Linking Culture and the Environment

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4 Hypothesizing the Shifting Mosaic of Attitudes Through Time: a Dynamic Framework for Sustainable Tourism Development on a ‘Mediterranean Isle’ DIMITRI IOANNIDES Department of Geography, Geology and Planning, Missouri State University, Springfi eld, Missouri, USA and Tourism Research Institute, Mid-Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden Introduction For over two decades planning practitioners, policy makers and academics have been preoccupied with the topic of sustainable development (Redclift, 1987; World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987; Gunn, 1994; van den Bergh and van der Straaten, 1994; Berke and Conroy, 2000; Dresner, 2002; Wheeler and Beatly, 2004; Sacquet, 2005). Considering the concept of sustainability strives to reconcile existing conflicts among goals of economic growth, environmental protection and social justice, it is unsurprising that this concept has also emerged as a leitmotif or tourism research (McCool, 1995; Wall, 1997; Hall and Lew, 1998; Bosselman et al., 1999; Butler, 1999; Williams and Montanari, 1999; Mowforth and Munt, 2003; Butler, 2006a,b; Weaver, 2006; Holden, 2007). The Journal of Sustainable Tourism which is entirely dedicated to the study of sustainable tourism has now entered its 13th year. Other mainstream journals includingTourism Management, the Annals of Tourism Research, Tourism Geographies, and Current Issues in Tourism have published numerous articles over the years dealing directly or indirectly with sustainable development. Despite ample rhetoric concerning the merits of adopting the sustainability paradigm in tourist destinations, most authors continue to criticize the concept for its ambiguity (Butler, 1993; Wahab and Pigram, 1997; Ioannides and Holcomb, 2003; Mowforth and Munt, 2003; Weaver, 2006). Especially problematic is the issue of reconciling future-oriented goals in terms of preserving a destination’s natural or cultural resources with more immediate economic growth priorities. Problems such as this impede the ©CAB International 2008. Tourism, Recreation and Sustainability: Linking Culture and the Environment, 2nd edn (eds S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey) 51
52 Sustainable Tourism Development on a ‘Mediterranean Isle’ transformation of sustainable development from words into actions (Campbell, 1996; McCool and Stankey, 1999). The purpose of this chapter is twofold. It briefly reminds the reader of the major obstacles to implementing sustainable solutions in touristic environments. A principal impediment is that sustainability is a term fraught with ‘imprecision’ (Wall, 1997, p.33), since it holds varying meanings for different stakeholders (see also McCool and Stankey, 1999; Sauter and Leisen, 1999; Kousis, 2001). While researchers are well aware of this obstacle, the majority of existing studies examine these differences in attitudes from a cross-sectional standpoint. That is, investigations of the differing attitudes of players involved directly or indirectly in tourism’s development (e.g. developers, local government bureaucrats and politicians, national policy makers, tour operators, environmental protection groups and local residents) tend to focus on a particular place at a single point in time. Johnson and Snepenger (2006, p. 222) argue that the reason for this fixation on cross-sectional studies is predictable since ‘it is pragmatically easier to acquire information at one point in time’ but also because most researchers are under pressure to turn out publications within a short time frame and do not have the luxury to commit themselves to lengthy studies. Unfortunately, however, the prevalence of such research inhibits our ability to understand the manner in which attitudes towards tourism of each set of stakeholders in a single locality are likely to change over time. In other words, while one group of players may be extremely accepting towards tourism compared to another at an early stage of the sector’s development, the respective perceptions of these two groups based on their experiences will probably shift through time. In some cases perhaps the varying perceptions will become increasingly convergent, while in others differences in opinion may be enhanced. Given that it is crucial in any destination to include as many stakeholders as possible in the plan-making process to generate effective policy, it is apparent that adopting a longitudinal approach, examining changes over time, could prove extremely helpful for prescribing a general agenda for sustainable tourism development. Thus, the chapter reiterates the need for a conceptual framework that recognizes the effect that spatial/geographic and temporal/historic contingencies may have in influencing the attitudes of various stakeholders towards sustainability. A primary aim is to demonstrate the value of adopting a longitudinal model such as Butler’s (1980) widely used tourist-area life cycle to investigate the perspectives of different actors towards balanced-oriented growth at each stage of destination’s development. In order to illustrate the use of such a conceptual framework for examining the shifting perceptions of stakeholders over time, the chapter draws on the experiences of island destinations in the Mediterranean. Barriers to Sustainability in the Context of Tourism The idea of sustainable development has gained broad acceptance globally. Campbell (1996, p. 301) argues that this widespread acceptance is inevitable
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TOURISM, RECREATION AND SUSTAINABIL
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TOURISM, RECREATION AND SUSTAINABIL
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Contents Contributors Preface to th
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Contributors Kathleen L. Andereck,
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Preface to the 2nd Edition When we
Page 12 and 13: 1 Introduction: Pathways and Pitfal
Page 14 and 15: S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 3 1600
Page 16 and 17: S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 5 2. Su
Page 18 and 19: S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 7 and t
Page 20 and 21: S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 9 cause
Page 22 and 23: S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 11 acce
Page 24 and 25: S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 13 at h
Page 26 and 27: S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 15 Shum
Page 28 and 29: I Frameworks and Approaches STEPHEN
Page 30 and 31: 2 Recreation Ecology in Sustainable
Page 32 and 33: Y.-F. Leung et al. 21 particularly
Page 34 and 35: Y.-F. Leung et al. 23 the selection
Page 36 and 37: Y.-F. Leung et al. 25 Amount of imp
Page 38 and 39: Table 2.1. Some recent examples of
Page 40 and 41: Y.-F. Leung et al. 29 Experience an
Page 42 and 43: Y.-F. Leung et al. 31 tour operator
Page 44 and 45: Y.-F. Leung et al. 33 References Bl
Page 46 and 47: Y.-F. Leung et al. 35 national park
Page 48 and 49: Y.-F. Leung et al. 37 Wall, G. and
Page 50 and 51: C.P. Dawson 39 the tourism experien
Page 52 and 53: C.P. Dawson 41 ism, sustainable tou
Page 54 and 55: C.P. Dawson 43 With these proposed
Page 56 and 57: Table 3.2. A proposed tourism oppor
Page 58 and 59: C.P. Dawson 47 level of development
Page 60 and 61: C.P. Dawson 49 Eagles, P.F.J. and N
Page 64 and 65: D. Ioannides 53 because ‘to rejec
Page 66 and 67: D. Ioannides 55 related development
Page 68 and 69: D. Ioannides 57 including hotel cha
Page 70 and 71: D. Ioannides 59 the early stages of
Page 72 and 73: D. Ioannides 61 Acknowledging the n
Page 74 and 75: Table 4.1. Conflicting development
Page 76 and 77: Table 4.3. Conflicting development
Page 78 and 79: D. Ioannides 67 by national or regi
