Linking Culture and the Environment

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11 Local Participation and Attaining Sustainable Tourism: a Comparative Study of Honduran Ecotourism Development KATERINA HOROCHOWSKI 1 AND R. NEIL MOISEY 2 1 Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA; 2 College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA Introduction Ideally, sustainable tourism combines present benefit with the protection of future opportunities. Under the rubric of sustainable tourism lies the notion of ‘ecotourism’, which is tourism development that protects the ecological and cultural resources of a tourism site, while providing local economic opportunity (TIES, 2007). It is theorized that through local participation and control in the decision-making process of tourism planning and development, long-term economic and ecological sustainability can be achieved while reinforcing cultural integrity. Ecotourism refers to low-impact nature-based tourism that produces less damaging effects on a destination’s environmental, social and economic resources than conventional mass tourism. It is widely believed that by minimizing these negative impacts and maximizing benefits locally, ecotourism can be used as an effective sustainable development tool. As such, it is challenged with the goal of enriching and preserving the natural and cultural landscapes of host destinations for the common good and for future generations (Murphy, 1985; WCED, 1987; Barré and Jafari, 1996; TIES, 2007). Ecotourism strives to give travellers a greater awareness of environmental systems and contributes positively to the economic, social and ecological conditions of the tourism site (Butler, 1989). Accordingly, ecotourism attracts visitors to relatively undisturbed and pristine natural locations with the objective of studying and enjoying the scenery and its wilderness, as well as the existing cultural manifestations found in these areas (Ceballos-Lascurain, 1987; Cater, 1994). ©CAB International 2008. Tourism, Recreation and Sustainability: Linking Culture and the Environment, 2nd edn (eds S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey) 183
184 Local Participation and Attaining Sustainable Tourism As the fastest-growing segment of the tourism industry, ecotourists have a special attraction to destinations in Less Developed Countries (LDCs), where the greatest variety and extent of unspoiled natural environments are often found. Consequently, ecotourism destinations in LDCs have become commonplace in the industry. However, the tourism market in LDCs has long been characterized and dominated by large, capital-intensive resorts, owned by, and catering to, the needs of consumptive foreign cultures while having little or no concern for, and interaction with, the local people. Unlike many industries, tourism is intimately tied to location – the culture, ecology and economy of destination sites. The host community and the natural environment not only provide the goods and services for the tourism industry but also are the product of it (Haywood, 1988; Getz and Jamal, 1994; Joppe, 1996; WTO, 2002). As a commodity, the community’s intensive interaction with visitors is of utmost importance in the long-term sustainability of the industry since it is the culture and hospitality, along with the natural attraction, that create the image and experiences which attract visitors (Haywood, 1988). None the less, considerable development activity and income generated by tourism have not always been compatible with a location’s social and economic objectives and can threaten the community’s integrity. The integration of local control and ownership, the meeting of individual needs and economic self-reliance are goals of a sustainable ecotourism development strategy (Redclift, 1987; Cronin, 1990; Berno, 1996; Wallace and Pierce, 1996; Schaller, 1997; WTO, 2002). Despite these idealistic goals, prevalent local social and cultural institutions and characteristics often limit its effective implementation. Nowhere are these challenges more apparent than in the rural sectors in LDCs, near national parks or protected areas, typically where ecotourism projects are being introduced. As a result, and despite the copious use of ecotourism as a marketing gimmick, very few examples can be found where the actual goals and essence of ecotourism are fully embraced. The success of any rural development strategy, such as ecotourism, can be influenced by outside events (Honadle, 1990). While much of the economic health of a community is determined by national or regional economic conditions, the economic vitality of a community can be strongly influenced by local residents. Humphrey and Wilkinson (1993) note that economic growth is positively correlated with the degree of local participation in rural tourism development. Their results suggest that economic growth from tourism is most likely in areas endowed with scenic natural resources. Betz and Perdue (1989) concur with these findings by concluding that ‘tourism development built on the foundation of amenity resources is the logical sensible strategy to ensure sustainable community economic development’. The capacity with which a community may participate in successful economic development projects of any type depends, according to Flora et al. (1997), on its existing entrepreneurial social infrastructure and social and economic capital. Furthermore, it also relies on the community’s ability and willingness to resolve internal and external issues concerning the inequitable distribution of wealth and power. In political ecology theory, Belsky (1999)
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TOURISM, RECREATION AND SUSTAINABIL
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TOURISM, RECREATION AND SUSTAINABIL
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Contents Contributors Preface to th
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Contributors Kathleen L. Andereck,
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Preface to the 2nd Edition When we
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1 Introduction: Pathways and Pitfal
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 3 1600
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 5 2. Su
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 7 and t
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 9 cause
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 11 acce
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 13 at h
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 15 Shum
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I Frameworks and Approaches STEPHEN
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2 Recreation Ecology in Sustainable
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 21 particularly
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 23 the selection
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 25 Amount of imp
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Table 2.1. Some recent examples of
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 29 Experience an
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 31 tour operator
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 33 References Bl
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 35 national park
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 37 Wall, G. and
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C.P. Dawson 39 the tourism experien
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C.P. Dawson 41 ism, sustainable tou
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C.P. Dawson 43 With these proposed
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Table 3.2. A proposed tourism oppor
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C.P. Dawson 47 level of development
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C.P. Dawson 49 Eagles, P.F.J. and N
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4 Hypothesizing the Shifting Mosaic
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D. Ioannides 53 because ‘to rejec
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D. Ioannides 55 related development
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D. Ioannides 57 including hotel cha
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D. Ioannides 59 the early stages of
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D. Ioannides 61 Acknowledging the n
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Table 4.1. Conflicting development
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Table 4.3. Conflicting development
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D. Ioannides 67 by national or regi
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D. Ioannides 69 further development
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D. Ioannides 71 can be thought of a
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D. Ioannides 73 Issues. Channel Vie
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D. Ioannides 75 (ed.) The Tourism A
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R.J. Payne et al. 77 Background The
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R.J. Payne et al. 79 inland and inc
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R.J. Payne et al. 81 economic, soci
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R.J. Payne et al. 83 auditing focus
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R.J. Payne et al. 85 traditional kn
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R.J. Payne et al. 87 North Communit
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R.J. Payne et al. 89 Table 5.2. For
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Table 5.4. Underlying attitudinal d
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R.J. Payne et al. 93 dimensions and
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R.J. Payne et al. 95 and tourists.
