Linking Culture and the Environment

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R.E. Mitchell 163 both culturally and ecologically oriented for Taquile Island. Taquile Island was selected for a number of reasons. Most importantly, an earlier visit by the author in 1990 and an initial review of previous research indicated that the islanders appeared to be in self-control of their tourism industry with many islanders participating and benefiting from tourism. By setting their own tourism agenda many years ago and controlling the tourism transportation and accommodation industry on their island, the author hypothesized that the islanders were receiving high social and financial benefits. Chiquian was selected to compare and contrast tourism and community integration to Taquile Island. Again, previous research and site visits indicated that Chiquian and other neighbouring communities were largely excluded from any tourism benefits such as direct employment and income generation. Chiquian was selected over certain Huayhuash villages (e.g. Llamac and Pacllón) due to its wider diversity of tourism services, greater population size and recent focus on ecotourism events and employment. Shared characteristics of the two study sites are indicated in Table 10.1. Although some differences exist, recognizable elements of sustainable tourism are inherent to both Taquile Island and Chiquian. Both areas are culturally and ecologically unique and tend to attract nature-adventure rather than conventional tourists (at least initially for Taquile), especially if stayovers such as camping or rustic accommodation are necessary. Both communities have not only local people employed in the tourism industry, but also local people concerned about protecting their land and culture from possible Table 10.1. Research site comparison. Key characteristics Taquile Island Chiquian Altitude 3,812 m 3,374 m Dominant Primarily Quechua, minor Spanish; minor Quechua languages Spanish Location Lake Titicaca; accessible by boat from Puno Central Andes; accessible by road from Huaraz or Lima Major economic activities Subsistence agriculture, tourism services, weaving Subsistence agriculture, guiding, weaving Number of visitors Estimated 27,000 in 1996 Estimated 1,000 in 1996 to Huayhuash Population 1,850 (1997 estimate); 350 households 3,801 (1993 census); 1,204 households Production of handicrafts Very high; tourist-based and functional Low to moderate; predominantly export-based Tourism frequency Year-round; high season from June–August During high season only from May–September Tourism economic importance Very high; basic services including lodging, food, transport Low to moderate; basic services including lodging, food, transport Tourism type Cultural/nature Nature/cultural
164 Community Perspectives in Sustainable Tourism negative effects. In addition, conservation of both the natural and/or cultural environment is an important priority, as well as planning or organizational efforts to increase widespread economic benefits from tourism. Taquile Island Taquile Island lies on Lake Titicaca in the extreme south-east end of Peru, about 25 km or 3–4 h by motor boat from Puno (regional capital with approximately 100,000 inhabitants). The total surface area of the island is 754 ha, with 65% of the area being cultivated (Valencia Blanco, 1989). Taquile’s estimated population of 1850 (in 2005 estimated to be 1900 in Zorn and Farthing, 2007) primarily Quechua-speaking people are highly industrious in agriculture, fishing and weaving. Island administration is based on unique sociogeographical divisions which combine traditional with modern political systems (Healy and Zorn, 1983). Foreign tourists began arriving on the dock at Puno in the mid-1970s and local private boat owners soon added the island to their tourist run on the lake. Groups of 30–40 families formed Taquile Island sailboat cooperatives in early 1978 (Healy and Zorn, 1983). By 1982, the number of boat cooperatives had expanded to 13 with 435 Taquile residents sharing boat ownership and management responsibilities (Healy and Zorn, 1983). The islanders proved to be competitive with boat owners from Puno and eventually displaced them by obtaining an officially sanctioned monopoly. Protection of islandercontrolled tourist transport ended during the early 1990s with the advent of then-President Fujimori’s privatization and anti-monopolization policies. In late 2005, several Puno-based tour operators acquired new, faster boats that make the trip in half the usual time including a brief visit to Taquile as part of a multi-island tour (Zorn and Farthing, 2007). A neoliberal economic policy of not forcing Puno-based agencies to pay local fees to Taquile for the right to take tourists to the island continues to this day (Zorn and Farthing, 2007). One major attraction for many tourists to Taquile is its extraordinary weavings, skilfully woven from sheep and alpaca wool. Weavings are sold in a large community-run artisan store (Manco Capac Cooperative), and prices based on workmanship quality and labour (Healy and Zorn, 1983). Prices are also fixed by all members to avoid harmful competition, with a small percentage (5%) retained for cooperative maintenance. Community law in keeping with islander traditions of equality prohibits private sales, although in reality they occur on a discreet basis. By 1990, Taquile controlled all stages of its textile manufacture and marketing, and most tourism services (Prochaska, 1990). In November 2005, Taquile and its textile arts were named by UNESCO as one of 43 new Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritages of Humanity, providing a ‘moral recognition’ that may assist Taquileans in pressing their claims for a greater share of the market (UNESCO Press, 2005, cited in Zorn and Farthing, 2007, p. 683). When tourists arrive on Taquile, a reception committee greets and registers them by age, duration of stay and nationality. New arrivals are assigned
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TOURISM, RECREATION AND SUSTAINABIL
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TOURISM, RECREATION AND SUSTAINABIL
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Contents Contributors Preface to th
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Contributors Kathleen L. Andereck,
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Preface to the 2nd Edition When we
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1 Introduction: Pathways and Pitfal
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 3 1600
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 5 2. Su
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 7 and t
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 9 cause
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 11 acce
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 13 at h
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 15 Shum
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I Frameworks and Approaches STEPHEN
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2 Recreation Ecology in Sustainable
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 21 particularly
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 23 the selection
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 25 Amount of imp
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Table 2.1. Some recent examples of
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 29 Experience an
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 31 tour operator
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 33 References Bl
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 35 national park
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 37 Wall, G. and
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C.P. Dawson 39 the tourism experien
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C.P. Dawson 41 ism, sustainable tou
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C.P. Dawson 43 With these proposed
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Table 3.2. A proposed tourism oppor
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C.P. Dawson 47 level of development
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C.P. Dawson 49 Eagles, P.F.J. and N
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4 Hypothesizing the Shifting Mosaic
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D. Ioannides 53 because ‘to rejec
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D. Ioannides 55 related development
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D. Ioannides 57 including hotel cha
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D. Ioannides 59 the early stages of
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D. Ioannides 61 Acknowledging the n
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Table 4.1. Conflicting development
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Table 4.3. Conflicting development
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D. Ioannides 67 by national or regi
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D. Ioannides 69 further development
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D. Ioannides 71 can be thought of a
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D. Ioannides 73 Issues. Channel Vie
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D. Ioannides 75 (ed.) The Tourism A
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R.J. Payne et al. 77 Background The
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R.J. Payne et al. 79 inland and inc
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R.J. Payne et al. 81 economic, soci
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R.J. Payne et al. 83 auditing focus
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R.J. Payne et al. 85 traditional kn
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R.J. Payne et al. 87 North Communit
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R.J. Payne et al. 89 Table 5.2. For
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Table 5.4. Underlying attitudinal d
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R.J. Payne et al. 93 dimensions and
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R.J. Payne et al. 95 and tourists.
