Introduction to Nanotechnology

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(c) 5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 115 Figure 5.11. Illustration of some possible structures of carbon nanotubes, depending on how graphite sheets are rolled: (a) armchair structure; (b) zigzag structure; (c) chiral structure. target are heated to 1200°C. Contained in the tube, but somewhat outside the furnace, is a water-cooled copper collector. The graphite target contains small amounts of cobalt and nickel that act as catalytic nucleation sites for the formation of the tubes. An intense pulsed laser beam is incident on the target, evaporating carbon from the graphite. The argon then sweeps the carbon atoms from the high- temperature zone to the colder copper collector on which they condense into nanotubes. Tubes 10-20 nm in diameter and 100 pm long can be made by this method. Nanotubes can also be synthesized using a carbon arc. A potential of 20-25 V is applied across carbon electrodes of 5-20 pm diameter and separated by 1 nun at 500 torr pressure of flowing helium. Carbon atoms are ejected from the positive electrode and form nanotubes on the negative electrode. As the tubes form, the length of the positive electrode decreases, and a carbon deposit forms on the negative electrode. To produce single-walled nanotubes, a small amount of cobalt, nickel, or iron is incorporated as a catalyst in the central region of the positive electrode. If no catalysts are used, the tubes are nested or multiwalled types (MWNT), which are nanotubes within nanotubes, as illustrated in Fig. 5.13. The carbon arc method can produce single-walled nanotubes of diameters 1-5 nm with a length of 1 pm.
116 CARBON NANOSTRUCTURES FURNACE I WATER COOLED I COPPER COLLECTOR LASER I I I I I I I I I I I ARGON GAS I GRAPHITE TARGET I \ \ \ \ \ \ , I I I QUARTZ TUBE Figure 5.12. Experimental arrangement for synthesizing carbon nanotubes by laser evapora- tion. The chemical vapor deposition method involves decomposing a hydrocarbon gas such as methane (CH4) at 1100°C. As the gas decomposes, carbon atoms are produced that then condense on a cooler substrate that may contain various catalysts such as iron. This method produced tubes with open ends, which does not occur when other methods are used. This procedure allows continuous fabrication, and may be the most favorable method for scaleup and production. MULTI WALLED CARBON NAN0 TUBES Figure 5.13. Illustration of a nested nanotube in which one tube is inside the another.
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INTRODUCTION TO NANOTECHNOLOGY Char
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CONTENTS Preface xi 1 Introduction
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5.2 Carbon Molecules 103 5.2.1 Natu
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9.4 Excitons 244 9.5 Single-Electro
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PREFACE In recent years nanotechnol
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INTRODUCTION The prefix nano in the
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INTRODUCTION 3 he recognized the ex
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1000 (I) a 900 4 800 a 900 I 6 700
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INTRODUCTION 7 developed before the
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2.1. STRUCTURE 9 mechanics, the res
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X T 2.1. STRUCTURE 11 Figure 2.4. C
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2.1. STRUCTURE 13 Figure 2.6. Thirt
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Sodium Nanoparticle Na, Magic Numbe
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2.1. STRUCTURE 17 of the large anio
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2.1. STRUCTURE 19 other, and high-f
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 21 Conduction Ban
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 23 Figure 2.13. S
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2.2. ENERGYBANDS 25 band at point T
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A X ' Wavevector A Si c z 2.2. ENER
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2.2. ENERGY BANDS 29 bands of Figs.
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2.3. LOCALIZED PARTICLES 31 add ele
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1 meV 10 meV 100 meV FJ E W 1 eV 10
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3 METHODS OF MEASURING PROPERTIES 3
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3.2. STRUCTURE 37 Table 3.1. Crysta
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3.2. STRUCTURE 39 Figure 3.2. Two-d
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3.2. STRUCTURE 41 The widths of the
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44 METHODS OF MEASURING PROPERTIES
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3.3. MICROSCOPY 51 types of transit
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3.3. MICROSCOPY 53 Actual diverging
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Tunneling current Tunneling current
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3.3. MrCAOSCOPY 57 and the latter m
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3.4. SPECTROSCOPY 59 From Eq. (3.8)
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1 Average Panicle FWHM Size (nm) in
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CdSe colloidal NCs a = 1.2 nrn 3.4.
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Page 80 and 81: i 3.4. SPECTROSCOPY 69 NMR involves
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Page 84 and 85: NUMBER OF ATOMS RADIUS (nm) 1 10 1
Page 86 and 87: I L 7 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 NUMBER OF
Page 88 and 89: JELLIUM MODEL OF CLUSTERS ATOMS CLU
Page 90 and 91: 1.02 { 1.01 - 1 - 0.99 - 4.2. METAL
Page 92 and 93: 4.2. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 81 Figure 4
Page 94 and 95: 4.2. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 83 Figure 4
Page 96 and 97: -0 100 200 300 400 500 600 MASSICHA
Page 98 and 99: a 42. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 87 Figure
Page 100 and 101: . . . .. . - . D 111111111111111111
Page 102 and 103: 3 4 2.5 0 cn g 2 0 z d 1.5 t a 9 1
Page 104 and 105: 4.3. SEMICONDUCTING NANOPARTICLES 9
Page 106 and 107: 4.4. RARE GAS AND MOLECULAR CLUSTER
Page 108 and 109: 4.5. METHODS OF SYNTHESIS 97 d Figu
Page 110 and 111: 4.5. METHODS OF SYNTHESIS 99 isopro
Page 112 and 113: PULSED LASER BEAM 1 1 1 1 1 I ROTAT
Page 114 and 115: 5.1. INTRODUCTION CARBON NANOSTRUCT
Page 116 and 117: 5.2. CARBON MOLECULES 105 methane d
Page 118 and 119: 5.3. CARBON CLUSTERS 107 -0 20 40 6
Page 120 and 121: PHOTON ENERGY (electron volts) 5.3.
