Linking Culture and the Environment

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J.L. Meyer 157 Schullery, P. (1980) The Bears of Yellowstone. Yellowstone Library and Museum Association, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Schullery, P. (1997) Searching for Yellowstone: Ecology and Wonder in the Last Wilderness. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, Massachusetts. Shamai, S. (1991) Sense of place: an empirical measurement. Geoforum 22, 347–358. Spence, M.D. (1999) Dispossessing the Wilderness: Indian Removal and the Making of the National Parks. Oxford University Press, New York. Stabler, M.J. (ed.) (1997) Tourism and Sustainability: Principles to Practice, CAB International, Wallingford, UK. Tuan, Y.F. (1977) Space and Place. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Tuan, Y.F. (1979) Space and place: humanistic perspective. In: Gale, S. and Olson, G. (eds) Philosophy in Geography. D. Reidel, Boston, Massachusetts, pp. 387–427. US Department of the Interior (2001) Management Policies 2001, National Park Service. US Department of the Interior (2007) Winter Use Plans, Final Environmental Impact Statement, Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks and the John D. Rockefeller&backslash;, Jr. Memorial Parkway, WY, National Park Service. Vale, T.R. and Vale, G.R. (1989) Western Images, Western Landscapes: Travels Along US89. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona. Walsh, J.A., Jamrozy, U. and Burr, S. (2001) Sense of place as a component of sustainable tourism marketing. In: McCool, S.F. and Moisey, R.N. (eds) Tourism, Recreation and Sustainability. CAB Inter national, Wallingford, UK, pp. 195–212. Watkins, T.H. (1999) Call it silence. National Parks 73, 41. Whelan, T. (ed.) (1991) Nature Tourism: Managing for the Environment. Island Press, Washington, DC. Wrobel, D.M. and Long, P.P. (eds) (2001) Seeing and Being Seen: Tourism in the American West. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. Wuerthner, G. (1988) Yellowstone and the Fires of Change. Dream Garden Press, Salt Lake City, Utah. Yellowstone Association (2007) Yellowstone Association purchases historic building to preserve gateway. Yellowstone Discovery 8(22), 13. Yellowstone Park Foundation (2007) Yellowstone Park Foundation Newsletter (8)2, 1–2. Yochim, M.J. (2003) Snow machines in the gardens: the history of snowmobiles in glacier and Yellowstone national parks, Montana. The Magazine of Western History 53(3), 2–15. Yochim, M.J. (2005) Kayaking playground or nature preserve? Montana Magazine of Western History 55(1), 52–64.
10 Community Perspectives in Sustainable Tourism: Lessons from Peru ROSS E. MITCHELL Golder Associates Ltd, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Introduction The year 2006 was a record year for the Latin American tourism industry. More disposable income in several countries and a higher overall level of economic activity has fuelled an increase in recreational and business travel to the region. By August 2006, tourist arrival numbers were up by 8.7% in Central America, 8.1% in South America and 5.1% in the Caribbean countries (UN/ECLAC, 2007). Countries such as Costa Rica, Belize, Ecuador and Peru have promoted sustainable tourism to generate revenue and employment in rural areas while striving to reduce or avoid negative impacts. Peru in particular has enormous opportunities for alternative forms of tourism, including nature observation, heritage and archaeology, trekking, mountain climbing and river trips. Many rural areas of Peru, including the once relatively isolated islands of Lake Titicaca and mountain villages of the Andean region, have experienced rapid tourism growth since the mid-1990s. It is widely accepted that as tourism expands in rural regions, sociocultural and environmental impacts will increase too. Potential impacts may be reduced by ensuring key ecological, economic and sociocultural factors are considered at all stages for a given tourism project or programme, although in reality this is often easier said than done. The key to improving environmental conservation and community well-being could be the direct involvement of local communities within a climate of supportive regional or national policy (e.g. Godde, 1999). Still, the current debate is not whether local communities should be involved, but just how they should be involved and whether such ‘involvement’ means ‘control’. Moreover, some perceive the degree of control to be a significant element of sustainability (Mowforth and Munt, 1998, p. 103). ©CAB International 2008. Tourism, Recreation and Sustainability: 158 Linking Culture and the Environment, 2nd edn (eds S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey)
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TOURISM, RECREATION AND SUSTAINABIL
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TOURISM, RECREATION AND SUSTAINABIL
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Contents Contributors Preface to th
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Contributors Kathleen L. Andereck,
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Preface to the 2nd Edition When we
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1 Introduction: Pathways and Pitfal
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 3 1600
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 5 2. Su
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 7 and t
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 9 cause
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 11 acce
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 13 at h
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 15 Shum
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I Frameworks and Approaches STEPHEN
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2 Recreation Ecology in Sustainable
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 21 particularly
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 23 the selection
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 25 Amount of imp
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Table 2.1. Some recent examples of
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 29 Experience an
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 31 tour operator
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 33 References Bl
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 35 national park
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 37 Wall, G. and
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C.P. Dawson 39 the tourism experien
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C.P. Dawson 41 ism, sustainable tou
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C.P. Dawson 43 With these proposed
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Table 3.2. A proposed tourism oppor
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C.P. Dawson 47 level of development
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C.P. Dawson 49 Eagles, P.F.J. and N
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4 Hypothesizing the Shifting Mosaic
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D. Ioannides 53 because ‘to rejec
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D. Ioannides 55 related development
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D. Ioannides 57 including hotel cha
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D. Ioannides 59 the early stages of
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D. Ioannides 61 Acknowledging the n
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Table 4.1. Conflicting development
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Table 4.3. Conflicting development
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D. Ioannides 67 by national or regi
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D. Ioannides 69 further development
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D. Ioannides 71 can be thought of a
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D. Ioannides 73 Issues. Channel Vie
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D. Ioannides 75 (ed.) The Tourism A
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R.J. Payne et al. 77 Background The
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R.J. Payne et al. 79 inland and inc
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R.J. Payne et al. 81 economic, soci
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R.J. Payne et al. 83 auditing focus
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R.J. Payne et al. 85 traditional kn
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R.J. Payne et al. 87 North Communit
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R.J. Payne et al. 89 Table 5.2. For
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Table 5.4. Underlying attitudinal d
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R.J. Payne et al. 93 dimensions and
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R.J. Payne et al. 95 and tourists.
