Linking Culture and the Environment

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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 115 In addition to ensuring involvement of all appropriate parties, initiators of such projects must be prepared to address issues related to implementation at the time of principle and code development. The best-outlined and most wellintentioned codes will not succeed if operators, tourists and communities are unable to implement them or have no interest in implementing them. The need for support in implementation was raised throughout this project and was particularly evident in the pilot projects. Operators, especially the small businesses, require assistance to be able to put the principles into practice. It is also advisable that methods of evaluation are considered early on in the process. This would provide some structure for the users which may assist in implementation, and it also gives direction for monitoring. Without adequate and appropriate monitoring mechanisms, it will not be clear how effective the WWF initiative has been. The case study provides a simple method of obtaining baseline data that will aid in assessing the effectiveness of the guidelines for Arctic tourism programme. Given the development of other more recent initiatives, it would be helpful to see an exploration and, perhaps, evaluation of sustainable tourism in the Arctic generally. It remains unclear how healthy the WWF initiative remains and whether there is broad uptake of its approach and/or the SMART programmes. How operators, marketing associations, communities and visitors respond to, and use, these particular initiatives is an important component of the expression of sustainable tourism. Further, there have been numerous calls in meetings and in tourism settings for a broad member organization like IAATO; an understanding of the level of interest in, and the pursuit of, information about sustainable tourism might renew the impetus for its development, perhaps through an extension of the existing Association of Arctic Expedition Cruise Ship Operators. It seems likely that the principle-based approach to sustainable tourism will continue to be popular in many parts of the world. This chapter has outlined the evolution of the WWF initiative and demonstrated some of the experiences and concerns in the process that may have relevance for other sustainable tourism efforts. It has noted two other developments and suggested that it is time for an evaluation of sustainable tourism in the Arctic. The issues raised here about development and evaluation of sustainability efforts extend beyond tourism into the wider context of sustainable development generally. References Consulting and Audit Canada (1995) What Tourism Managers Need to Know. A Practical Guide to the Development and the Use of Indicators of Sustainable Tourism. Consulting and Audit Canada, Ottawa, Canada. Dawson, J., Maher, P. and Slocombe, S. (2007) Climate change, marine tourism, and sustainability in the Canadian Arctic: contributions from systems and complexity approaches. Tourism in Marine Environments 4(2–3), 69–84. Enzenbacher, D. (1998) Mechanisms for promoting and monitoring compliance with Arctic tourism guidelines. In: Humphreys, B., Pedersen, A.O., Prokosch, P., Smith, S.
116 WWF Arctic Tourism Guidelines Initiative and Stonehouse, B. (eds) Linking Tourism and Conservation in the Arctic. Meddelelser No. 159, Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromso, Norway, pp. 38–48. Fennell, D.A. and Malloy, D.C. (2007) Codes of Ethics in Tourism: Practice, Theory, Synthesis. Channel View Publications, Clevedon, UK. Johnston, M.E. (2006) Impacts of global environmental change on tourism in the polar regions. In: Gossling, S. and Hall, C.M. (eds) Tourism and Global Environmental: Ecological, Social, Economic and Political Interrelationships. Routledge, New York, pp. 37–53. Johnston, M. and Mason, P. (1997) The WWF initiative to develop guidelines and codes of conduct for Arctic tourism. Polar Record 25(2), 351–353. Johnston, M.E. and Twynam, G.D. (1998) Implementation of the operator programme: evaluating effectiveness through principles, indicators and measures. In: Humphreys, B., Pedersen, A.O., Prokosch, P., Smith, S. and Stonehouse, B. (eds) Linking Tourism and Conservation in the Arctic. Meddelelser No. 159, Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromso, Norway, pp. 6–12. Johnston, M.E. and Twynam, G.D. (1999) Evaluation of 1998 pilot projects: linking tourism and conservation. Unpublished report submitted to WWF International Arctic Programme. Johnston, M.E. and Viken, A. (1997) Tourism development in Greenland. Annals of Tourism Research 24(4), 978–982. Marquez, J. and Eagles, P. (2007) Working towards policy creation for cruise ship tourism in parks and protected areas of Nunavut. Tourism in Marine Environments 4(2–3), 85–96. Mason, P. and Mowforth, M. (1996) Codes of conduct in tourism. Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research 2(2), 12–13. Mason, P., Johnston, M.E. and Twynam, D. (2000) The World Wide Fund for Nature Arctic tourism project. In: Bramwell, B. and Lane, B. (eds) Tourism Collaboration and Partnerships: Politics, Practice and Sustainability. Channel View Publications, Clevedon, UK, pp. 98–116. Payne, R.J., Twynam, G.D. and Johnston, M. E. (1999) Tourism and sustainability in Northern Ontario. In: Nelson, J.G., Butler, R. and Wall, G. (eds) Tourism and Sustainable Development: Monitoring, Planning, Managing, Decision Making: A Civic Approach. Department of Geography, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, pp. 237–266. Pedersen, A.O. (1998) Linking tourism and conservation in the Arctic. WWF International Arctic Programme, Internal Report – Project Description, Oslo, Norway. Prokosch, P. (1998) Introduction. In: Humphreys, B., Pedersen, A.O., Prokosch, P., Smith, S. and Stonehouse, B. (eds) Linking Tourism and Conservation in the Arctic. Meddelelser No. 159, Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromso, Norway, pp. 2–5. SMART (2006) Final report: sustainable model for Arctic regional tourism. Compiled by Mirkka Vaarala, Painatuskeskus Finland, Rovaniemi, Finland. SMART (n.d.) Education and training. Available at: http://www.arctictourism.net/ education_and_training.htm UNEP (1995) Environmental codes of conduct. Technical Report No 29, United Nations Environment Programme, Paris. Viken, A. and Jorgenson, F. (1998) Tourism on Svalbard. Polar Record 34(189), 123–128. WWF (1997) Linking tourism and conservation in the Arctic (Supplement), WWF- Arctic Bulletin, No. 4, Oslo, Norway. WWF (1999) The award for linking tourism and conservation. Brochure published by WWF Arctic Programme, Husum, Germany.
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TOURISM, RECREATION AND SUSTAINABIL
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TOURISM, RECREATION AND SUSTAINABIL
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Contents Contributors Preface to th
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Contributors Kathleen L. Andereck,
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Preface to the 2nd Edition When we
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1 Introduction: Pathways and Pitfal
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 3 1600
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 5 2. Su
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 7 and t
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 9 cause
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 11 acce
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 13 at h
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 15 Shum
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I Frameworks and Approaches STEPHEN
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2 Recreation Ecology in Sustainable
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 21 particularly
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 23 the selection
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 25 Amount of imp
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Table 2.1. Some recent examples of
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 29 Experience an
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 31 tour operator
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 33 References Bl
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 35 national park
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 37 Wall, G. and
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C.P. Dawson 39 the tourism experien
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C.P. Dawson 41 ism, sustainable tou
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C.P. Dawson 43 With these proposed
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Table 3.2. A proposed tourism oppor
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C.P. Dawson 47 level of development
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C.P. Dawson 49 Eagles, P.F.J. and N
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4 Hypothesizing the Shifting Mosaic
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D. Ioannides 53 because ‘to rejec
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D. Ioannides 55 related development
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D. Ioannides 57 including hotel cha
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D. Ioannides 59 the early stages of
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D. Ioannides 61 Acknowledging the n
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Table 4.1. Conflicting development
Page 76 and 77: Table 4.3. Conflicting development
Page 78 and 79: D. Ioannides 67 by national or regi
Page 80 and 81: D. Ioannides 69 further development
Page 82 and 83: D. Ioannides 71 can be thought of a
Page 84 and 85: D. Ioannides 73 Issues. Channel Vie
Page 86 and 87: D. Ioannides 75 (ed.) The Tourism A
Page 88 and 89: R.J. Payne et al. 77 Background The
Page 90 and 91: R.J. Payne et al. 79 inland and inc
Page 92 and 93: R.J. Payne et al. 81 economic, soci
Page 94 and 95: R.J. Payne et al. 83 auditing focus
Page 96 and 97: R.J. Payne et al. 85 traditional kn
Page 98 and 99: R.J. Payne et al. 87 North Communit
Page 100 and 101: R.J. Payne et al. 89 Table 5.2. For
Page 102 and 103: Table 5.4. Underlying attitudinal d
Page 104 and 105: R.J. Payne et al. 93 dimensions and
Page 106 and 107: R.J. Payne et al. 95 and tourists.
