Linking Culture and the Environment

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R.J. Payne et al. 85 traditional knowledge (i.e. knowledge of nature that is deeply embedded in people’s ways of life) by the scientific community represents an opportunity to bridge the gap between science and experience. Connecting science and customary or traditional knowledge, by no means an easy task, holds benefits for both scientists and local people. Furthermore, the gradual legitimation of customary and traditional knowledge provides support for management regimes in which local people have not only a voice but also a measure of control. The second feature of this approach – sustainability issues in a bioregional context – supports the important role of customary and traditional knowledge. However, it also repudiates various sector-specific attempts (e.g. forestry or tourism) to come to grips with sustainability by acknowledging that both ecological relationships and people’s relationships with nature operate over relatively large areas. Indeed, attempts by forest scientists (e.g. Baskerville, 1996; Duinker, 1996) to develop sustainability indices for forestry seem more concerned with accommodating environmental issues in forestry practice rather than integrating sustainability as a goal. The case for bioregionalism is put concisely by the World Resources Institute: Within a bioregion lies a mosaic of land or aquatic uses. Each patch provides habitats in which different species survive and flourish, and each has its own particular relationship to the region’s human population. All the elements of the mosaic are interactive; the management of a watershed affects riverine habitats, farms, estuaries, fisheries and coral reefs. The components are also dynamic; each changes over time as rivers change course, fallow fields regenerate, storms batter coasts and fires ravage forests. (1992; emphasis in original) People, in their social and economic diversity, clearly play a pivotal role in a bioregion. Involving them in developing and monitoring sustainability indicators would seem to be a rational course of action, with benefits to all. Bioregional governance is another approach to sustainability that has a long history in natural resource management. Ostrom (1990) describes the foundation for collective action that brings individuals and organizations together voluntarily to try to solve common pool resource problems, explaining that this self-organization and self-governance of resource users relies on operational guidelines, commitment and monitoring. A good example of this approach in tourism is the regulation of tourism in the Antarctic region that occurs through the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO), as part of the broad framework of tourism regulation that includes the Antarctic Treaty System (Johnston and Hall, 1995). This organization of tour operators began in 1991 with seven members ‘to advocate, promote, and practice safe and environmentally responsible travel to Antarctica’ and now includes 84 companies (Landau and Splettstoesser, 2007, p. 186). Its framework for self-regulation includes a variety of operational guidelines, specific procedures, accreditation and auditing, and reporting. The solution of self-regulation arose at a particular time period in response to the needs of a particular physical, economic and geopolitical environment, but this approach continues to be relevant and useful, even as other elements are added to the regulatory regime through the Antarctic Treaty System and national
86 Tourism, Sustainability and the Social Milieux governments (see Haase et al., 2007; Landau and Splettstoesser, 2007). It appears from this example that commitment to regulation is linked with attachment to a region that goes beyond the business requirement of profit. Another example of bioregional governance is the Georgian Bay Biosphere Reserve, part of the UNESCO system of biosphere reserves throughout the world that contributes to conservation, sustainable development and environmental education, research and monitoring. Recognized in 2004 by UNESCO, this site is one of more than 500 in the world. The Georgian Bay Biosphere Reserve is managed by Georgian Bay Biosphere Reserve Inc.: a non-profit organization that works through partnerships to balance conservation with sustainable economic development . . . [and] work[s] by networking with conservation organizations, community groups, as well as the educational and scientific communities located in the region. (Georgian Bay Biosphere Reserve, 2008a) As the region moves towards developing its tourism offerings, the Georgian Bay Biosphere Reserve Inc. emphasizes sustainable tourism as benefiting the social, economic, natural and cultural environments of the region, following the definition of sustainable tourism adopted by the Tourism Industry Association of Canada and the Parks Canada (Georgian Bay Biosphere Reserve, 2008c). The Georgian Bay Biosphere Reserve Inc. also intends to foster cooperation, collaboration and information-sharing among the organizations currently involved in research and monitoring in order to improve planning and decision making (Georgian Bay Biosphere Reserve, 2008b). The spatial focus inherent in these reserves makes them a good example of the potential for bioregional governance; given the significance and potential of tourism development in this region, it bodes well that sustainable tourism is an explicit part of the philosophical foundation of this management group. If sustainability is to be an attainable societal goal that is relevant to tourism as well as to other endeavours, the following critical features are required according to the literature discussed above: ● ● ● active involvement of actors, from local residents and business owners to (senior) governments; judicious application of science tempered by the practical concerns of local people; and a spatial (rather than sectoral) focus, possibly concentrated at the regional level. It is this community-based approach to sustainability (Woodley, 1993) that seems to offer the best understanding of local people’s feelings, knowledge and thoughts, and that respects their attachment to the place and region. Methodology The research reported here was completed during September–October, 1997, among the communities of the north shore of Lake Superior for the Superior
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TOURISM, RECREATION AND SUSTAINABIL
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TOURISM, RECREATION AND SUSTAINABIL
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Contents Contributors Preface to th
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Contributors Kathleen L. Andereck,
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Preface to the 2nd Edition When we
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1 Introduction: Pathways and Pitfal
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 3 1600
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 5 2. Su
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 7 and t
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 9 cause
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 11 acce
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 13 at h
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 15 Shum
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I Frameworks and Approaches STEPHEN
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2 Recreation Ecology in Sustainable
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 21 particularly
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 23 the selection
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 25 Amount of imp
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Table 2.1. Some recent examples of
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 29 Experience an
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 31 tour operator
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 33 References Bl
Page 46 and 47: Y.-F. Leung et al. 35 national park
Page 48 and 49: Y.-F. Leung et al. 37 Wall, G. and
Page 50 and 51: C.P. Dawson 39 the tourism experien
Page 52 and 53: C.P. Dawson 41 ism, sustainable tou
Page 54 and 55: C.P. Dawson 43 With these proposed
