Linking Culture and the Environment

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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 13 at hand (Bardwell, 1991). The pitfall in discussing sustainable tourism is that we maintain an illusion of knowing what the question is when we really do not. The promise is that we will be better off in the future by examining the concept of sustainability than by not examining it. The sustainable tourism literature, including the chapters in this book, informs us as to the alternative pathways to the future. They suggest the types of pitfalls one may confront along those pathways, as well as ways of bridging them. They indicate how culture and the environment are inextricably linked in tourism development. The chapters suggest the enormous complexity of tourism development, particularly that type of development that is designed to be softer and oriented towards achieving socially important goals. Which pathways are selected and how the pitfalls are avoided are of course political and ethical decisions, not necessarily scientific ones. References Ackoff, R.L. (1974) Redesigning the Future: A Systems Approach to Societal Problems. Wiley, New York. Arnstein, S.R. (1969) A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of the American Institute of Planners 35, 216–224. Bardwell, L. (1991) Problem framing: a perspective on environmental problem- solving. Environmental Management 15, 603–612. Bossel, H. (1999) Indicators for Sustainable Development: Theory, Method, Applications. International Institute for Sustainable Development, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Bushell, R. and Eagles, P.F.J. (2007) Tourism and Protected Areas: Benefits Beyond Boundaries. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. Butler, R.W. (1996) The concept of carrying capacity for tourist destinations: dead or merely buried? Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research 2, 283–292. Cater, E. and Goodall, B. (1992) Must tourism destroy its resource base? In: Mannion, A M. and Bowlby, S.R. (eds) Environmental Issues in the 1990s, Wiley, Chichester, UK, pp. 309–323. Eagles, P.F.J., McCool, S.F. and Haynes, C.D. (2002) Sustainable tourism in protected areas: guidelines for planning and management. International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland. Edgell, Sr. D. (2006) Managing Sustainable Tourism: A Legacy for the Future. Routledge, Oxon, UK. Font, X. and Tribe, J. (eds) (2000) Forest Tourism and Recreation: Case Studies in Environmental Management. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. Friedmann, J. (1973) Retracking America. Anchor Press/Doubleday, Garden City, New York. Gale, R.P. and Corday, S.M. (1994) Making sense of sustainability: nine answers to what should be sustained? Rural Sociology 59, 314–332. Getz, D. (1982) A rationale and methodology for assessing capacity to absorb tourism. Ontario Geography 19, 92–102. Hall, C.M. (1999) Rethinking collaboration and partnership: a public policy perspective. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 7, 274–289. Hall, C.M. and Lew, A.A. (eds) (1998) Sustainable Tourism: A Geographical Perspective. Addison-Wesley, Longman, Essex, UK. Honey, M. (1999) Ecotourism and Sustainable Development: Who Owns Paradise? Island Press, Washington DC. Hunter, C.J. (1995) On the need to reconceptualize sustainable tourism development. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 3, 155–165.
14 The Search for Sustainable Tourism Innskeep, E. (1991) Tourism Planning: An Integrated and Sustainable Development Approach. Routledge, London. Krumpe, E. and McCool, S.F. (1997) Role of public involvement in the Limits of acceptable change wilderness planning system. In: McCool, S.F. and Cole, D.N. (eds) Limits of Acceptable Change and Related Planning Processes: Progress and Future Directions. USDA Forest Service Intermountain Research Station, Missoula, Montana, pp. 16–20. Lee, Kai N. (1993) Compass and Gyroscope: Integrating Science and Politics for the Environment. Island Press, Washington, DC. Lindberg, K., McCool, S. and Stankey, G. (1997) Rethinking carrying capacity. Annals of Tourism Research 24(2): 461–465. Livermann, D.M., Hanson, M.E., Brown, B.J. and Merideth, R.W. Jr. (1988) Global sustainability: toward measurement. Environmental Management 12, 133–143. Marien, C. and Pizam, A. (1997) Implementing sustainable tourism development through citizen participation in the planning process. In: Tourism, Development and Growth: The Challenge of Sustainability. Routledge, London, pp. 164–178. McCool, S.F. and Lime, D.W. (2001) Tourism carrying capacity: tempting fantasy or useful reality? Journal of Sustainable Tourism 9, 372–388. McCool, S.F. and Patterson, M. (2000) Trends in recreation, tourism and protected area planning. In: Gartner, R. and Lime, D.W. (eds) Outdoor Recreation Trends, CAB International, Wallingford, UK. McCool, S.F. and Stankey, G.H. (1999) Searching for meaning and purpose in the quest for sustainability. School of Forestry, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana. McCool, S.F. and Watson, A.E. (eds) (1995) Linking Tourism, the Environment, and Sustainability. Intermountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Ogden, Utah. McCool, S.F., Guthrie, K. and Kapler-Smith, J. (2000) Building Consensus: Legitimate Hope or Seductive Paradox? USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Ft Collins, Colorado. McCool, S.F., Moisey, R.N. and Nickerson, N. (2001) What should tourism sustain? Industry perceptions of useful indicators. Journal of Travel Research 40(2), 124–131. McCool, S.F., Clark, R.N. and Stankey, G.H. (2007) An assessment of frameworks useful for public land recreation planning. