Introduction to Nanotechnology

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6.1. SOLID DISORDERED NANOSTRUCTURES 143 network is made by taking the gold particles in the form of an aerosol spray and subjecting them to a fine mist of a thiol such as dodecanethiol RSH, where R is CI2H2=,. These alkyl thiols have an end group -SH that can attach to a methyl -CH3, and a methylene chain 8-12 units long that provides steric repulsion between the chains. The chainlike molecules radiate out from the particle. The encapsulated gold particles are stable in aliphatic solvents such as hexane. However, the addition of a small amount of dithiol to the solution causes the formation of a three- dimensional cluster network that precipitates out of the solution. Clusters of particles can also be deposited on flat surfaces once the colloidal solution of encapsulated nanoparticles has been formed. In-plane electronic conduction has been measured in two-dimensional arrays of 500-nm gold nanoparticles connected or linked to each other by conjugated organic molecules. A lithographically fabricated device allow- ing electrical measurements of such an array is illustrated in Fig. 6.12. Figure 6.13 gives a measurement of the current versus voltage for a chain without (line a) and with (line b) linkage by a conjugated molecule. Figure 6.14 gives the results of a measurement of a linked cluster at a number of different temperatures. The conductance G, which is defined as the ratio of the current I, to the voltage is the reciprocal of the resistance: R = V/I= 1/G. The data in Fig. 6.13 show that linking the gold nanoparticles substantially increases the conductance. The temperature dependence of the low-voltage conductance is given by (6.2) where E is the activation energy. The conduction process for this system can be modeled by a hexagonal array of single-crystal gold clusters linked by resistors, which are the connecting molecules, as illustrated in Fig. 6.15. The mechanism of IMetal contactsA ........................... ........................... .......................... ......................... ........................ ........................ ....................... ................. ................. / t w Cluster array ............................ ........................... .......................... F ......................... ......................... ........................ ....................... ...................... .......... \ :I ................... : : :: : :WI If I .................. i_r ................. ................ ............... .............. ............. ............. ............ .......... Figure 6.12. Cross-sectional view of a lithographically fabricated device to measure the electrical conductivity in a two-dimensional array of gold nanoparticles linked by molecules. (With permission from R. P Andres et al., in Handbook of Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology, H. S. Nalwa, ed., Academic Press, San Diego, 2000, Vol. 3, Chapter 4, p. 217.
144 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS Figure 6.13. Room-temperature current-voltage relationship for a two-dimensional cluster array: without linkage (line a) and with the particles linked by a (CN)2C18H12 molecule (line b). [Adapted from D. James et al., Superlaff. Microsfruct. 18, 275 (1995).] 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 2 1.2 I- E 1 a: 5 0.8 0 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 VOLTAGE (V) 3 4 Figure 6.14. Measured current-voltage relationship for a two-dimensional linked cluster array at the temperatures of 85, 140, and 180K. [Adapted from D. James et al., Superlaff. Microsfrucf. 18, 275 (1995).]
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INTRODUCTION TO NANOTECHNOLOGY Char
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CONTENTS Preface xi 1 Introduction
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5.2 Carbon Molecules 103 5.2.1 Natu
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9.4 Excitons 244 9.5 Single-Electro
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PREFACE In recent years nanotechnol
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INTRODUCTION The prefix nano in the
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INTRODUCTION 3 he recognized the ex
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1000 (I) a 900 4 800 a 900 I 6 700
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INTRODUCTION 7 developed before the
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2.1. STRUCTURE 9 mechanics, the res
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X T 2.1. STRUCTURE 11 Figure 2.4. C
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2.1. STRUCTURE 13 Figure 2.6. Thirt
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Sodium Nanoparticle Na, Magic Numbe
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2.1. STRUCTURE 17 of the large anio
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2.1. STRUCTURE 19 other, and high-f
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 21 Conduction Ban
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 23 Figure 2.13. S
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2.2. ENERGYBANDS 25 band at point T
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A X ' Wavevector A Si c z 2.2. ENER
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 29 bands of Figs.
