Introduction to Nanotechnology

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6 100 200 300 Time (ns) 8.3. LUMINESCENCE 219 Figure 8.30. Decay curves for exciton fluorescence of CdS nanoparticles (sample II of Fig 8.28). [From A. Eychmuller et al., Ber Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem. 95, 79 (1991).] Figure 8.31. Decay curves for the trapped fluorescence of CdS nanoparticles (sample I1 of Fig 8.28). [From A. Eychmuller et al., Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem. 95, 79 (1991).]
220 OPTICAL AND VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY luminescence spectra at various times during the early stages of the emission process, and the results are presented in Fig. 8.32. The four spectra at the top of the figure cover the timespan from 0.05 to 1 ns, and they demonstrate that there is a gradual shift of the -556nm spectral line peak toward longer wavelengths during the first nanosecond of the emission, with the spectral features remaining stable during the remainder of the decay. The initial extremely fast component of the decay, for times less than 0.05 ns, arises from resonant emission, and the subsequent fast component that underwent the wavelength shift A1 - 2 nm shown in Fig. 8.32 was attributed to longitudinal optical (LO) phonon vibrations. The model sketched in Fig. 8.33 has been proposed to explain these results. The initial 400-nm laser excitation produces electron-hole pairs that either form free excitons or become trapped at surface states. Some of the free excitons decay rapidly by the emission of a - 1.87-eV photon, and others quickly become trapped and then decay almost as rapidly with the emission of a 1.85-eV photon. The electron-hole pairs trapped at surface states decay much more slowly, either radiatively by the emission of photons in the range from 1.77 to 1.83 eV, or nonradiatively. The rapid decays occur over a picosecond timescale, and the slower decays over a nanosecond timescale. This model provides a reasonable explanation of the dynamics of the nanoparticle luminescence that we have been discussing. 550 555 560 565 570 Wavelength (nm) Figure 8.32. Time resolved CdS luminescence spectra of the 75cm-’ shift toward longer wavelengths of the 556-nm line during the first nanosecond after the onset of the emission. The excitation was at the wavelength I = 549 nm. The intensities of the spectra were adjusted to facilitate lineshape comparison. [From M. G. Bawendi, P. J. Carroll, W. L. Wilson, and E. L. Brus, J. Chern. Phys. 96, 946 (1 992).]
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INTRODUCTION TO NANOTECHNOLOGY Char
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CONTENTS Preface xi 1 Introduction
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5.2 Carbon Molecules 103 5.2.1 Natu
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9.4 Excitons 244 9.5 Single-Electro
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PREFACE In recent years nanotechnol
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INTRODUCTION The prefix nano in the
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INTRODUCTION 3 he recognized the ex
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1000 (I) a 900 4 800 a 900 I 6 700
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INTRODUCTION 7 developed before the
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2.1. STRUCTURE 9 mechanics, the res
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X T 2.1. STRUCTURE 11 Figure 2.4. C
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2.1. STRUCTURE 13 Figure 2.6. Thirt
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Sodium Nanoparticle Na, Magic Numbe
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2.1. STRUCTURE 17 of the large anio
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2.1. STRUCTURE 19 other, and high-f
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 21 Conduction Ban
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 23 Figure 2.13. S
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2.2. ENERGYBANDS 25 band at point T
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A X ' Wavevector A Si c z 2.2. ENER
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 29 bands of Figs.
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2.3. LOCALIZED PARTICLES 31 add ele
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1 meV 10 meV 100 meV FJ E W 1 eV 10
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3 METHODS OF MEASURING PROPERTIES 3
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3.2. STRUCTURE 37 Table 3.1. Crysta
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3.2. STRUCTURE 39 Figure 3.2. Two-d
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3.2. STRUCTURE 41 The widths of the
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44 METHODS OF MEASURING PROPERTIES
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3.3. MICROSCOPY 51 types of transit
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3.3. MICROSCOPY 53 Actual diverging
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Tunneling current Tunneling current
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3.3. MrCAOSCOPY 57 and the latter m
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3.4. SPECTROSCOPY 59 From Eq. (3.8)
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1 Average Panicle FWHM Size (nm) in
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CdSe colloidal NCs a = 1.2 nrn 3.4.