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R.J. Payne et al. 97 Ottawa, Parks
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R.J. Payne et al. 99 Western Lake S
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R.J. Payne et al. 101 Customers’
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6 Development and Evaluation of Sus
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 105 b
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 107 e
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 109
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 111 p
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 113 b
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 115 I
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II Tourism, Place and Community R.
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 119 to
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7 From ‘Guiding Fiction’ to Act
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A. Gill and P.W. Williams 123 Decli
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A. Gill and P.W. Williams 125 Curre
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A. Gill and P.W. Williams 127 these
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A. Gill and P.W. Williams 129 cal [
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8 Destination and Place Branding: a
Page 144 and 145: U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 133 binat
Page 146 and 147: U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 135 The m
Page 148 and 149: U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 137 their
Page 150 and 151: U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 139 Exist
Page 152 and 153: U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 141 Fan,
Page 154 and 155: J.L. Meyer 143 contrast, is an inta
Page 156 and 157: J.L. Meyer 145 integral to the fiel
Page 158 and 159: J.L. Meyer 147 summer of wildfires
Page 160 and 161: J.L. Meyer 149 affection is for thi
Page 162 and 163: J.L. Meyer 151 These studies reveal
Page 164 and 165: J.L. Meyer 153 Rockies’ gold rush
Page 166 and 167: J.L. Meyer 155 References Barbee, R
Page 168 and 169: J.L. Meyer 157 Schullery, P. (1980)
Page 170 and 171: R.E. Mitchell 159 Defining sustaina
Page 172 and 173: R.E. Mitchell 161 Building upon thi
Page 174 and 175: R.E. Mitchell 163 both culturally a
Page 176 and 177: R.E. Mitchell 165 accommodation on
Page 178 and 179: R.E. Mitchell 167 travel agencies a
Page 180 and 181: R.E. Mitchell 169 somewhat in 1997
Page 182 and 183: R.E. Mitchell 171 over the right to
Page 184 and 185: R.E. Mitchell 173 Impacts The surve
Page 186 and 187: R.E. Mitchell 175 Terrorism: severa
Page 188 and 189: R.E. Mitchell 177 would prefer tour
Page 190 and 191: R.E. Mitchell 179 Dense socio-polit
Page 192 and 193: R.E. Mitchell 181 References Arnste
Page 196 and 197: K. Horochowski and R.N. Moisey 185
Page 206 and 207: III Emerging Issues in Culture and
Page 208 and 209: 12 Tourism and Poverty Alleviation:
Page 210 and 211: Dr A. Spenceley 199 Poverty tourism
Page 212 and 213: Dr A. Spenceley 201 developing coun
Page 214 and 215: Dr A. Spenceley 203 Similarly, gene
Page 216 and 217: Dr A. Spenceley 205 by tourism comp
Page 218 and 219: Dr A. Spenceley 207 Although some o
Page 220 and 221: Dr A. Spenceley 209 Tourism Benefit
Page 222 and 223: Dr A. Spenceley 211 The third examp
Page 224 and 225: Table 12.7. Increasing participatio
Page 226 and 227: Dr A. Spenceley 215 They recommend
Page 228 and 229: Dr A. Spenceley 217 Goodwin, H. and
Page 230 and 231: Dr A. Spenceley 219 United Nations/
Page 232 and 233: R. Staiff 221 the Management Plan 2
Page 234 and 235: R. Staiff 223 research to national
Page 236 and 237: R. Staiff 225 within the orbit of
Page 238 and 239: R. Staiff 227 The extensive calligr
Page 240 and 241: R. Staiff 229 crafted details posit
Page 242 and 243: R. Staiff 231 8 In a provocative es
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R. Staiff 233 determinism) is polit
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R. Staiff 235 Rojek, C. and Urry, J
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K.L. Andereck and N.G. McGehee 237
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Table 14.1. Tourism attitude items
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 261 ment age
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 263 and in t
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 265 Bank, an
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 267 Educatio
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 269 healthy
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 271 1 4 Good
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 273 communit
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 275 The Aust
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 277 Notes ab
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 279 prepared
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 281 from the
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16 Sustainable Tourism in the 21st
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 285 tou
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 287 Not
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 289 wha
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 291 nat
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Index Aboriginal 220-221, 260-265,
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Index 295 Overseas Development Init
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