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2.3. LOCALIZED PARTICLES 31 add ele
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1 meV 10 meV 100 meV FJ E W 1 eV 10
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3 METHODS OF MEASURING PROPERTIES 3
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3.2. STRUCTURE 37 Table 3.1. Crysta
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3.2. STRUCTURE 39 Figure 3.2. Two-d
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3.2. STRUCTURE 41 The widths of the
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44 METHODS OF MEASURING PROPERTIES
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3.3. MICROSCOPY 51 types of transit
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3.3. MICROSCOPY 53 Actual diverging
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Tunneling current Tunneling current
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3.3. MrCAOSCOPY 57 and the latter m
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3.4. SPECTROSCOPY 59 From Eq. (3.8)
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1 Average Panicle FWHM Size (nm) in
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CdSe colloidal NCs a = 1.2 nrn 3.4.
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El X-RAY TUBE 8000 - A 6000 - 4000
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2 N I w 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1 .o 0.5 3.
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i 3.4. SPECTROSCOPY 69 NMR involves
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T=220K - 2G H FURTHER READING 71 Fi
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NUMBER OF ATOMS RADIUS (nm) 1 10 1
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I L 7 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 NUMBER OF
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JELLIUM MODEL OF CLUSTERS ATOMS CLU
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1.02 { 1.01 - 1 - 0.99 - 4.2. METAL
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4.2. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 81 Figure 4
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4.2. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 83 Figure 4
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-0 100 200 300 400 500 600 MASSICHA
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a 42. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 87 Figure
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. . . .. . - . D 111111111111111111
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3 4 2.5 0 cn g 2 0 z d 1.5 t a 9 1
Page 104 and 105: 4.3. SEMICONDUCTING NANOPARTICLES 9
Page 106 and 107: 4.4. RARE GAS AND MOLECULAR CLUSTER
Page 108 and 109: 4.5. METHODS OF SYNTHESIS 97 d Figu
Page 110 and 111: 4.5. METHODS OF SYNTHESIS 99 isopro
Page 112 and 113: PULSED LASER BEAM 1 1 1 1 1 I ROTAT
Page 114 and 115: 5.1. INTRODUCTION CARBON NANOSTRUCT
Page 116 and 117: 5.2. CARBON MOLECULES 105 methane d
Page 118 and 119: 5.3. CARBON CLUSTERS 107 -0 20 40 6
Page 120 and 121: PHOTON ENERGY (electron volts) 5.3.
Page 122 and 123: Figure 5.6. Structure of the CEO fu
Page 124 and 125: 1 30 0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 LAT
Page 126 and 127: (c) 5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 115 Figur
Page 128 and 129: 5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 1 17 The mech
Page 130 and 131: 5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 11 9 investig
Page 132 and 133: 5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 121 energy gr
Page 134 and 135: 5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 123 stretch c
Page 136 and 137: 5.5. APPLICATIONS OF CARBON NANOTUB
Page 140 and 141: - v) 450 : 400 3 350 1 300 : 5 250
Page 144 and 145: BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS In th
Page 146 and 147: h 8 0 6.1. SOLID DISORDERED NANOSTR
Page 148 and 149: 6.1. SOLID DISORDERED NANOSTRUCTURE
Page 164 and 165: 6.2. NANOSTRUCTURED CRYSTALS 153 qu
Page 166: 6.2. NANOSTRUCTURED CRYSTALS 155 Fi
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Page 177 and 178: 166 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM f
Page 179 and 180: 168 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM i
Page 181 and 182: 170 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM M
Page 183 and 184: 172 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM h
Page 185 and 186: 174 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM d
Page 187 and 188: 176 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM o
Page 190 and 191: 4 h $ 3 7.5. NANOCARBON FERROMAGNET
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Page 198 and 199: 7.7. FERROFLUIDS 187 Figure 7.22. M
Page 200 and 201: 7.7. FECIROFLUIDS 189 Figure 7.25.
