Linking Culture and the Environment

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R.J. Payne et al. 89 Table 5.2. Forum participants’ involvements in tourism industry (N = 92). Involvement n (%) Owns a tourism business 19 (21) Has a job related to tourism 21 (23) No involvement 52 (56) of 35 and 54 (53.9%). Nearly 60% of the participants had lived in the region for more than 40 years. Twenty-one per cent of the participants owned a tourism business and 23% had a job related to tourism (Table 5.2). Table 5.3 contains means and standard deviations of responses from forum participants to the 28 attitude statements concerning tourism in the region. Discussion of these findings focuses on three patterns of response: ● ● ● statements with which there is general agreement; statements with which there is general disagreement; and statements with which there is a diversity of views. There is agreement among residents who responded to the survey that not only does tourism have a place in the region’s future, but also that it does now, and will continue to, yield positive economic benefits for local people and the regional economy. Statements a, b, j, k, m, t, v, w and y in Table 5.3 address these two issues directly. All of these statements feature levels of agreement in excess of 69%. There is disagreement with a series of statements which suggest that tourism development ought to be restricted or that tourism has had negative social effects in the region. Statements d, e, h, i, p, u and bb address these issues. Disagreement with these statements ranges from a low of 65% concerning no more outdoor recreation development (statement d) to a high of 79% in response to a statement (e) suggesting that new tourism developments ought not to occur. The remaining 12 statements reflect a diversity of views. In one group (i.e. statements c, g, n, r and aa), the majority of residents have chosen the neutral category, declining to commit themselves to agreeing or disagreeing with statements that focus attention on tourism’s impact on local community life. In another (i.e. statements f, l, o, q, s, x and z), people in the region have agreed or disagreed cautiously, but certainly not as strongly as they did with other statements. These statements ask the residents to reflect upon the benefits and costs of existing tourism developments and activities in the region. The general attitude that tourism is potentially beneficial, especially if those benefits are put in economic terms, is consistent with a major theme concerning infrastructure, attractions and services discussed below. Using principal components analysis, an approach suggested in McCool and Reilly (1993), the 28 attitudinal items were reduced to seven dimensions that account for 69.8% of the variance in the data (Table 5.4). Interpreting these
Table 5.3. Forum participants’ outlook on tourism in the region (N = 92; 1 = strongly agree; 2 = agree; 3 = neutral; 4 = disagree; 5 = strongly disagree). Statement 1 2 3 4 5 Mean SD a. Tourism provides desirable jobs 29 51 6 6 0 1.88 0.80 b. My community should become more of a tourist destination 29 38 13 4 5 2.08 1.08 c. Tourism in my region has improved my standard of living 3 22 36 20 10 3.13 1.01 d. More outdoor recreation development is not desirable 7 10 15 35 25 3.66 1.21 e. I am against new tourism development which will attract new tourists to this region 3 7 9 37 36 4.04 1.05 f. Because of tourism, I have more recreational opportunities available to me 16 28 27 11 10 2.68 1.21 g. It is important to provide recreation facilities for local people rather than tourists 5 28 31 22 4 2.91 0.98 h. Noise levels from the existing tourism facilities are not appropriate for this region 2 5 22 37 24 3.84 0.96 i. Tourism has negatively impacted the natural environment in the region 3 6 14 47 22 3.86 0.97 j. I believe tourism should be actively encouraged in the region 33 38 11 6 4 2.02 1.07 k. Tourism has a vital role in the region 28 45 7 9 2 2.03 0.99 l. The benefits of tourism outweigh any negative consequences 14 29 18 18 11 2.81 1.27 m. Tourists are valuable 32 52 7 1 0 1.75 0.64 n. The quality of public services has improved due to increased tourism in the region 7 28 35 15 5 2.81 0.99 o. The region has better roads due to tourism 4 23 20 24 20 3.36 1.21 p. Tourism has increased crime in the region 1 5 19 43 24 3.91 0.89 q. There