Linking Culture and the Environment

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K. Horochowski and R.N. Moisey 187 mangrove forest estuaries. Cuero y Salado Wildlife Reserve has been managed since 1987 by a non-governmental organization (NGO) – Fundación Cuero y Salado (FUCSA). Cuero y Salado Wildlife Reserve receives an increasing number of visitors departing from La Ceiba (population 105,000), a port town 37 km east of the reserve, which hosts many tourists also visiting the popular Bay Islands. Currently ten tour operators offer trips to the wildlife reserve. Tourism in La Ceiba and the Bay Islands has been dominated by large-scale, capital-intensive projects that accommodate large numbers of foreign tourists and is based largely on the beaches in the area. The NSTP identified these natural areas as key in diversifying the more established ‘sun and beach tourism’. The second site, Guaimoreto Wildlife Reserve, was assigned protected status in 1992 and has experienced low-scale tourism development. It is located only 3 km from city of Trujillo and is being managed by an NGO – Fundación Capiro-Calentura y Laguna de Guaimoreto (FUCAGUA). The city of Trujillo is also a popular tourist stop for beach goers and for its historical importance – Columbus landed near Trujillo on his fourth and final voyage to the New World and the city was the first Honduran national capital. It is a more colonial town than La Ceiba and is more accustomed to low-budget, adventurous travellers. Methods The present chapter reports on results from a larger study of sustainable ecotourism development in northern Honduras. The results of this chapter are based on scheduled, personal structured interviews with community leaders, ecotourism operators and local residents. The key individuals were identified through snowball sampling techniques using their potential influential capacity as criteria. Local residents were randomly selected. During the months from August to December 1997, 32 key individuals and 208 local residents were interviewed. Key individuals included local government officials, the mayors of the regional centres, local ecotour operators, community leaders and the NGOs managing the reserves or working in the region. At all levels, respondents were asked to give their views on topics concerning protected areas and conservation, social institutions, the political processes, community participation and tourism development. Findings Community organization (formal and informal) The formal organizational structures into which the communities of Cuero y Salado and Guaimoreto organize themselves are similar in both areas. Communities consistently (although not entirely) associated into three core formal organizations which address basic needs. These groups are the
188 Local Participation and Attaining Sustainable Tourism ‘patronato’ (town council), ‘junta de agua’ (water commission) and ‘sociedad de padres de familia’ (local PTA). With very few exceptions, all northern Honduran communities possess at least one of these three groups. The functions of the formal groups generally consist of recruiting support from their community for specific activities or projects. Most people said they joined these groups when they were solicited to do so, but otherwise they did not participate. A strong sense of moral obligation when called upon was evident but individual proactive initiative is very rare. The functions of the formal groups generally consist of recruiting support from their community for specific activities or projects. A common complaint among respondents is the lack of follow-up after community projects were completed. Ironically, the very people who complained generally admitted that they did not partake in any of the planning and/or organized activities since the completion of projects in their respective towns. Distrust in the (mis)allocation of funds is repeatedly cited as a reason for not being more supportive and active. One interviewer’s response, which resonated with many others, was ‘people in charge always do what they want and use public money for their own personal benefit. Why should I support them after I receive what I need?’ In both study sites, informal groups are present, especially church groups and soccer players who met regularly to play the game. Of the few informal groups mentioned, the church groups (catholic, Mormon and evangelical) are the most permanent. Other organized groups are addressed in the past tense, especially women’s groups and cooperatives. Many such groups had generally been organized by an outside agency (i.e. Peace Corps, Ministry of Agriculture) and disbanded after the volunteer or programme left the area. Generally speaking, none of the informal groups cited by the respondents met to carry out community planning, activities or services. In the organization of informal groups, the two areas differ more from each other than in formal organization. This is primarily due to the ethnic make-up of the communities. In the vicinity of Cuero y Salado, the population is primarily Latino (98%), whereas in Guaimoreto, over a quarter of the population is Garífuna (Black Caribe). The Garífuna, unlike the Latino, rely more on community or neighbourhood support in their traditional and modern activities. The reasons for this appear to be influenced by tradition and culture as well as by political and social marginalization and racial discrimination. Accordingly, the Garífuna count heavily on mutual support. At the same time, their unique culture with a distinct language, music and dance, food, etc. creates a social bond not equivalently found in their Latino counterparts. As a result, the Garífunas tend to more frequently congregate informally to carry out their business activities, play music, dance, play soccer, etc. Generally, the Garífunas demonstrate greater solidarity than do the Latinos. None the less, the Garífunas do not consider these groups as organized per se, but as cultural tradition and thus, do not consider them as either formal or informal organizations. One Garífuna teacher stated that ‘we resent the imposed political structures of the whites because it dismantles our
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TOURISM, RECREATION AND SUSTAINABIL
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TOURISM, RECREATION AND SUSTAINABIL
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Contents Contributors Preface to th
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Contributors Kathleen L. Andereck,
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Preface to the 2nd Edition When we
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1 Introduction: Pathways and Pitfal
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 3 1600
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 5 2. Su
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 7 and t
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 9 cause
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 11 acce
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 13 at h
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 15 Shum
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I Frameworks and Approaches STEPHEN
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2 Recreation Ecology in Sustainable
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 21 particularly
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 23 the selection
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 25 Amount of imp
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Table 2.1. Some recent examples of
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 29 Experience an
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 31 tour operator
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 33 References Bl
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 35 national park
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 37 Wall, G. and
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C.P. Dawson 39 the tourism experien
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C.P. Dawson 41 ism, sustainable tou
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C.P. Dawson 43 With these proposed
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Table 3.2. A proposed tourism oppor
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C.P. Dawson 47 level of development
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C.P. Dawson 49 Eagles, P.F.J. and N
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4 Hypothesizing the Shifting Mosaic
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D. Ioannides 53 because ‘to rejec
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D. Ioannides 55 related development
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D. Ioannides 57 including hotel cha
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D. Ioannides 59 the early stages of
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D. Ioannides 61 Acknowledging the n
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Table 4.1. Conflicting development
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Table 4.3. Conflicting development
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D. Ioannides 67 by national or regi
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D. Ioannides 69 further development
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D. Ioannides 71 can be thought of a
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D. Ioannides 73 Issues. Channel Vie
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D. Ioannides 75 (ed.) The Tourism A
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R.J. Payne et al. 77 Background The
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R.J. Payne et al. 79 inland and inc
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R.J. Payne et al. 81 economic, soci
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R.J. Payne et al. 83 auditing focus
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R.J. Payne et al. 85 traditional kn
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R.J. Payne et al. 87 North Communit
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R.J. Payne et al. 89 Table 5.2. For
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Table 5.4. Underlying attitudinal d
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R.J. Payne et al. 93 dimensions and
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R.J. Payne et al. 95 and tourists.