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R.J. Payne et al. 97 Ottawa, Parks
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R.J. Payne et al. 99 Western Lake S
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R.J. Payne et al. 101 Customers’
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6 Development and Evaluation of Sus
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 105 b
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 107 e
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 109
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 111 p
Page 124 and 125: M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 113 b
Page 126 and 127: M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 115 I
Page 128 and 129: II Tourism, Place and Community R.
Page 130 and 131: R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 119 to
Page 132 and 133: 7 From ‘Guiding Fiction’ to Act
Page 134 and 135: A. Gill and P.W. Williams 123 Decli
Page 136 and 137: A. Gill and P.W. Williams 125 Curre
Page 138 and 139: A. Gill and P.W. Williams 127 these
Page 140 and 141: A. Gill and P.W. Williams 129 cal [
Page 142 and 143: 8 Destination and Place Branding: a
Page 144 and 145: U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 133 binat
Page 146 and 147: U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 135 The m
Page 148 and 149: U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 137 their
Page 150 and 151: U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 139 Exist
Page 152 and 153: U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 141 Fan,
Page 154 and 155: J.L. Meyer 143 contrast, is an inta
Page 156 and 157: J.L. Meyer 145 integral to the fiel
Page 158 and 159: J.L. Meyer 147 summer of wildfires
Page 160 and 161: J.L. Meyer 149 affection is for thi
Page 162 and 163: J.L. Meyer 151 These studies reveal
Page 164 and 165: J.L. Meyer 153 Rockies’ gold rush
Page 166 and 167: J.L. Meyer 155 References Barbee, R
Page 168 and 169: J.L. Meyer 157 Schullery, P. (1980)
Page 170 and 171: R.E. Mitchell 159 Defining sustaina
Page 172 and 173: R.E. Mitchell 161 Building upon thi
Page 176 and 177: R.E. Mitchell 165 accommodation on
Page 178 and 179: R.E. Mitchell 167 travel agencies a
Page 180 and 181: R.E. Mitchell 169 somewhat in 1997
Page 182 and 183: R.E. Mitchell 171 over the right to
Page 184 and 185: R.E. Mitchell 173 Impacts The surve
Page 186 and 187: R.E. Mitchell 175 Terrorism: severa
Page 188 and 189: R.E. Mitchell 177 would prefer tour
Page 190 and 191: R.E. Mitchell 179 Dense socio-polit
Page 192 and 193: R.E. Mitchell 181 References Arnste
Page 194 and 195: 11 Local Participation and Attainin
Page 196 and 197: K. Horochowski and R.N. Moisey 185
Page 206 and 207: III Emerging Issues in Culture and
Page 208 and 209: 12 Tourism and Poverty Alleviation:
Page 210 and 211: Dr A. Spenceley 199 Poverty tourism
Page 212 and 213: Dr A. Spenceley 201 developing coun
Page 214 and 215: Dr A. Spenceley 203 Similarly, gene
Page 216 and 217: Dr A. Spenceley 205 by tourism comp
Page 218 and 219: Dr A. Spenceley 207 Although some o
Page 220 and 221: Dr A. Spenceley 209 Tourism Benefit
Page 222 and 223: Dr A. Spenceley 211 The third examp
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Table 12.7. Increasing participatio
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Dr A. Spenceley 215 They recommend
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Dr A. Spenceley 217 Goodwin, H. and
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Dr A. Spenceley 219 United Nations/
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R. Staiff 221 the Management Plan 2
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R. Staiff 223 research to national
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R. Staiff 225 within the orbit of
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R. Staiff 227 The extensive calligr
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R. Staiff 229 crafted details posit
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R. Staiff 231 8 In a provocative es
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R. Staiff 233 determinism) is polit
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R. Staiff 235 Rojek, C. and Urry, J
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K.L. Andereck and N.G. McGehee 237
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Table 14.1. Tourism attitude items
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 261 ment age
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 263 and in t
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 265 Bank, an
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 267 Educatio
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 269 healthy
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 271 1 4 Good
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 273 communit
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 275 The Aust
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 277 Notes ab
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 279 prepared
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 281 from the
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16 Sustainable Tourism in the 21st
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 285 tou
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 287 Not
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 289 wha
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 291 nat
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Index Aboriginal 220-221, 260-265,
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Index 295 Overseas Development Init
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