is more litter in the region due to tourism 3 18 24 33 14 3.40 1.07 r. Local political turmoil has resulted from tourism development 2 12 35 34 7 3.36 0.89 s. I feel I can access the decision-making process to influence tourism development 8 41 27 12 2 2.54 0.91 in the region t. Developing tourism will provide more jobs in the region 25 53 11 2 1 1.92 0.76 u. Tourists interfere with residents’ enjoyment of the region 4 10 17 50 11 3.59 0.99 v. Local authorities are right in promoting tourism in the region 20 51 12 7 1 2.10 0.87 w. Long-term planning by regional authorities can control negative impacts of 23 47 8 9 3 2.13 1.02 tourism on the environment x. I have more money to spend as a result of tourism 4 14 31 31 12 3.36 1.03 y. Tourism will play a major economic role in the region 18 47 15 10 2 2.25 0.97 z. I would like to see tourism become the main industry in the region 9 19 28 19 13 3.09 1.20 aa. Shopping opportunities are better in my community due to tourism 5 23 36 20 7 3.01 1.01 bb. We should not try to attract more visitors to the region 4 8 13 35 34 3.90 1.11 90 Tourism, Sustainability and the Social Milieux
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TOURISM, RECREATION AND SUSTAINABIL
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TOURISM, RECREATION AND SUSTAINABIL
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Contents Contributors Preface to th
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Contributors Kathleen L. Andereck,
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Preface to the 2nd Edition When we
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1 Introduction: Pathways and Pitfal
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 3 1600
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 5 2. Su
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 7 and t
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 9 cause
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 11 acce
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 13 at h
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 15 Shum
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I Frameworks and Approaches STEPHEN
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2 Recreation Ecology in Sustainable
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 21 particularly
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 23 the selection
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 25 Amount of imp
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Table 2.1. Some recent examples of
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 29 Experience an
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 31 tour operator
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 33 References Bl
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 35 national park
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 37 Wall, G. and
Page 50 and 51: C.P. Dawson 39 the tourism experien
Page 52 and 53: C.P. Dawson 41 ism, sustainable tou
Page 54 and 55: C.P. Dawson 43 With these proposed
Page 56 and 57: Table 3.2. A proposed tourism oppor
Page 58 and 59: C.P. Dawson 47 level of development
Page 60 and 61: C.P. Dawson 49 Eagles, P.F.J. and N
Page 62 and 63: 4 Hypothesizing the Shifting Mosaic
Page 64 and 65: D. Ioannides 53 because ‘to rejec
Page 66 and 67: D. Ioannides 55 related development
Page 68 and 69: D. Ioannides 57 including hotel cha
Page 70 and 71: D. Ioannides 59 the early stages of
Page 72 and 73: D. Ioannides 61 Acknowledging the n
Page 74 and 75: Table 4.1. Conflicting development
Page 76 and 77: Table 4.3. Conflicting development
Page 78 and 79: D. Ioannides 67 by national or regi
Page 80 and 81: D. Ioannides 69 further development
Page 82 and 83: D. Ioannides 71 can be thought of a
Page 84 and 85: D. Ioannides 73 Issues. Channel Vie
Page 86 and 87: D. Ioannides 75 (ed.) The Tourism A
Page 88 and 89: R.J. Payne et al. 77 Background The
Page 90 and 91: R.J. Payne et al. 79 inland and inc
Page 92 and 93: R.J. Payne et al. 81 economic, soci
Page 94 and 95: R.J. Payne et al. 83 auditing focus
Page 96 and 97: R.J. Payne et al. 85 traditional kn
Page 98 and 99: R.J. Payne et al. 87 North Communit
Page 102 and 103: Table 5.4. Underlying attitudinal d
Page 104 and 105: R.J. Payne et al. 93 dimensions and
Page 106 and 107: R.J. Payne et al. 95 and tourists.