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon. McLaren, D. (1997) Rethinking Tourism and Ecotravel: The Paving of Paradise and What You Can Do to Stop it. Kumerian Press, West Hartford, Connecticut. Meadows, D.H., Meadows, D.L., Randers, J. and Behrans, W.W. III. (1972) The Limits to Growth. Universe Books, New York. Moldan, B., Billharz, S. and Matravers, R. (eds) (1997) SCOPE 58 Sustainability Indicators: A Report on the Project on Indicators of Sustainable Development. Wiley, Chichester, UK. Pearce, D., Markandya, A. and Barbier, E.B. (1989) Blueprint for a Green Economy. Earthscan Publications, London. Pedersen, A. (2002) Managing tourism at World Heritage Sites: a practical manual for World Heritage Site managers. UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Paris, France. Reed, M.G. (1999) Collaborative tourism planning as adaptive experiments in emergent tourism settings. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 7, 331–335. Ritchie, J.R.B. (1999) Interest based formulation of tourism policy for environmentally sensitive destinations. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 7, 206–239. Robinson, M. (1999) Collaboration and cultural consent: refocusing sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 7, 379–397. Rothman, H.K. (1998) Devil’s Bargains: Tourism in the Twentieth Century American West. University Press of Kansas, Kansas. Shindler, B. and Neburka, J. (1997) Public participation in forest planning – 8 attributes of success. Journal of Forestry 95, 17–19.
Page 2 and 3: TOURISM, RECREATION AND SUSTAINABIL
Page 4 and 5: TOURISM, RECREATION AND SUSTAINABIL
Page 6 and 7: Contents Contributors Preface to th
Page 8 and 9: Contributors Kathleen L. Andereck,
Page 10 and 11: Preface to the 2nd Edition When we
Page 12 and 13: 1 Introduction: Pathways and Pitfal
Page 14 and 15: S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 3 1600
Page 16 and 17: S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 5 2. Su
Page 18 and 19: S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 7 and t
Page 20 and 21: S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 9 cause
Page 22 and 23: S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 11 acce
Page 26 and 27: S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 15 Shum
Page 28 and 29: I Frameworks and Approaches STEPHEN
Page 30 and 31: 2 Recreation Ecology in Sustainable
Page 32 and 33: Y.-F. Leung et al. 21 particularly
Page 34 and 35: Y.-F. Leung et al. 23 the selection
Page 36 and 37: Y.-F. Leung et al. 25 Amount of imp
Page 38 and 39: Table 2.1. Some recent examples of
Page 40 and 41: Y.-F. Leung et al. 29 Experience an
Page 42 and 43: Y.-F. Leung et al. 31 tour operator
Page 44 and 45: Y.-F. Leung et al. 33 References Bl
Page 46 and 47: Y.-F. Leung et al. 35 national park
Page 48 and 49: Y.-F. Leung et al. 37 Wall, G. and
Page 50 and 51: C.P. Dawson 39 the tourism experien
Page 52 and 53: C.P. Dawson 41 ism, sustainable tou
Page 54 and 55: C.P. Dawson 43 With these proposed
Page 56 and 57: Table 3.2. A proposed tourism oppor
Page 58 and 59: C.P. Dawson 47 level of development
Page 60 and 61: C.P. Dawson 49 Eagles, P.F.J. and N
Page 62 and 63: 4 Hypothesizing the Shifting Mosaic
Page 64 and 65: D. Ioannides 53 because ‘to rejec
Page 66 and 67: D. Ioannides 55 related development
Page 68 and 69: D. Ioannides 57 including hotel cha
Page 70 and 71: D. Ioannides 59 the early stages of
Page 72 and 73: D. Ioannides 61 Acknowledging the n
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Table 4.1. Conflicting development
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Table 4.3. Conflicting development
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D. Ioannides 67 by national or regi
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D. Ioannides 69 further development
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D. Ioannides 71 can be thought of a
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D. Ioannides 73 Issues. Channel Vie
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D. Ioannides 75 (ed.) The Tourism A
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R.J. Payne et al. 77 Background The
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R.J. Payne et al. 79 inland and inc
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R.J. Payne et al. 81 economic, soci
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R.J. Payne et al. 83 auditing focus
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R.J. Payne et al. 85 traditional kn
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R.J. Payne et al. 87 North Communit
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R.J. Payne et al. 89 Table 5.2. For
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Table 5.4. Underlying attitudinal d
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R.J. Payne et al. 93 dimensions and
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R.J. Payne et al. 95 and tourists.