Page 80 and 81: D. Ioannides 69 further development
Page 82 and 83: D. Ioannides 71 can be thought of a
Page 84 and 85: D. Ioannides 73 Issues. Channel Vie
Page 86 and 87: D. Ioannides 75 (ed.) The Tourism A
Page 88 and 89: R.J. Payne et al. 77 Background The
Page 90 and 91: R.J. Payne et al. 79 inland and inc
Page 92 and 93: R.J. Payne et al. 81 economic, soci
Page 94 and 95: R.J. Payne et al. 83 auditing focus
Page 96 and 97: R.J. Payne et al. 85 traditional kn
Page 98 and 99: R.J. Payne et al. 87 North Communit
Page 100 and 101: R.J. Payne et al. 89 Table 5.2. For
Page 102 and 103: Table 5.4. Underlying attitudinal d
Page 104 and 105: R.J. Payne et al. 93 dimensions and
Page 106 and 107: R.J. Payne et al. 95 and tourists.
Page 108 and 109: R.J. Payne et al. 97 Ottawa, Parks
Page 110 and 111: R.J. Payne et al. 99 Western Lake S
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R.J. Payne et al. 101 Customers’
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6 Development and Evaluation of Sus
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 105 b
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 107 e
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 109
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 111 p
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 113 b
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 115 I
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II Tourism, Place and Community R.
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 119 to
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7 From ‘Guiding Fiction’ to Act
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A. Gill and P.W. Williams 123 Decli
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A. Gill and P.W. Williams 125 Curre
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A. Gill and P.W. Williams 127 these
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A. Gill and P.W. Williams 129 cal [
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8 Destination and Place Branding: a
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U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 133 binat
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U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 135 The m
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U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 137 their
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U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 139 Exist
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U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 141 Fan,
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J.L. Meyer 143 contrast, is an inta
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J.L. Meyer 145 integral to the fiel
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J.L. Meyer 147 summer of wildfires
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J.L. Meyer 149 affection is for thi
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J.L. Meyer 151 These studies reveal
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J.L. Meyer 153 Rockies’ gold rush
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J.L. Meyer 155 References Barbee, R
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J.L. Meyer 157 Schullery, P. (1980)
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R.E. Mitchell 159 Defining sustaina
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R.E. Mitchell 161 Building upon thi
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R.E. Mitchell 163 both culturally a
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R.E. Mitchell 165 accommodation on
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R.E. Mitchell 167 travel agencies a
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R.E. Mitchell 169 somewhat in 1997
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R.E. Mitchell 171 over the right to
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R.E. Mitchell 173 Impacts The surve
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R.E. Mitchell 175 Terrorism: severa
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R.E. Mitchell 177 would prefer tour
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R.E. Mitchell 179 Dense socio-polit
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R.E. Mitchell 181 References Arnste
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11 Local Participation and Attainin
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K. Horochowski and R.N. Moisey 185
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III Emerging Issues in Culture and
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12 Tourism and Poverty Alleviation:
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Dr A. Spenceley 199 Poverty tourism
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Dr A. Spenceley 201 developing coun
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Dr A. Spenceley 203 Similarly, gene
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Dr A. Spenceley 205 by tourism comp
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Dr A. Spenceley 207 Although some o
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Dr A. Spenceley 209 Tourism Benefit
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Dr A. Spenceley 211 The third examp
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Table 12.7. Increasing participatio
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Dr A. Spenceley 215 They recommend
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Dr A. Spenceley 217 Goodwin, H. and
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Dr A. Spenceley 219 United Nations/
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R. Staiff 221 the Management Plan 2
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R. Staiff 223 research to national
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R. Staiff 225 within the orbit of
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R. Staiff 227 The extensive calligr
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R. Staiff 229 crafted details posit
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R. Staiff 231 8 In a provocative es
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R. Staiff 233 determinism) is polit
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R. Staiff 235 Rojek, C. and Urry, J
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K.L. Andereck and N.G. McGehee 237
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Table 14.1. Tourism attitude items
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 261 ment age
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 263 and in t
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 265 Bank, an
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 267 Educatio
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 269 healthy
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 271 1 4 Good
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 273 communit
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 275 The Aust
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 277 Notes ab
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 279 prepared
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 281 from the
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16 Sustainable Tourism in the 21st
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 285 tou
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 287 Not
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 289 wha
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 291 nat
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Index Aboriginal 220-221, 260-265,
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Index 295 Overseas Development Init
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