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R.J. Payne et al. 97 Ottawa, Parks
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R.J. Payne et al. 99 Western Lake S
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R.J. Payne et al. 101 Customers’
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6 Development and Evaluation of Sus
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 105 b
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Page 122 and 123: M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 111 p
Page 124 and 125: M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 113 b
Page 126 and 127: M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 115 I
Page 128 and 129: II Tourism, Place and Community R.
Page 130 and 131: R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 119 to
Page 132 and 133: 7 From ‘Guiding Fiction’ to Act
Page 134 and 135: A. Gill and P.W. Williams 123 Decli
Page 136 and 137: A. Gill and P.W. Williams 125 Curre
Page 138 and 139: A. Gill and P.W. Williams 127 these
Page 140 and 141: A. Gill and P.W. Williams 129 cal [
Page 142 and 143: 8 Destination and Place Branding: a
Page 144 and 145: U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 133 binat
Page 146 and 147: U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 135 The m
Page 148 and 149: U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 137 their
Page 150 and 151: U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 139 Exist
Page 152 and 153: U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 141 Fan,
Page 154 and 155: J.L. Meyer 143 contrast, is an inta
Page 156 and 157: J.L. Meyer 145 integral to the fiel
Page 158 and 159: J.L. Meyer 147 summer of wildfires
Page 160 and 161: J.L. Meyer 149 affection is for thi
Page 162 and 163: J.L. Meyer 151 These studies reveal
Page 164 and 165: J.L. Meyer 153 Rockies’ gold rush
Page 166 and 167: J.L. Meyer 155 References Barbee, R
Page 170 and 171: R.E. Mitchell 159 Defining sustaina
Page 172 and 173: R.E. Mitchell 161 Building upon thi
Page 174 and 175: R.E. Mitchell 163 both culturally a
Page 176 and 177: R.E. Mitchell 165 accommodation on
Page 178 and 179: R.E. Mitchell 167 travel agencies a
Page 180 and 181: R.E. Mitchell 169 somewhat in 1997
Page 182 and 183: R.E. Mitchell 171 over the right to
Page 184 and 185: R.E. Mitchell 173 Impacts The surve
Page 186 and 187: R.E. Mitchell 175 Terrorism: severa
Page 188 and 189: R.E. Mitchell 177 would prefer tour
Page 190 and 191: R.E. Mitchell 179 Dense socio-polit
Page 192 and 193: R.E. Mitchell 181 References Arnste
Page 194 and 195: 11 Local Participation and Attainin
Page 196 and 197: K. Horochowski and R.N. Moisey 185
Page 206 and 207: III Emerging Issues in Culture and
Page 208 and 209: 12 Tourism and Poverty Alleviation:
Page 210 and 211: Dr A. Spenceley 199 Poverty tourism
Page 212 and 213: Dr A. Spenceley 201 developing coun
Page 214 and 215: Dr A. Spenceley 203 Similarly, gene
Page 216 and 217: Dr A. Spenceley 205 by tourism comp
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Dr A. Spenceley 207 Although some o
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Dr A. Spenceley 209 Tourism Benefit
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Dr A. Spenceley 211 The third examp
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Table 12.7. Increasing participatio
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Dr A. Spenceley 215 They recommend
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Dr A. Spenceley 217 Goodwin, H. and
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Dr A. Spenceley 219 United Nations/
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R. Staiff 221 the Management Plan 2
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R. Staiff 223 research to national
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R. Staiff 225 within the orbit of
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R. Staiff 227 The extensive calligr
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R. Staiff 229 crafted details posit
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R. Staiff 231 8 In a provocative es
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R. Staiff 233 determinism) is polit
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R. Staiff 235 Rojek, C. and Urry, J
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K.L. Andereck and N.G. McGehee 237
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Table 14.1. Tourism attitude items
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 261 ment age
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 263 and in t
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 265 Bank, an
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 267 Educatio
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 269 healthy
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 271 1 4 Good
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 273 communit
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 275 The Aust
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 277 Notes ab
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 279 prepared
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 281 from the
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16 Sustainable Tourism in the 21st
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 285 tou
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 287 Not
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 289 wha
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 291 nat
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Index Aboriginal 220-221, 260-265,
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Index 295 Overseas Development Init
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