Page 108 and 109: R.J. Payne et al. 97 Ottawa, Parks
Page 110 and 111: R.J. Payne et al. 99 Western Lake S
Page 112 and 113: R.J. Payne et al. 101 Customers’
Page 114 and 115: 6 Development and Evaluation of Sus
Page 116 and 117: M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 105 b
Page 118 and 119: M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 107 e
Page 120 and 121: M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 109
Page 122 and 123: M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 111 p
Page 124 and 125: M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 113 b
Page 126 and 127: M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 115 I
Page 128 and 129: II Tourism, Place and Community R.
Page 130 and 131: R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 119 to
Page 132 and 133: 7 From ‘Guiding Fiction’ to Act
Page 134 and 135: A. Gill and P.W. Williams 123 Decli
Page 136 and 137: A. Gill and P.W. Williams 125 Curre
Page 138 and 139: A. Gill and P.W. Williams 127 these
Page 140 and 141: A. Gill and P.W. Williams 129 cal [
Page 142 and 143: 8 Destination and Place Branding: a
Page 144 and 145: U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 133 binat
Page 146 and 147: U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 135 The m
Page 148 and 149: U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 137 their
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U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 139 Exist
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U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 141 Fan,
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J.L. Meyer 143 contrast, is an inta
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J.L. Meyer 145 integral to the fiel
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J.L. Meyer 147 summer of wildfires
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J.L. Meyer 149 affection is for thi
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J.L. Meyer 151 These studies reveal
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J.L. Meyer 153 Rockies’ gold rush
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J.L. Meyer 155 References Barbee, R
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J.L. Meyer 157 Schullery, P. (1980)
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R.E. Mitchell 159 Defining sustaina
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R.E. Mitchell 161 Building upon thi
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R.E. Mitchell 163 both culturally a
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R.E. Mitchell 165 accommodation on
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R.E. Mitchell 167 travel agencies a
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R.E. Mitchell 169 somewhat in 1997
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R.E. Mitchell 171 over the right to
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R.E. Mitchell 173 Impacts The surve
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R.E. Mitchell 175 Terrorism: severa
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R.E. Mitchell 177 would prefer tour
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R.E. Mitchell 179 Dense socio-polit
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R.E. Mitchell 181 References Arnste
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11 Local Participation and Attainin
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K. Horochowski and R.N. Moisey 185
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III Emerging Issues in Culture and
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12 Tourism and Poverty Alleviation:
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Dr A. Spenceley 199 Poverty tourism
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Dr A. Spenceley 201 developing coun
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Dr A. Spenceley 203 Similarly, gene
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Dr A. Spenceley 205 by tourism comp
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Dr A. Spenceley 207 Although some o
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Dr A. Spenceley 209 Tourism Benefit
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Dr A. Spenceley 211 The third examp
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Table 12.7. Increasing participatio
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Dr A. Spenceley 215 They recommend
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Dr A. Spenceley 217 Goodwin, H. and
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Dr A. Spenceley 219 United Nations/
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R. Staiff 221 the Management Plan 2
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R. Staiff 223 research to national
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R. Staiff 225 within the orbit of
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R. Staiff 227 The extensive calligr
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R. Staiff 229 crafted details posit
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R. Staiff 231 8 In a provocative es
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R. Staiff 233 determinism) is polit
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R. Staiff 235 Rojek, C. and Urry, J
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K.L. Andereck and N.G. McGehee 237
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Table 14.1. Tourism attitude items
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 261 ment age
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 263 and in t
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 265 Bank, an
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 267 Educatio
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 269 healthy
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 271 1 4 Good
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 273 communit
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 275 The Aust
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 277 Notes ab
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 279 prepared
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 281 from the
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16 Sustainable Tourism in the 21st
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 285 tou
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 287 Not
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 289 wha
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 291 nat
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Index Aboriginal 220-221, 260-265,
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Index 295 Overseas Development Init
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