Linking Culture and the Environment

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R.E. Mitchell 167 travel agencies and guides, politicians and weavers. The interviews also examined decision-making processes and attitudinal responses of the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of tourism in each community. The interviews were undertaken in Spanish with a translator used for the local language on Taquile Island (Quechua). Results Research findings are grouped as follows: (i) growth and development; (ii) planning; (iii) solidarity and support; (iv) community participation; and (v) impacts. These themes are not intended to be definitive. Several other factors beyond community control such as destination attractiveness and government policies may be critical to the ultimate success of a locally based tourism industry (whether measured by longevity, equitability or other parameters), but were not studied here. Key findings from the household surveys are illustrated in Table 10.2. These include the type and degree of participation in local tourism, perceptions of support for tourism, personal benefits form tourism such as employment, and whether tourism should be expanded in the future. Principal factors recognized as responsible for sociocultural, economic and environmental changes for both communities are summarized in Table 10.3. These include local tourism growth and control, community unity, sociocultural, economic and environmental impacts associated with tourism, and the future of local tourism. Growth and development Taquile Island and Chiquian were still relatively new destinations in the 1970s, although some mountain climbing activity and domestic tourism were already occurring in the latter community. Unique natural and cultural features inherent to both areas initially attracted visitors, but numbers remained relatively small, restricted by a lack of accessibility, proper facilities and Table 10.2. Selected household survey findings. Question Taquile Island (%) Chiquian (%) Hold administrative role of any kind in community 88 15 Hold tourism administration role 79 8 Have attended a tourism meeting 96 18 Feel authorities encourage participation in tourism 93 65 Feel there is high municipal support for tourism 79 30 Are employed in tourism (part-time or full-time) 98 10 Feel that tourism benefits household 89 40 Desire more tourism activities for community 93 93
168 Community Perspectives in Sustainable Tourism Table 10.3. Comparison of tourism growth and impacts by community. Theme Taquile Island Chiquian Tourism growth Tourism control Community unity Sociocultural impacts Economic impacts Environmental impacts Future of local tourism Started mid-1970s; highest levels reached in 1990s; tourism has increased to near mass proportions Formerly high control has decreased to moderate level partly due to privatization and ineffectual leadership Strong but declining unity linked to diminished control Modernization due to demands of tourism have affected traditional lifestyles; emergence of individualism and globalization; begging by children Most residents benefiting; opportunism linked to high revenues for shrewdest islanders; high leakages; Puno agencies blamed Increasing litter affecting consumer demand; neglect of agriculture due to handicraft production Highly optimistic, but concern to maintain traditional ways; regaining control, training youth as guides, educating tourists important Started mid-1950s; highest levels reached by mid-1980s; tourism returning after years of terrorism Low control with outside domination of local tourism industry Divided opinion over unity but marked pattern of disharmony and conflict Community feelings about tourism often negative; suspicion mixed with adverse inter-community relationships, less openness Some revenues and jobs from tourism, but most residents not benefiting; high leakages; potential for community-wide benefits; Huaraz agencies blamed Mining exploitation and roads in Cordillera Huayhuash; perceived need to protect natural and cultural environment Guarded optimism; tourism in early stages of development; community awareness and outside support needed national or international awareness of their existence. As word spread during the latter 1970s, both areas received a growing number of tourists, and particularly so for Taquile Island due to its proximity to the ‘gringo trail’ (combination of road, rail and boat) linking Lima, Cuzco and Puno with La Paz in Bolivia. By 1988, violence from terrorism was spreading throughout Peru, but affecting the Huayhuash region near Chiquian more dramatically and directly than Taquile. Tourism declined somewhat in Taquile but dropped to near zero levels in Chiquian. By 1994, tourism started to pick up again in Chiquian although short of the numbers of tourists experienced in the early 1980s. Based on general observations with local people employed in the tourism industry, visitation has hovered around the 1000 visitor level noted in 1996 by Kolff and Tohan (1997). Visitor numbers to the Huayhuash declined
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TOURISM, RECREATION AND SUSTAINABIL
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TOURISM, RECREATION AND SUSTAINABIL
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Contents Contributors Preface to th
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Contributors Kathleen L. Andereck,
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Preface to the 2nd Edition When we
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1 Introduction: Pathways and Pitfal
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 3 1600
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 5 2. Su
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 7 and t
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 9 cause
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 11 acce
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 13 at h
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 15 Shum
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I Frameworks and Approaches STEPHEN
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2 Recreation Ecology in Sustainable
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 21 particularly
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 23 the selection
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 25 Amount of imp
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Table 2.1. Some recent examples of
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 29 Experience an
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 31 tour operator
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 33 References Bl
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 35 national park
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 37 Wall, G. and
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C.P. Dawson 39 the tourism experien
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C.P. Dawson 41 ism, sustainable tou
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C.P. Dawson 43 With these proposed
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Table 3.2. A proposed tourism oppor
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C.P. Dawson 47 level of development
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C.P. Dawson 49 Eagles, P.F.J. and N
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4 Hypothesizing the Shifting Mosaic
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D. Ioannides 53 because ‘to rejec
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D. Ioannides 55 related development
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D. Ioannides 57 including hotel cha
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D. Ioannides 59 the early stages of
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D. Ioannides 61 Acknowledging the n
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Table 4.1. Conflicting development
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Table 4.3. Conflicting development
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D. Ioannides 67 by national or regi
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D. Ioannides 69 further development
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D. Ioannides 71 can be thought of a
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D. Ioannides 73 Issues. Channel Vie
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D. Ioannides 75 (ed.) The Tourism A
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R.J. Payne et al. 77 Background The
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R.J. Payne et al. 79 inland and inc
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R.J. Payne et al. 81 economic, soci
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R.J. Payne et al. 83 auditing focus
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R.J. Payne et al. 85 traditional kn
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R.J. Payne et al. 87 North Communit
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R.J. Payne et al. 89 Table 5.2. For
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Table 5.4. Underlying attitudinal d
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R.J. Payne et al. 93 dimensions and
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R.J. Payne et al. 95 and tourists.