Page 122 and 123: Figure 5.6. Structure of the CEO fu
Page 124 and 125: 1 30 0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 LAT
Page 128 and 129: 5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 1 17 The mech
Page 130 and 131: 5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 11 9 investig
Page 132 and 133: 5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 121 energy gr
Page 134 and 135: 5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 123 stretch c
Page 136 and 137: 5.5. APPLICATIONS OF CARBON NANOTUB
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Page 144 and 145: BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS In th
Page 146 and 147: h 8 0 6.1. SOLID DISORDERED NANOSTR
Page 148 and 149: 6.1. SOLID DISORDERED NANOSTRUCTURE
Page 164 and 165: 6.2. NANOSTRUCTURED CRYSTALS 153 qu
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166 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM f
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168 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM i
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170 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM M
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172 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM h
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174 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM d
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176 NANOSTRUCTURED FERROMAGNETISM o
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4 h $ 3 7.5. NANOCARBON FERROMAGNET
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7.6. GIANT AND COLOSSAL MAGNETORESI
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1.4 N 1 1.2 z " 1 0 v 5 h 0.8 0 0.6
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7.6. GIANT AND COLOSSAL MAGNETORESI
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7.7. FERROFLUIDS 187 Figure 7.22. M
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7.7. FECIROFLUIDS 189 Figure 7.25.
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7.7. FERRQFLUlOS 191 FerroRuids can
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FURTHER READING FURTHER READING 193
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10- IR f IA -1 8.1. INTRODUCTION 19
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 197 1
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 199 d
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s C CTI e 8 9 4( 8.2. INFRARED FREQ
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8.2.3. Raman Spectroscopy 8.2. INFR
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 205 a
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- r I 520 51 8 v 6 516 a" 51 4 51 2
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8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 209 i
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v) - C 3 8 600 400 100 0 e e 10 20
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i E (cm-’ ) 20 c I 1 ID 0 4x107 8
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- ? m v .- - z In C a, c C - .. . .
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Excitatior I [eV]: 2.175 2.214 2.25
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6 100 200 300 Time (ns) 8.3. LUMINE
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400 nm Laser / Free excitons Trappe
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8.4. NANOSTRUCTURES IN ZEOLITE CAGE
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FURTHER READING 225 P. Milani and C
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9.2. PREPARATION OF QUANTUM NANOSTR
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i 9.2. PREPARATION OF QUANTUM NANOS
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9.3. SIZE AND DIMENSIONALITY EFFECT
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w n 3 2 1 9.3. SIZE AND DIMENSIONAL
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WE) Quantum Dot Number of Electrons
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9.5. SINGLE-ELECTRON TUNNELING 245
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9.5. SINGLE-ELECTRON TUNNELING 247
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1 pair section ;- COT. .; . . I. .
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o.6 LWIR: T = 77 K 45" incidence AD
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9.7. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 253 horizont
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9.7. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 255 applied
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 10 SELF-ASSEMBL
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 259 factor of 2
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(a) (LI (dl 10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 261
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10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 263 atoms, as n
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- c v) ._ C 3 2 9 40 c - .- e m v w
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10.2. CATALYSIS 267 where the lengt
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10.2. CATALYSIS 269 are also other
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1600 2 1200 t p - Bi2M020, 10.2. CA
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7 - I 2,330 m .- c r 0 2 2,300 - u)
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10.2. CATALYSIS 275 with a top and
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10.2. CATALYSIS 277 based on the pr
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10.2. CATALYSIS 279 CnHlnfl, which
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I1 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND POLYMERS 1
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11.2. FORMING AND CHARACTERIZING PO
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1 1.3. NANOCRYSTALS 285 This expres
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-1 5 0) C a, -1 1 000 300 100 30 10
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11.3. NANOCRYSTALS 289 Table 11.1.
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11.3. NANOCRYSTALS 291 R’ groups
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11.4. POLYMERS 293 Figure 11.9. Ske
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11.5. SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURES 295
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M Et3P OTf M=Pd M=Pt M=Pd, 41 % M=P
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11.5. SVPRAMOLECUUAR STRUCTURES 2s
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11 5. SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURES 303
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BiodegradaWe surface 4 Functional g
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FURTHER READING 309 F. J. Owens and
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12.2. BIOLOGICAL BUILDING BLOCKS 31
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314 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS which we w
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316 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS Table 12.2
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318 BIOLOGICAL MATERtALS i J / Flgu
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320 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS Pyrimidine
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322 BlOLMjlCAL MATERiALS (a) DNA do
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324 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS so each wo
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326 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS 12.4.2. Mi
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328 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS tions they
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330 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS hardened f
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13 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES In
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334 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES CA
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336 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES Op
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338 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES ti
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340 NANOMACHINES AN0 NANODEVICES PO
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342 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES X
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344 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES na
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346 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES 31
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348 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES -
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350 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES re
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352 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES 1
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354 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES -1
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A.l. INTRODUCTION APPENDIX A FORMUL
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A.3. PARTIAL CONFINEMENT 359 limiti
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APPENDIX B TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDU
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TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTING MATER
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Table B.8. Effective masses m+ rela
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372 INDEX amoeba, 3 16 amphiphilic,
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374 INDEX CdS, 9, 130, 213, 216, 36
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376 INDEX dispersion, 277 disulfide
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378 INDEX Ga (gallium) (continued)
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380 INDEX length (continued) critic
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382 INDEX multiple ionization, 93 r
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384 INDEX pi-conjugation, 282, 292
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silica, 269 silica-alumina, 269, 27
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388 INDEX wavefimction (continued)
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