Page 108 and 109: R.J. Payne et al. 97 Ottawa, Parks
Page 110 and 111: R.J. Payne et al. 99 Western Lake S
Page 112 and 113: R.J. Payne et al. 101 Customers’
Page 114 and 115: 6 Development and Evaluation of Sus
Page 116 and 117: M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 105 b
Page 118 and 119: M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 107 e
Page 120 and 121: M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 109
Page 122 and 123: M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 111 p
Page 124 and 125: M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 113 b
Page 128 and 129: II Tourism, Place and Community R.
Page 130 and 131: R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 119 to
Page 132 and 133: 7 From ‘Guiding Fiction’ to Act
Page 134 and 135: A. Gill and P.W. Williams 123 Decli
Page 136 and 137: A. Gill and P.W. Williams 125 Curre
Page 138 and 139: A. Gill and P.W. Williams 127 these
Page 140 and 141: A. Gill and P.W. Williams 129 cal [
Page 142 and 143: 8 Destination and Place Branding: a
Page 144 and 145: U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 133 binat
Page 146 and 147: U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 135 The m
Page 148 and 149: U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 137 their
Page 150 and 151: U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 139 Exist
Page 152 and 153: U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 141 Fan,
Page 154 and 155: J.L. Meyer 143 contrast, is an inta
Page 156 and 157: J.L. Meyer 145 integral to the fiel
Page 158 and 159: J.L. Meyer 147 summer of wildfires
Page 160 and 161: J.L. Meyer 149 affection is for thi
Page 162 and 163: J.L. Meyer 151 These studies reveal
Page 164 and 165: J.L. Meyer 153 Rockies’ gold rush
Page 166 and 167: J.L. Meyer 155 References Barbee, R
Page 168 and 169: J.L. Meyer 157 Schullery, P. (1980)
Page 170 and 171: R.E. Mitchell 159 Defining sustaina
Page 172 and 173: R.E. Mitchell 161 Building upon thi
Page 174 and 175: R.E. Mitchell 163 both culturally a
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R.E. Mitchell 165 accommodation on
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R.E. Mitchell 167 travel agencies a
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R.E. Mitchell 169 somewhat in 1997
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R.E. Mitchell 171 over the right to
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R.E. Mitchell 173 Impacts The surve
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R.E. Mitchell 175 Terrorism: severa
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R.E. Mitchell 177 would prefer tour
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R.E. Mitchell 179 Dense socio-polit
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R.E. Mitchell 181 References Arnste
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11 Local Participation and Attainin
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K. Horochowski and R.N. Moisey 185
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III Emerging Issues in Culture and
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12 Tourism and Poverty Alleviation:
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Dr A. Spenceley 199 Poverty tourism
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Dr A. Spenceley 201 developing coun
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Dr A. Spenceley 203 Similarly, gene
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Dr A. Spenceley 205 by tourism comp
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Dr A. Spenceley 207 Although some o
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Dr A. Spenceley 209 Tourism Benefit
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Dr A. Spenceley 211 The third examp
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Table 12.7. Increasing participatio
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Dr A. Spenceley 215 They recommend
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Dr A. Spenceley 217 Goodwin, H. and
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Dr A. Spenceley 219 United Nations/
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R. Staiff 221 the Management Plan 2
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R. Staiff 223 research to national
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R. Staiff 225 within the orbit of
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R. Staiff 227 The extensive calligr
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R. Staiff 229 crafted details posit
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R. Staiff 231 8 In a provocative es
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R. Staiff 233 determinism) is polit
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R. Staiff 235 Rojek, C. and Urry, J
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K.L. Andereck and N.G. McGehee 237
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Table 14.1. Tourism attitude items
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 261 ment age
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 263 and in t
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 265 Bank, an
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 267 Educatio
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 269 healthy
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 271 1 4 Good
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 273 communit
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 275 The Aust
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 277 Notes ab
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 279 prepared
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 281 from the
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16 Sustainable Tourism in the 21st
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 285 tou
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 287 Not
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 289 wha
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 291 nat
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Index Aboriginal 220-221, 260-265,
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Index 295 Overseas Development Init
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