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R.J. Payne et al. 97 Ottawa, Parks
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R.J. Payne et al. 99 Western Lake S
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R.J. Payne et al. 101 Customers’
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6 Development and Evaluation of Sus
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 105 b
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 107 e
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 109
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 111 p
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 113 b
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 115 I
Page 128 and 129: II Tourism, Place and Community R.
Page 130 and 131: R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 119 to
Page 132 and 133: 7 From ‘Guiding Fiction’ to Act
Page 134 and 135: A. Gill and P.W. Williams 123 Decli
Page 136 and 137: A. Gill and P.W. Williams 125 Curre
Page 138 and 139: A. Gill and P.W. Williams 127 these
Page 140 and 141: A. Gill and P.W. Williams 129 cal [
Page 142 and 143: 8 Destination and Place Branding: a
Page 144 and 145: U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 133 binat
Page 146 and 147: U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 135 The m
Page 148 and 149: U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 137 their
Page 150 and 151: U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 139 Exist
Page 152 and 153: U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 141 Fan,
Page 154 and 155: J.L. Meyer 143 contrast, is an inta
Page 156 and 157: J.L. Meyer 145 integral to the fiel
Page 158 and 159: J.L. Meyer 147 summer of wildfires
Page 160 and 161: J.L. Meyer 149 affection is for thi
Page 162 and 163: J.L. Meyer 151 These studies reveal
Page 164 and 165: J.L. Meyer 153 Rockies’ gold rush
Page 166 and 167: J.L. Meyer 155 References Barbee, R
Page 168 and 169: J.L. Meyer 157 Schullery, P. (1980)
Page 170 and 171: R.E. Mitchell 159 Defining sustaina
Page 172 and 173: R.E. Mitchell 161 Building upon thi
Page 174 and 175: R.E. Mitchell 163 both culturally a
Page 176 and 177: R.E. Mitchell 165 accommodation on
Page 180 and 181: R.E. Mitchell 169 somewhat in 1997
Page 182 and 183: R.E. Mitchell 171 over the right to
Page 184 and 185: R.E. Mitchell 173 Impacts The surve
Page 186 and 187: R.E. Mitchell 175 Terrorism: severa
Page 188 and 189: R.E. Mitchell 177 would prefer tour
Page 190 and 191: R.E. Mitchell 179 Dense socio-polit
Page 192 and 193: R.E. Mitchell 181 References Arnste
Page 194 and 195: 11 Local Participation and Attainin
Page 196 and 197: K. Horochowski and R.N. Moisey 185
Page 206 and 207: III Emerging Issues in Culture and
Page 208 and 209: 12 Tourism and Poverty Alleviation:
Page 210 and 211: Dr A. Spenceley 199 Poverty tourism
Page 212 and 213: Dr A. Spenceley 201 developing coun
Page 214 and 215: Dr A. Spenceley 203 Similarly, gene
Page 216 and 217: Dr A. Spenceley 205 by tourism comp
Page 218 and 219: Dr A. Spenceley 207 Although some o
Page 220 and 221: Dr A. Spenceley 209 Tourism Benefit
Page 222 and 223: Dr A. Spenceley 211 The third examp
Page 224 and 225: Table 12.7. Increasing participatio
Page 226 and 227: Dr A. Spenceley 215 They recommend
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Dr A. Spenceley 217 Goodwin, H. and
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Dr A. Spenceley 219 United Nations/
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R. Staiff 221 the Management Plan 2
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R. Staiff 223 research to national
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R. Staiff 225 within the orbit of
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R. Staiff 227 The extensive calligr
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R. Staiff 229 crafted details posit
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R. Staiff 231 8 In a provocative es
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R. Staiff 233 determinism) is polit
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R. Staiff 235 Rojek, C. and Urry, J
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K.L. Andereck and N.G. McGehee 237
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Table 14.1. Tourism attitude items
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 261 ment age
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 263 and in t
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 265 Bank, an
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 267 Educatio
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 269 healthy
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 271 1 4 Good
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 273 communit
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 275 The Aust
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 277 Notes ab
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 279 prepared
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 281 from the
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16 Sustainable Tourism in the 21st
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 285 tou
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 287 Not
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 289 wha
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 291 nat
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Index Aboriginal 220-221, 260-265,
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Index 295 Overseas Development Init
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