Linking Culture and the Environment

More documents

Recommendations

Info

R.E. Mitchell 161 Building upon this and related research, two main objectives in this chapter are as follows: 1. To examine the role of community integration, especially power structures and processes, in relation to sustainable tourism planning and management. 2. To determine if community integration in sustainable tourism may: (i) increase the likelihood of socio-economic benefits; and (ii) influence or cause negative socio-economic impacts. These objectives link to the fifth pathway or pitfall elaborated in the introductory chapter: forms of knowledge and public participation. In particular, this chapter examines the role and accessibility of knowledge in community-based tourism. For example, how is knowledge of tourism potential disseminated, what forms of knowledge should be considered, who are the principal advocates, what are their motives and to what extent do local residents collaborate with tourism policy administrators and industry players? Is the public equitably engaged to identify desirable futures and acceptable pathways to develop sustainable tourism (and if so, how)? These questions are examined in this comparative case study approach of two communities in Peru. Tourism in Peru Peru is the third-largest country in South America, bordered by five neighbours: Ecuador to the north-west, Columbia to the north-east, Brazil and Bolivia to the east and Chile to the south (see Fig. 10.1). Its total population of 26.2 million people (2005 census) includes about 7 million that live in the capital of Lima on the Pacific coast. The combination of economic and political instability, widespread terrorist activities and a serious cholera outbreak resulted in the virtual destruction of the country’s tourism industry during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Peru was one of only three countries in the Western hemisphere where tourist arrivals declined from 1980 to 1992 (Blackstone Corporation, 1995). With increased socio-economic stability during the latter half of the 1990s, tourism became the fastest-growing sector in Peru’s economy (Boza, 1997). From 317,000 international tourist arrivals in 1990, Peru had over 1.2 million international tourist arrivals in 2005, with an average annual growth of 10.8% between 1995 and 2004 (UNWTO, 2005). Record tourism numbers are expected for 2007 and 2008. Principal reasons for the increased tourism demand included Peru’s outstanding ecological, cultural and historical diversity. The country is likely the most globally diverse in terms of bird species (over 1600) and third most diverse in mammals (Blackstone Corporation, 1995). It also possesses some of the most exciting heritage resources in the world, including the Inca ruins at Machu Picchu and the Nazca Lines. Inappropriate tourism in fragile destinations such as Peru’s cultural and biological treasures can generate negative environmental, social and cultural impacts. These include too many visitors at the same time in sensitive areas,
162 Community Perspectives in Sustainable Tourism Ecuador Colombia Talara Paita Piura Iquitos Yurimaguas Amazon Rio maration Chiclayo Trujillo Salaverry Chimbote Huánuco Rio Pucallpa Ucayall Brazil Taquile island Chiquian South pacific ocean Callao Lima Huancayo Cusco Ica Peru Arequipa 0 200 400 km Matarani Ilo 0 200 400 ml Tacna Chile Bolivia Lago Titicaca Fig. 10.1. Map of Peru and location of study sites. (Adapted from www.theodora. com/wfb/peru/peru_map.html, July 19, 1998.) uncontrolled litter and pollution, loss of local tradition and culture, vandalism (such as damage to archaeological sites or graffiti on Inca walls) and other impacts. In a concerted effort to avoid or minimize these impacts and achieve sustainable tourism, a National Strategic Plan for Tourism, PENTUR (2005–2015), was implemented in 2005 by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism (MINCETUR), including promotion, infrastructure, legislation and competitiveness (see www.mincetur.gob.pe). The Peruvian private sector has also shown interest in the conservation of natural and cultural resources. For example, the Peruvian Association of Adventure Tourism & Ecotourism (APTAE) has produced a Handbook of Good Practices for Sustainable Tourism in coordination with the Rainforest Alliance and the National Tourism Promotion Commission (PromPerú). Founded in 1993, PromPerú’s mission is to promote Peruvian tourism domestically and internationally. These examples demonstrate that Peru is developing a serious commitment to sustainability in tourism. Study Area The first community selected for this comparative study was Taquile Island, 1 located on Lake Titicaca in south-eastern Peru. The other community was Chiquian, 2 which lies just south of Huaraz in the central part of Peru. Tourism in the Chiquian region is principally nature-based, while
