Linking Culture and the Environment

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K.L. Andereck and N.G. McGehee 251 Gender Education Frequency of visits to tourism area Age Distance from tourism area −0.15 −0.07 −0.06 Involvement in 0.09 tourism 0.46 0.06 0.37 0.17 Level of community tourism development −0.09 0.09 0.08 0.14 0.13 −0.18 −0.08 Personal benefit from tourism −0.10 0.12 −0.11 0.56 −0.19 0.19 0.46 −0.34 Community enhancement Community degeneration −0.13 0.12 0.08 0.38 0.15 0.31 Economic improvement Support for tourism development Lived in area as a child 0.09 −0.11 −0.35 Lifestyle costs Fig. 14.2. Significant relationships among variables. in Fig. 14.2. Involvement in tourism is predicted by gender, with men indicating more involvement; education, with the higher educated being more involved with tourism; and frequency of visits to the tourism area of the community, with those visiting frequently being more involved. Personal benefit from tourism is predicted by frequency of visits to the tourism area, with frequent visitors perceiving greater personal benefits; age, with younger residents perceiving more benefit; and distance of residence from the tourism area, with those farther away perceiving more benefit. The second level of analysis considers the predictive ability of personal characteristics, involvement, personal benefit and level of community tour- Table 14.5. Model direct relationships for involvement and personal benefit in the Arizona study. Dependent variables Independent variables Direct effect (beta) Involvement Gender −0.06* Education 0.00** Visits to tourism area 0.46** Personal benefit Age −0.15** Visits to tourism area 0.37** Distance of residence 0.06* *p < 0.05. **p < 0.001.
252 The Attitudes of Community Residents Towards Tourism Table 14.6. Model direct and indirect relationships for attitude constructs in the Arizona study. Dependent variables Independent variables Direct effect (beta) Indirect effects Total effects Community enhancement Community degeneration Economic improvement Gender −0.07** −0.01 −0.08 Age 0.13*** −0.08 0.05 Education – −0.01 −0.01 Visits to tourism area 0.14*** 0.17 0.31 Tourism development −0.20*** – −0.20 Involvement −0.09*** – −0.09 Personal benefit 0.56*** – 0.56 Age −0.10*** −0.05 −0.05 Visits to tourism area – −0.13 −0.13 Distance of residence – −0.02 −0.02 Live in area as child −0.11** – −0.11 Tourism development 0.19*** – 0.19 Personal benefit −0.34*** – −0.34 Age 0.17*** −0.07 0.10 Education 0.09*** – 0.09 Visits to tourism area 0.08* 0.07 0.25 Distance of residence −0.08** 0.03 −0.05 Personal benefit 0.46*** – 0.46 Lifestyle costs Age −0.18*** −0.05 −0.23 Visits to tourism area – −0.13 −0.13 Distance of residence 0.09*** −0.02 0.07 Live in area as child −0.11** – −0.11 Tourism development 0.12*** – 0.12 Personal benefit −0.35*** – −0.35 *p < 0.05. **p < 0.01. ***p < 0.001. ism development on attitudes towards tourism (Table 14.6). As has been found in many studies, a number of the variables used in the Arizona study are related to attitudes towards tourism (Brougham and Butler, 1981; Long et al., 1990; Lankford and Howard, 1994; McCool and Martin, 1994; Andereck et al., 2005). Community enhancement is directly predicted by: gender, with men agreeing to a greater extent than women that tourism enhances the community; involvement in tourism and level of community development, with those more involved in tourism and living in communities with higher levels of tourism development perceiving fewer community enhancement benefits; and frequency of visits to the tourism area, age and personal benefit from tourism, with those visiting the tourism area more often, older residents, and those perceiving more benefit, respectively, viewing more enhancement due to tourism than others. Personal benefit from tourism has almost always predicted attitudes in other studies (Liu and Var, 1986; Perdue et al., 1990; Lankford and Howard, 1994; Jurowski et al., 1997; Sirakaya et al., 2002). There are also indirect effects by gender, education and frequency of visits via the
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TOURISM, RECREATION AND SUSTAINABIL
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TOURISM, RECREATION AND SUSTAINABIL
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Contents Contributors Preface to th
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Contributors Kathleen L. Andereck,
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Preface to the 2nd Edition When we
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1 Introduction: Pathways and Pitfal
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 3 1600
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 5 2. Su
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 7 and t
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 9 cause
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 11 acce
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 13 at h
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 15 Shum
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I Frameworks and Approaches STEPHEN
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2 Recreation Ecology in Sustainable
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 21 particularly
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 23 the selection
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 25 Amount of imp
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Table 2.1. Some recent examples of
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 29 Experience an
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 31 tour operator
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 33 References Bl
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 35 national park
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 37 Wall, G. and
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C.P. Dawson 39 the tourism experien
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C.P. Dawson 41 ism, sustainable tou
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C.P. Dawson 43 With these proposed
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Table 3.2. A proposed tourism oppor
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C.P. Dawson 47 level of development
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C.P. Dawson 49 Eagles, P.F.J. and N
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4 Hypothesizing the Shifting Mosaic
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D. Ioannides 53 because ‘to rejec
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D. Ioannides 55 related development
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D. Ioannides 57 including hotel cha
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D. Ioannides 59 the early stages of
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D. Ioannides 61 Acknowledging the n
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Table 4.1. Conflicting development
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Table 4.3. Conflicting development
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D. Ioannides 67 by national or regi
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D. Ioannides 69 further development
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D. Ioannides 71 can be thought of a
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D. Ioannides 73 Issues. Channel Vie
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D. Ioannides 75 (ed.) The Tourism A
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R.J. Payne et al. 77 Background The
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R.J. Payne et al. 79 inland and inc
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R.J. Payne et al. 81 economic, soci
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R.J. Payne et al. 83 auditing focus
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R.J. Payne et al. 85 traditional kn
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R.J. Payne et al. 87 North Communit
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R.J. Payne et al. 89 Table 5.2. For
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Table 5.4. Underlying attitudinal d
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R.J. Payne et al. 93 dimensions and
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R.J. Payne et al. 95 and tourists.