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R.J. Payne et al. 97 Ottawa, Parks
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R.J. Payne et al. 99 Western Lake S
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R.J. Payne et al. 101 Customers’
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6 Development and Evaluation of Sus
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 105 b
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 107 e
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 109
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 111 p
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 113 b
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 115 I
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II Tourism, Place and Community R.
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 119 to
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7 From ‘Guiding Fiction’ to Act
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A. Gill and P.W. Williams 123 Decli
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A. Gill and P.W. Williams 125 Curre
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A. Gill and P.W. Williams 127 these
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A. Gill and P.W. Williams 129 cal [
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8 Destination and Place Branding: a
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U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 133 binat
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U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 135 The m
Page 148 and 149: U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 137 their
Page 150 and 151: U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 139 Exist
Page 152 and 153: U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 141 Fan,
Page 154 and 155: J.L. Meyer 143 contrast, is an inta
Page 156 and 157: J.L. Meyer 145 integral to the fiel
Page 158 and 159: J.L. Meyer 147 summer of wildfires
Page 160 and 161: J.L. Meyer 149 affection is for thi
Page 162 and 163: J.L. Meyer 151 These studies reveal
Page 164 and 165: J.L. Meyer 153 Rockies’ gold rush
Page 166 and 167: J.L. Meyer 155 References Barbee, R
Page 168 and 169: J.L. Meyer 157 Schullery, P. (1980)
Page 170 and 171: R.E. Mitchell 159 Defining sustaina
Page 172 and 173: R.E. Mitchell 161 Building upon thi
Page 174 and 175: R.E. Mitchell 163 both culturally a
Page 176 and 177: R.E. Mitchell 165 accommodation on
Page 178 and 179: R.E. Mitchell 167 travel agencies a
Page 180 and 181: R.E. Mitchell 169 somewhat in 1997
Page 182 and 183: R.E. Mitchell 171 over the right to
Page 184 and 185: R.E. Mitchell 173 Impacts The surve
Page 186 and 187: R.E. Mitchell 175 Terrorism: severa
Page 188 and 189: R.E. Mitchell 177 would prefer tour
Page 190 and 191: R.E. Mitchell 179 Dense socio-polit
Page 192 and 193: R.E. Mitchell 181 References Arnste
Page 194 and 195: 11 Local Participation and Attainin
Page 196 and 197: K. Horochowski and R.N. Moisey 185
Page 206 and 207: III Emerging Issues in Culture and
Page 208 and 209: 12 Tourism and Poverty Alleviation:
Page 210 and 211: Dr A. Spenceley 199 Poverty tourism
Page 212 and 213: Dr A. Spenceley 201 developing coun
Page 214 and 215: Dr A. Spenceley 203 Similarly, gene
Page 216 and 217: Dr A. Spenceley 205 by tourism comp
Page 218 and 219: Dr A. Spenceley 207 Although some o
Page 220 and 221: Dr A. Spenceley 209 Tourism Benefit
Page 222 and 223: Dr A. Spenceley 211 The third examp
Page 224 and 225: Table 12.7. Increasing participatio
Page 226 and 227: Dr A. Spenceley 215 They recommend
Page 228 and 229: Dr A. Spenceley 217 Goodwin, H. and
Page 230 and 231: Dr A. Spenceley 219 United Nations/
Page 232 and 233: R. Staiff 221 the Management Plan 2
Page 234 and 235: R. Staiff 223 research to national
Page 236 and 237: R. Staiff 225 within the orbit of
Page 238 and 239: R. Staiff 227 The extensive calligr
Page 240 and 241: R. Staiff 229 crafted details posit
Page 242 and 243: R. Staiff 231 8 In a provocative es
Page 244 and 245: R. Staiff 233 determinism) is polit
Page 246 and 247: R. Staiff 235 Rojek, C. and Urry, J
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K.L. Andereck and N.G. McGehee 237
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Table 14.1. Tourism attitude items
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 261 ment age
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 263 and in t
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 265 Bank, an
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 267 Educatio
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 269 healthy
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 271 1 4 Good
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 273 communit
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 275 The Aust
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 277 Notes ab
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 279 prepared
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 281 from the
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16 Sustainable Tourism in the 21st
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 285 tou
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 287 Not
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 289 wha
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 291 nat
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Index Aboriginal 220-221, 260-265,
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Index 295 Overseas Development Init
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Linking Culture and the Environment

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