTURED CRYSTALS 155 Fi
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158 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS 6
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160 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS w
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162 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS 0
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164 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS n
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166 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM f
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168 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM i
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170 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM M
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172 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM h
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174 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM d
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176 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM o
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4 h $ 3 7.5. NANOCARBON FERROMAGNET
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7.6. GIANT AND COLOSSAL MAGNETORESI
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1.4 N 1 1.2 z " 1 0 v 5 h 0.8 0 0.6
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7.6. GIANT AND COLOSSAL MAGNETORESI
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7.7. FERROFLUIDS 187 Figure 7.22. M
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7.7. FECIROFLUIDS 189 Figure 7.25.
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7.7. FERRQFLUlOS 191 FerroRuids can
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FURTHER READING FURTHER READING 193
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10- IR f IA -1 8.1. INTRODUCTION 19
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 197 1
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 199 d
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s C CTI e 8 9 4( 8.2. INFRARED FREQ
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8.2.3. Raman Spectroscopy 8.2. INFR
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 205 a
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- r I 520 51 8 v 6 516 a" 51 4 51 2
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 209 i
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v) - C 3 8 600 400 100 0 e e 10 20
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i E (cm-’ ) 20 c I 1 ID 0 4x107 8
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- ? m v .- - z In C a, c C - .. . .
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Excitatior I [eV]: 2.175 2.214 2.25
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6 100 200 300 Time (ns) 8.3. LUMINE
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400 nm Laser / Free excitons Trappe
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8.4. NANOSTRUCTURES IN ZEOLITE CAGE
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FURTHER READING 225 P. Milani and C
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9.2. PREPARATION OF QUANTUM NANOSTR
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i 9.2. PREPARATION OF QUANTUM NANOS
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9.3. SIZE AND DIMENSIONALITY EFFECT
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w n 3 2 1 9.3. SIZE AND DIMENSIONAL
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WE) Quantum Dot Number of Electrons
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9.5. SINGLE-ELECTRON TUNNELING 245
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9.5. SINGLE-ELECTRON TUNNELING 247
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1 pair section ;- COT. .; . . I. .
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o.6 LWIR: T = 77 K 45" incidence AD
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9.7. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 253 horizont
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9.7. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 255 applied
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 10 SELF-ASSEMBL
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 259 factor of 2
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(a) (LI (dl 10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 261
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 263 atoms, as n
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- c v) ._ C 3 2 9 40 c - .- e m v w
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10.2. CATALYSIS 267 where the lengt
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10.2. CATALYSIS 269 are also other
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1600 2 1200 t p - Bi2M020, 10.2. CA
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7 - I 2,330 m .- c r 0 2 2,300 - u)
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10.2. CATALYSIS 275 with a top and
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10.2. CATALYSIS 277 based on the pr
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10.2. CATALYSIS 279 CnHlnfl, which
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I1 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND POLYMERS 1
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11.2. FORMING AND CHARACTERIZING PO
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1 1.3. NANOCRYSTALS 285 This expres
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-1 5 0) C a, -1 1 000 300 100 30 10
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11.3. NANOCRYSTALS 289 Table 11.1.
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11.3. NANOCRYSTALS 291 R’ groups
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11.4. POLYMERS 293 Figure 11.9. Ske
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11.5. SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURES 295
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M Et3P OTf M=Pd M=Pt M=Pd, 41 % M=P
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11.5. SVPRAMOLECUUAR STRUCTURES 2s
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11 5. SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURES 303
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BiodegradaWe surface 4 Functional g
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FURTHER READING 309 F. J. Owens and
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12.2. BIOLOGICAL BUILDING BLOCKS 31
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314 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS which we w
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316 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS Table 12.2
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318 BIOLOGICAL MATERtALS i J / Flgu
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320 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS Pyrimidine
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Page 343 and 344: 13 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES In
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Page 368 and 369: A.l. INTRODUCTION APPENDIX A FORMUL
Page 370 and 371: A.3. PARTIAL CONFINEMENT 359 limiti
Page 372 and 373: APPENDIX B TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDU
Page 374 and 375: TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTING MATER
Page 376 and 377: Table B.8. Effective masses m+ rela
Page 378 and 379: TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTING MATER
Page 380: TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTING MATER
Page 383: 372 INDEX amoeba, 3 16 amphiphilic,
Page 387 and 388: 376 INDEX dispersion, 277 disulfide
Page 389 and 390: 378 INDEX Ga (gallium) (continued)
Page 391 and 392: 380 INDEX length (continued) critic
Page 393 and 394: 382 INDEX multiple ionization, 93 r
Page 395 and 396: 384 INDEX pi-conjugation, 282, 292
Page 397 and 398: silica, 269 silica-alumina, 269, 27
Page 399: 388 INDEX wavefimction (continued)
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