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El X-RAY TUBE 8000 - A 6000 - 4000
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2 N I w 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1 .o 0.5 3.
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i 3.4. SPECTROSCOPY 69 NMR involves
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T=220K - 2G H FURTHER READING 71 Fi
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NUMBER OF ATOMS RADIUS (nm) 1 10 1
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I L 7 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 NUMBER OF
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JELLIUM MODEL OF CLUSTERS ATOMS CLU
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1.02 { 1.01 - 1 - 0.99 - 4.2. METAL
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4.2. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 81 Figure 4
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4.2. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 83 Figure 4
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-0 100 200 300 400 500 600 MASSICHA
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a 42. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 87 Figure
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. . . .. . - . D 111111111111111111
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3 4 2.5 0 cn g 2 0 z d 1.5 t a 9 1
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4.3. SEMICONDUCTING NANOPARTICLES 9
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4.4. RARE GAS AND MOLECULAR CLUSTER
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4.5. METHODS OF SYNTHESIS 97 d Figu
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4.5. METHODS OF SYNTHESIS 99 isopro
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PULSED LASER BEAM 1 1 1 1 1 I ROTAT
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5.1. INTRODUCTION CARBON NANOSTRUCT
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5.2. CARBON MOLECULES 105 methane d
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5.3. CARBON CLUSTERS 107 -0 20 40 6
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PHOTON ENERGY (electron volts) 5.3.
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Figure 5.6. Structure of the CEO fu
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1 30 0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 LAT
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(c) 5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 115 Figur
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 1 17 The mech
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 11 9 investig
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 121 energy gr
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5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 123 stretch c
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5.5. APPLICATIONS OF CARBON NANOTUB
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- v) 450 : 400 3 350 1 300 : 5 250
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BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS In th
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h 8 0 6.1. SOLID DISORDERED NANOSTR
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6.1. SOLID DISORDERED NANOSTRUCTURE
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6.2. NANOSTRUCTURED CRYSTALS 153 qu
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6.2. NANOSTRUCTURED CRYSTALS 155 Fi
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158 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS 6
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160 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS w
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162 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS 0
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164 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS n
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166 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM f
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Page 181 and 182: 170 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM M
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Page 190 and 191: 4 h $ 3 7.5. NANOCARBON FERROMAGNET
Page 192 and 193: 7.6. GIANT AND COLOSSAL MAGNETORESI
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Page 196 and 197: 7.6. GIANT AND COLOSSAL MAGNETORESI
Page 198 and 199: 7.7. FERROFLUIDS 187 Figure 7.22. M
Page 200 and 201: 7.7. FECIROFLUIDS 189 Figure 7.25.
Page 202 and 203: 7.7. FERRQFLUlOS 191 FerroRuids can
Page 204 and 205: FURTHER READING FURTHER READING 193
Page 206 and 207: 10- IR f IA -1 8.1. INTRODUCTION 19
Page 208 and 209: 8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 197 1
Page 210 and 211: 8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 199 d
Page 212 and 213: s C CTI e 8 9 4( 8.2. INFRARED FREQ
Page 214 and 215: 8.2.3. Raman Spectroscopy 8.2. INFR
Page 216 and 217: 8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 205 a
Page 218 and 219: - r I 520 51 8 v 6 516 a" 51 4 51 2
Page 220 and 221: 8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 209 i
Page 222 and 223: v) - C 3 8 600 400 100 0 e e 10 20
Page 224 and 225: i E (cm-’ ) 20 c I 1 ID 0 4x107 8
Page 226 and 227: - ? m v .- - z In C a, c C - .. . .