Page 202 and 203: 7.7. FERRQFLUlOS 191 FerroRuids can
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FURTHER READING FURTHER READING 193
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10- IR f IA -1 8.1. INTRODUCTION 19
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 197 1
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 199 d
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s C CTI e 8 9 4( 8.2. INFRARED FREQ
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8.2.3. Raman Spectroscopy 8.2. INFR
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 205 a
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- r I 520 51 8 v 6 516 a" 51 4 51 2
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 209 i
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v) - C 3 8 600 400 100 0 e e 10 20
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i E (cm-’ ) 20 c I 1 ID 0 4x107 8
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- ? m v .- - z In C a, c C - .. . .
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Excitatior I [eV]: 2.175 2.214 2.25
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6 100 200 300 Time (ns) 8.3. LUMINE
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400 nm Laser / Free excitons Trappe
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8.4. NANOSTRUCTURES IN ZEOLITE CAGE
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FURTHER READING 225 P. Milani and C
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9.2. PREPARATION OF QUANTUM NANOSTR
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i 9.2. PREPARATION OF QUANTUM NANOS
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9.3. SIZE AND DIMENSIONALITY EFFECT
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w n 3 2 1 9.3. SIZE AND DIMENSIONAL
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WE) Quantum Dot Number of Electrons
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9.5. SINGLE-ELECTRON TUNNELING 245
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9.5. SINGLE-ELECTRON TUNNELING 247
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1 pair section ;- COT. .; . . I. .
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o.6 LWIR: T = 77 K 45" incidence AD
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9.7. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 253 horizont
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9.7. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 255 applied
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 10 SELF-ASSEMBL
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 259 factor of 2
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(a) (LI (dl 10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 261
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 263 atoms, as n
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- c v) ._ C 3 2 9 40 c - .- e m v w
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10.2. CATALYSIS 267 where the lengt
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10.2. CATALYSIS 269 are also other
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1600 2 1200 t p - Bi2M020, 10.2. CA
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7 - I 2,330 m .- c r 0 2 2,300 - u)
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10.2. CATALYSIS 275 with a top and
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10.2. CATALYSIS 277 based on the pr
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10.2. CATALYSIS 279 CnHlnfl, which
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I1 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND POLYMERS 1
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11.2. FORMING AND CHARACTERIZING PO
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1 1.3. NANOCRYSTALS 285 This expres
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-1 5 0) C a, -1 1 000 300 100 30 10
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11.3. NANOCRYSTALS 289 Table 11.1.
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11.3. NANOCRYSTALS 291 R’ groups
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11.4. POLYMERS 293 Figure 11.9. Ske
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11.5. SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURES 295
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M Et3P OTf M=Pd M=Pt M=Pd, 41 % M=P
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11.5. SVPRAMOLECUUAR STRUCTURES 2s
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11 5. SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURES 303
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BiodegradaWe surface 4 Functional g
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FURTHER READING 309 F. J. Owens and
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12.2. BIOLOGICAL BUILDING BLOCKS 31
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314 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS which we w
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316 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS Table 12.2
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318 BIOLOGICAL MATERtALS i J / Flgu
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320 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS Pyrimidine
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322 BlOLMjlCAL MATERiALS (a) DNA do
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324 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS so each wo
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326 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS 12.4.2. Mi
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328 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS tions they
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330 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS hardened f
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13 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES In
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334 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES CA
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336 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES Op
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338 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES ti
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340 NANOMACHINES AN0 NANODEVICES PO
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342 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES X
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344 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES na
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346 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES 31
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348 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES -
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350 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES re
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352 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES 1
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354 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES -1
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A.l. INTRODUCTION APPENDIX A FORMUL
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A.3. PARTIAL CONFINEMENT 359 limiti
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APPENDIX B TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDU
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TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTING MATER
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Table B.8. Effective masses m+ rela
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372 INDEX amoeba, 3 16 amphiphilic,
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374 INDEX CdS, 9, 130, 213, 216, 36
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376 INDEX dispersion, 277 disulfide
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378 INDEX Ga (gallium) (continued)
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380 INDEX length (continued) critic
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382 INDEX multiple ionization, 93 r
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384 INDEX pi-conjugation, 282, 292
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silica, 269 silica-alumina, 269, 27
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388 INDEX wavefimction (continued)
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