Page 2 and 3:
TOURISM, RECREATION AND SUSTAINABIL
Page 4 and 5:
TOURISM, RECREATION AND SUSTAINABIL
Page 6 and 7:
Contents Contributors Preface to th
Page 8 and 9:
Contributors Kathleen L. Andereck,
Page 10 and 11:
Preface to the 2nd Edition When we
Page 12 and 13:
1 Introduction: Pathways and Pitfal
Page 14 and 15:
S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 3 1600
Page 16 and 17:
S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 5 2. Su
Page 18 and 19:
S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 7 and t
Page 20 and 21:
S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 9 cause
Page 22 and 23:
S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 11 acce
Page 24 and 25:
S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 13 at h
Page 26 and 27:
S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 15 Shum
Page 28 and 29:
I Frameworks and Approaches STEPHEN
Page 30 and 31:
2 Recreation Ecology in Sustainable
Page 32 and 33:
Y.-F. Leung et al. 21 particularly
Page 34 and 35:
Y.-F. Leung et al. 23 the selection
Page 36 and 37:
Y.-F. Leung et al. 25 Amount of imp
Page 38 and 39:
Table 2.1. Some recent examples of
Page 40 and 41:
Y.-F. Leung et al. 29 Experience an
Page 42 and 43:
Y.-F. Leung et al. 31 tour operator
Page 44 and 45:
Y.-F. Leung et al. 33 References Bl
Page 46 and 47:
Y.-F. Leung et al. 35 national park
Page 48 and 49:
Y.-F. Leung et al. 37 Wall, G. and
Page 50 and 51:
C.P. Dawson 39 the tourism experien
Page 52 and 53:
C.P. Dawson 41 ism, sustainable tou
Page 54 and 55:
C.P. Dawson 43 With these proposed
Page 56 and 57:
Table 3.2. A proposed tourism oppor
Page 58 and 59:
C.P. Dawson 47 level of development
Page 60 and 61:
C.P. Dawson 49 Eagles, P.F.J. and N
Page 62 and 63:
4 Hypothesizing the Shifting Mosaic
Page 64 and 65:
D. Ioannides 53 because ‘to rejec
Page 66 and 67:
D. Ioannides 55 related development
Page 68 and 69:
D. Ioannides 57 including hotel cha
Page 70 and 71:
D. Ioannides 59 the early stages of
Page 72 and 73:
D. Ioannides 61 Acknowledging the n
Page 74 and 75:
Table 4.1. Conflicting development
Page 76 and 77:
Table 4.3. Conflicting development
Page 78 and 79:
D. Ioannides 67 by national or regi
Page 80 and 81:
D. Ioannides 69 further development
Page 82 and 83:
D. Ioannides 71 can be thought of a
Page 84 and 85:
D. Ioannides 73 Issues. Channel Vie
Page 86 and 87:
D. Ioannides 75 (ed.) The Tourism A
Page 88 and 89:
R.J. Payne et al. 77 Background The
Page 90 and 91:
R.J. Payne et al. 79 inland and inc
Page 92 and 93:
R.J. Payne et al. 81 economic, soci
Page 94 and 95:
R.J. Payne et al. 83 auditing focus
Page 96 and 97:
R.J. Payne et al. 85 traditional kn
Page 98 and 99:
R.J. Payne et al. 87 North Communit
Page 100 and 101:
R.J. Payne et al. 89 Table 5.2. For
Page 102 and 103:
Table 5.4. Underlying attitudinal d
Page 104 and 105:
R.J. Payne et al. 93 dimensions and
Page 106 and 107:
R.J. Payne et al. 95 and tourists.
Page 108 and 109:
R.J. Payne et al. 97 Ottawa, Parks
Page 110 and 111:
R.J. Payne et al. 99 Western Lake S
Page 112 and 113:
R.J. Payne et al. 101 Customers’
Page 114 and 115:
6 Development and Evaluation of Sus
Page 116 and 117:
M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 105 b
Page 118 and 119:
M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 107 e
Page 120 and 121:
M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 109
Page 122 and 123: M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 111 p
Page 124 and 125: M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 113 b
Page 126 and 127: M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 115 I
Page 128 and 129: II Tourism, Place and Community R.
Page 130 and 131: R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 119 to
Page 132 and 133: 7 From ‘Guiding Fiction’ to Act
Page 134 and 135: A. Gill and P.W. Williams 123 Decli