Page 228 and 229: Excitatior I [eV]: 2.175 2.214 2.25
Page 232 and 233: 400 nm Laser / Free excitons Trappe
Page 234 and 235: 8.4. NANOSTRUCTURES IN ZEOLITE CAGE
Page 236 and 237: FURTHER READING 225 P. Milani and C
Page 238 and 239: 9.2. PREPARATION OF QUANTUM NANOSTR
Page 240 and 241: i 9.2. PREPARATION OF QUANTUM NANOS
Page 242 and 243: 9.3. SIZE AND DIMENSIONALITY EFFECT
Page 248 and 249: w n 3 2 1 9.3. SIZE AND DIMENSIONAL
Page 254 and 255: WE) Quantum Dot Number of Electrons
Page 256 and 257: 9.5. SINGLE-ELECTRON TUNNELING 245
Page 258 and 259: 9.5. SINGLE-ELECTRON TUNNELING 247
Page 260 and 261: 1 pair section ;- COT. .; . . I. .
Page 262 and 263: o.6 LWIR: T = 77 K 45" incidence AD
Page 264 and 265: 9.7. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 253 horizont
Page 266 and 267: 9.7. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 255 applied
Page 268 and 269: 10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 10 SELF-ASSEMBL
Page 270 and 271: 10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 259 factor of 2
Page 272 and 273: (a) (LI (dl 10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 261
Page 274 and 275: 10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 263 atoms, as n
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Page 278 and 279: 10.2. CATALYSIS 267 where the lengt
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10.2. CATALYSIS 269 are also other
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1600 2 1200 t p - Bi2M020, 10.2. CA
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7 - I 2,330 m .- c r 0 2 2,300 - u)
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10.2. CATALYSIS 275 with a top and
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10.2. CATALYSIS 277 based on the pr
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10.2. CATALYSIS 279 CnHlnfl, which
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I1 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND POLYMERS 1
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11.2. FORMING AND CHARACTERIZING PO
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1 1.3. NANOCRYSTALS 285 This expres
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-1 5 0) C a, -1 1 000 300 100 30 10
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11.3. NANOCRYSTALS 289 Table 11.1.
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11.3. NANOCRYSTALS 291 R’ groups
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11.4. POLYMERS 293 Figure 11.9. Ske
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11.5. SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURES 295
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M Et3P OTf M=Pd M=Pt M=Pd, 41 % M=P
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11.5. SVPRAMOLECUUAR STRUCTURES 2s
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11 5. SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURES 303
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BiodegradaWe surface 4 Functional g
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FURTHER READING 309 F. J. Owens and
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12.2. BIOLOGICAL BUILDING BLOCKS 31
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314 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS which we w
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316 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS Table 12.2
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318 BIOLOGICAL MATERtALS i J / Flgu
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320 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS Pyrimidine
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322 BlOLMjlCAL MATERiALS (a) DNA do
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324 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS so each wo
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326 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS 12.4.2. Mi
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328 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS tions they
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330 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS hardened f
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13 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES In
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334 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES CA
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336 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES Op
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338 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES ti
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340 NANOMACHINES AN0 NANODEVICES PO
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342 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES X
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344 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES na
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346 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES 31
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348 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES -
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350 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES re
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352 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES 1
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354 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES -1
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A.l. INTRODUCTION APPENDIX A FORMUL
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A.3. PARTIAL CONFINEMENT 359 limiti
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APPENDIX B TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDU
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TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTING MATER
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Table B.8. Effective masses m+ rela
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372 INDEX amoeba, 3 16 amphiphilic,
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374 INDEX CdS, 9, 130, 213, 216, 36
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376 INDEX dispersion, 277 disulfide
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378 INDEX Ga (gallium) (continued)
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380 INDEX length (continued) critic
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382 INDEX multiple ionization, 93 r
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384 INDEX pi-conjugation, 282, 292
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silica, 269 silica-alumina, 269, 27
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388 INDEX wavefimction (continued)
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