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R.J. Payne et al. 97 Ottawa, Parks
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R.J. Payne et al. 99 Western Lake S
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R.J. Payne et al. 101 Customers’
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6 Development and Evaluation of Sus
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 105 b
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 107 e
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 109
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 111 p
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 113 b
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 115 I
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II Tourism, Place and Community R.
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 119 to
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7 From ‘Guiding Fiction’ to Act
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A. Gill and P.W. Williams 123 Decli
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A. Gill and P.W. Williams 125 Curre
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A. Gill and P.W. Williams 127 these
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A. Gill and P.W. Williams 129 cal [
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8 Destination and Place Branding: a
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U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 133 binat
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U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 135 The m
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U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 137 their
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U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 139 Exist
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U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 141 Fan,
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J.L. Meyer 143 contrast, is an inta
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J.L. Meyer 145 integral to the fiel
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J.L. Meyer 147 summer of wildfires
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J.L. Meyer 149 affection is for thi
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J.L. Meyer 151 These studies reveal
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J.L. Meyer 153 Rockies’ gold rush
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J.L. Meyer 155 References Barbee, R
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J.L. Meyer 157 Schullery, P. (1980)
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R.E. Mitchell 159 Defining sustaina
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R.E. Mitchell 161 Building upon thi
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R.E. Mitchell 163 both culturally a
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R.E. Mitchell 165 accommodation on
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R.E. Mitchell 167 travel agencies a
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R.E. Mitchell 169 somewhat in 1997
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R.E. Mitchell 171 over the right to
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R.E. Mitchell 173 Impacts The surve
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R.E. Mitchell 175 Terrorism: severa
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R.E. Mitchell 177 would prefer tour
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R.E. Mitchell 179 Dense socio-polit
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R.E. Mitchell 181 References Arnste
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11 Local Participation and Attainin
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K. Horochowski and R.N. Moisey 185
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III Emerging Issues in Culture and
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12 Tourism and Poverty Alleviation:
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Dr A. Spenceley 199 Poverty tourism
Page 212 and 213: Dr A. Spenceley 201 developing coun
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Page 224 and 225: Table 12.7. Increasing participatio
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Page 228 and 229: Dr A. Spenceley 217 Goodwin, H. and
Page 230 and 231: Dr A. Spenceley 219 United Nations/
Page 232 and 233: R. Staiff 221 the Management Plan 2
Page 234 and 235: R. Staiff 223 research to national
Page 236 and 237: R. Staiff 225 within the orbit of
Page 238 and 239: R. Staiff 227 The extensive calligr
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Page 242 and 243: R. Staiff 231 8 In a provocative es
Page 244 and 245: R. Staiff 233 determinism) is polit
Page 246 and 247: R. Staiff 235 Rojek, C. and Urry, J
Page 248 and 249: K.L. Andereck and N.G. McGehee 237
Page 250 and 251: Table 14.1. Tourism attitude items
Page 272 and 273: A. Trau and R. Bushell 261 ment age
Page 274 and 275: A. Trau and R. Bushell 263 and in t
Page 276 and 277: A. Trau and R. Bushell 265 Bank, an
Page 278 and 279: A. Trau and R. Bushell 267 Educatio
Page 280 and 281: A. Trau and R. Bushell 269 healthy
Page 282 and 283: A. Trau and R. Bushell 271 1 4 Good
Page 284 and 285: A. Trau and R. Bushell 273 communit
Page 286 and 287: A. Trau and R. Bushell 275 The Aust
Page 288 and 289: A. Trau and R. Bushell 277 Notes ab
Page 290 and 291: A. Trau and R. Bushell 279 prepared
Page 292 and 293: A. Trau and R. Bushell 281 from the
Page 294 and 295: 16 Sustainable Tourism in the 21st
Page 296 and 297: R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 285 tou
Page 298 and 299: R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 287 Not
Page 300 and 301: R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 289 wha
Page 302 and 303: R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 291 nat
Page 304 and 305: Index Aboriginal 220-221, 260-265,
Page 306 and 307: Index 295 Overseas Development Init
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