Page 136 and 137: A. Gill and P.W. Williams 125 Curre
Page 138 and 139: A. Gill and P.W. Williams 127 these
Page 140 and 141: A. Gill and P.W. Williams 129 cal [
Page 142 and 143: 8 Destination and Place Branding: a
Page 144 and 145: U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 133 binat
Page 146 and 147: U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 135 The m
Page 148 and 149: U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 137 their
Page 150 and 151: U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 139 Exist
Page 152 and 153: U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 141 Fan,
Page 154 and 155: J.L. Meyer 143 contrast, is an inta
Page 156 and 157: J.L. Meyer 145 integral to the fiel
Page 158 and 159: J.L. Meyer 147 summer of wildfires
Page 160 and 161: J.L. Meyer 149 affection is for thi
Page 162 and 163: J.L. Meyer 151 These studies reveal
Page 164 and 165: J.L. Meyer 153 Rockies’ gold rush
Page 166 and 167: J.L. Meyer 155 References Barbee, R
Page 168 and 169: J.L. Meyer 157 Schullery, P. (1980)
Page 170 and 171: R.E. Mitchell 159 Defining sustaina
Page 174 and 175: R.E. Mitchell 163 both culturally a
Page 176 and 177: R.E. Mitchell 165 accommodation on
Page 178 and 179: R.E. Mitchell 167 travel agencies a
Page 180 and 181: R.E. Mitchell 169 somewhat in 1997
Page 182 and 183: R.E. Mitchell 171 over the right to
Page 184 and 185: R.E. Mitchell 173 Impacts The surve
Page 186 and 187: R.E. Mitchell 175 Terrorism: severa
Page 188 and 189: R.E. Mitchell 177 would prefer tour
Page 190 and 191: R.E. Mitchell 179 Dense socio-polit
Page 192 and 193: R.E. Mitchell 181 References Arnste
Page 194 and 195: 11 Local Participation and Attainin
Page 196 and 197: K. Horochowski and R.N. Moisey 185
Page 206 and 207: III Emerging Issues in Culture and
Page 208 and 209: 12 Tourism and Poverty Alleviation:
Page 210 and 211: Dr A. Spenceley 199 Poverty tourism
Page 212 and 213: Dr A. Spenceley 201 developing coun
Page 214 and 215: Dr A. Spenceley 203 Similarly, gene
Page 216 and 217: Dr A. Spenceley 205 by tourism comp
Page 218 and 219: Dr A. Spenceley 207 Although some o
Page 220 and 221: Dr A. Spenceley 209 Tourism Benefit
Page 222 and 223:
Dr A. Spenceley 211 The third examp
Page 224 and 225:
Table 12.7. Increasing participatio
Page 226 and 227:
Dr A. Spenceley 215 They recommend
Page 228 and 229:
Dr A. Spenceley 217 Goodwin, H. and
Page 230 and 231:
Dr A. Spenceley 219 United Nations/
Page 232 and 233:
R. Staiff 221 the Management Plan 2
Page 234 and 235:
R. Staiff 223 research to national
Page 236 and 237:
R. Staiff 225 within the orbit of
Page 238 and 239:
R. Staiff 227 The extensive calligr
Page 240 and 241:
R. Staiff 229 crafted details posit
Page 242 and 243:
R. Staiff 231 8 In a provocative es
Page 244 and 245:
R. Staiff 233 determinism) is polit
Page 246 and 247:
R. Staiff 235 Rojek, C. and Urry, J
Page 248 and 249:
K.L. Andereck and N.G. McGehee 237
Page 250 and 251:
Table 14.1. Tourism attitude items
Page 252 and 253:
Page 254 and 255:
Page 256 and 257:
Page 258 and 259:
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262 and 263:
Page 264 and 265:
Page 266 and 267:
Page 268 and 269:
Page 270 and 271:
Page 272 and 273:
A. Trau and R. Bushell 261 ment age
Page 274 and 275:
A. Trau and R. Bushell 263 and in t
Page 276 and 277:
A. Trau and R. Bushell 265 Bank, an
Page 278 and 279:
A. Trau and R. Bushell 267 Educatio
Page 280 and 281:
A. Trau and R. Bushell 269 healthy
Page 282 and 283:
A. Trau and R. Bushell 271 1 4 Good
Page 284 and 285:
A. Trau and R. Bushell 273 communit
Page 286 and 287:
A. Trau and R. Bushell 275 The Aust
Page 288 and 289:
A. Trau and R. Bushell 277 Notes ab
Page 290 and 291:
A. Trau and R. Bushell 279 prepared
Page 292 and 293:
A. Trau and R. Bushell 281 from the
Page 294 and 295:
16 Sustainable Tourism in the 21st
Page 296 and 297:
R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 285 tou
Page 298 and 299:
R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 287 Not
Page 300 and 301:
R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 289 wha
Page 302 and 303:
R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 291 nat
Page 304 and 305:
Index Aboriginal 220-221, 260-265,
Page 306 and 307:
Index 295 Overseas Development Init
show all

Linking Culture and the Environment

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?