Page 56 and 57: Table 3.2. A proposed tourism oppor
Page 58 and 59: C.P. Dawson 47 level of development
Page 60 and 61: C.P. Dawson 49 Eagles, P.F.J. and N
Page 62 and 63: 4 Hypothesizing the Shifting Mosaic
Page 64 and 65: D. Ioannides 53 because ‘to rejec
Page 66 and 67: D. Ioannides 55 related development
Page 68 and 69: D. Ioannides 57 including hotel cha
Page 70 and 71: D. Ioannides 59 the early stages of
Page 72 and 73: D. Ioannides 61 Acknowledging the n
Page 74 and 75: Table 4.1. Conflicting development
Page 76 and 77: Table 4.3. Conflicting development
Page 78 and 79: D. Ioannides 67 by national or regi
Page 80 and 81: D. Ioannides 69 further development
Page 82 and 83: D. Ioannides 71 can be thought of a
Page 84 and 85: D. Ioannides 73 Issues. Channel Vie
Page 86 and 87: D. Ioannides 75 (ed.) The Tourism A
Page 88 and 89: R.J. Payne et al. 77 Background The
Page 90 and 91: R.J. Payne et al. 79 inland and inc
Page 92 and 93: R.J. Payne et al. 81 economic, soci
Page 94 and 95: R.J. Payne et al. 83 auditing focus
Page 98 and 99: R.J. Payne et al. 87 North Communit
Page 100 and 101: R.J. Payne et al. 89 Table 5.2. For
Page 102 and 103: Table 5.4. Underlying attitudinal d
Page 104 and 105: R.J. Payne et al. 93 dimensions and
Page 106 and 107: R.J. Payne et al. 95 and tourists.
Page 108 and 109: R.J. Payne et al. 97 Ottawa, Parks
Page 110 and 111: R.J. Payne et al. 99 Western Lake S
Page 112 and 113: R.J. Payne et al. 101 Customers’
Page 114 and 115: 6 Development and Evaluation of Sus
Page 116 and 117: M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 105 b
Page 118 and 119: M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 107 e
Page 120 and 121: M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 109
Page 122 and 123: M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 111 p
Page 124 and 125: M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 113 b
Page 126 and 127: M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 115 I
Page 128 and 129: II Tourism, Place and Community R.
Page 130 and 131: R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 119 to
Page 132 and 133: 7 From ‘Guiding Fiction’ to Act
Page 134 and 135: A. Gill and P.W. Williams 123 Decli
Page 136 and 137: A. Gill and P.W. Williams 125 Curre
Page 138 and 139: A. Gill and P.W. Williams 127 these
Page 140 and 141: A. Gill and P.W. Williams 129 cal [
Page 142 and 143: 8 Destination and Place Branding: a
Page 144 and 145: U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 133 binat
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U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 135 The m
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U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 137 their
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U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 139 Exist
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U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 141 Fan,
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J.L. Meyer 143 contrast, is an inta
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J.L. Meyer 145 integral to the fiel
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J.L. Meyer 147 summer of wildfires
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J.L. Meyer 149 affection is for thi
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J.L. Meyer 151 These studies reveal
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J.L. Meyer 153 Rockies’ gold rush
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J.L. Meyer 155 References Barbee, R
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J.L. Meyer 157 Schullery, P. (1980)
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R.E. Mitchell 159 Defining sustaina
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R.E. Mitchell 161 Building upon thi
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R.E. Mitchell 163 both culturally a
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R.E. Mitchell 165 accommodation on
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R.E. Mitchell 167 travel agencies a
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R.E. Mitchell 169 somewhat in 1997
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R.E. Mitchell 171 over the right to
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R.E. Mitchell 173 Impacts The surve
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R.E. Mitchell 175 Terrorism: severa
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R.E. Mitchell 177 would prefer tour
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R.E. Mitchell 179 Dense socio-polit
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R.E. Mitchell 181 References Arnste
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11 Local Participation and Attainin
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K. Horochowski and R.N. Moisey 185
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III Emerging Issues in Culture and
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12 Tourism and Poverty Alleviation:
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Dr A. Spenceley 199 Poverty tourism
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Dr A. Spenceley 201 developing coun
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Dr A. Spenceley 203 Similarly, gene
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Dr A. Spenceley 205 by tourism comp
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Dr A. Spenceley 207 Although some o
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Dr A. Spenceley 209 Tourism Benefit
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Dr A. Spenceley 211 The third examp
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Table 12.7. Increasing participatio
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Dr A. Spenceley 215 They recommend
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Dr A. Spenceley 217 Goodwin, H. and
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Dr A. Spenceley 219 United Nations/
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R. Staiff 221 the Management Plan 2
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R. Staiff 223 research to national
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R. Staiff 225 within the orbit of
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R. Staiff 227 The extensive calligr
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R. Staiff 229 crafted details posit
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R. Staiff 231 8 In a provocative es
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R. Staiff 233 determinism) is polit
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R. Staiff 235 Rojek, C. and Urry, J
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K.L. Andereck and N.G. McGehee 237
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Table 14.1. Tourism attitude items
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 261 ment age
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 263 and in t
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 265 Bank, an
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 267 Educatio
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 269 healthy
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 271 1 4 Good
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 273 communit
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 275 The Aust
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 277 Notes ab
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 279 prepared
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A. Trau and R. Bushell 281 from the
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16 Sustainable Tourism in the 21st
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 285 tou
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 287 Not
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 289 wha
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 291 nat
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Index Aboriginal 220-221, 260-265,
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Index 295 Overseas Development Init
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