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R.J. Payne et al. 97 Ottawa, Parks
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R.J. Payne et al. 99 Western Lake S
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R.J. Payne et al. 101 Customers’
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6 Development and Evaluation of Sus
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 105 b
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 107 e
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 109
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 111 p
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 113 b
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 115 I
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II Tourism, Place and Community R.
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 119 to
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7 From ‘Guiding Fiction’ to Act
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A. Gill and P.W. Williams 123 Decli
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A. Gill and P.W. Williams 125 Curre
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A. Gill and P.W. Williams 127 these
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A. Gill and P.W. Williams 129 cal [
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8 Destination and Place Branding: a
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U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 133 binat
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U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 135 The m
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U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 137 their
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U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 139 Exist
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U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 141 Fan,
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J.L. Meyer 143 contrast, is an inta
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J.L. Meyer 145 integral to the fiel
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J.L. Meyer 147 summer of wildfires
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J.L. Meyer 149 affection is for thi
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J.L. Meyer 151 These studies reveal
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J.L. Meyer 153 Rockies’ gold rush
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J.L. Meyer 155 References Barbee, R
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J.L. Meyer 157 Schullery, P. (1980)
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R.E. Mitchell 159 Defining sustaina
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R.E. Mitchell 161 Building upon thi
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R.E. Mitchell 163 both culturally a
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R.E. Mitchell 165 accommodation on
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R.E. Mitchell 167 travel agencies a
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R.E. Mitchell 169 somewhat in 1997
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R.E. Mitchell 171 over the right to
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R.E. Mitchell 173 Impacts The surve
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R.E. Mitchell 175 Terrorism: severa
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R.E. Mitchell 177 would prefer tour
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R.E. Mitchell 179 Dense socio-polit
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R.E. Mitchell 181 References Arnste
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11 Local Participation and Attainin
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K. Horochowski and R.N. Moisey 185
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Page 200 and 201:
Page 202 and 203:
Page 204 and 205:
Page 206 and 207:
III Emerging Issues in Culture and
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12 Tourism and Poverty Alleviation:
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Dr A. Spenceley 199 Poverty tourism
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Dr A. Spenceley 201 developing coun
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Dr A. Spenceley 203 Similarly, gene
Page 216 and 217:
Dr A. Spenceley 205 by tourism comp
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Dr A. Spenceley 207 Although some o
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Dr A. Spenceley 209 Tourism Benefit
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Dr A. Spenceley 211 The third examp
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Table 12.7. Increasing participatio
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Dr A. Spenceley 215 They recommend
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Dr A. Spenceley 217 Goodwin, H. and
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Dr A. Spenceley 219 United Nations/
Page 232 and 233:
R. Staiff 221 the Management Plan 2
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R. Staiff 223 research to national
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R. Staiff 225 within the orbit of
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R. Staiff 227 The extensive calligr
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R. Staiff 229 crafted details posit
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R. Staiff 231 8 In a provocative es
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R. Staiff 233 determinism) is polit
Page 246 and 247:
R. Staiff 235 Rojek, C. and Urry, J
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K.L. Andereck and N.G. McGehee 237
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Table 14.1. Tourism attitude items
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Page 262 and 263:
Page 264 and 265:
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Page 268 and 269:
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 261 ment age
Page 274 and 275:
A. Trau and R. Bushell 263 and in t
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 265 Bank, an
Page 278 and 279:
A. Trau and R. Bushell 267 Educatio
Page 280 and 281:
A. Trau and R. Bushell 269 healthy
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 271 1 4 Good
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 273 communit
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 275 The Aust
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 277 Notes ab
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 279 prepared
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 281 from the
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16 Sustainable Tourism in the 21st
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 285 tou
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 287 Not
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 289 wha
Page 302 and 303:
R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 291 nat
Page 304 and 305:
Index Aboriginal 220-221, 260-265,
Page 306 and 307:
Index 295 Overseas Development Init
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