Linking Culture and the Environment

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K.L. Andereck and N.G. McGehee 253 Table 14.7. Model direct and indirect relationships for support for tourism based on the Arizona study. Dependent variables Independent variables Direct effect (beta) Indirect effects Total effects Support for tourism Gender – −0.03 −0.03 Age – 0.01 0.01 Education – 0.03 0.03 Visits to tourism area 0.12* 0.24 0.36 Distance of residence 0.08* −0.01 0.07 Live in area as child – −0.01 −0.01 Tourism development – −0.09 −0.09 Involvement – −0.03 −0.03 Personal benefit 0.15* 0.31 0.46 Community enhancement 0.38* – 0.38 Community degeneration −0.13* – −0.13 Economic improvement 0.31* – 0.31 *p < 0.001. involvement variable as well as indirect effects of visit frequency, age and distance of residence from the tourism area via personal benefit. Among the Arizona respondents, community degeneration is also predicted by age, benefit from tourism and level of community development but in the opposite direction from community enhancement. Having lived in the area as a child also emerges in this model with those who did not live in the area during childhood being more likely to agree that tourism results in these kinds of negative impacts. There are also indirect effects by visit frequency, age and distance of residence via personal benefit. The positive attitude variable of economic improvement is explained by a number of variables in the Arizona study: education and age, with those having more education and being older feeling tourism results in economic improvement; frequency of visits to the tourism area, with those who visit more often being more likely to perceive economic improvements; distance of residence from the tourism area, with those living closer perceiving more economic improvement; and personal benefit from tourism, with those who perceive more benefit also feeling tourism results in economic improvement in the community. There are positive indirect effects by visitation frequency, distance of residence from the tourism area and negative indirect effects by age via personal benefit from tourism. Analysis of the last attitude construct of lifestyle costs in the Arizona study finds positive relationships with distance of residence from the tourism area of the community and level of tourism development. In other words, those who live farther from the tourism area and those in communities with higher levels of tourism development in Arizona also tend to feel tourism has lifestyle costs. It is negatively related to age, whether the resident lived in
254 The Attitudes of Community Residents Towards Tourism the area as a child, and personal benefit from tourism indicating that those who are older, who did not live in the area as a child and who perceive less benefit from tourism are more likely to feel tourism lifestyle costs. The variable lifestyle costs are indirectly explained via personal benefit in the same way as is community degeneration. The final analysis in the Arizona study considered all of the potential explanatory variables on resident support for community development (Table 14.7). Support is directly explained by community enhancement, economic improvement, community degeneration, personal benefit from tourism, distance of residence from the tourism area and frequency of visits to the tourism area. Those who more strongly feel tourism enhances and improves the economy of a community, benefit more from tourism, live further from the tourism area and visit the tourism area more frequently are more supportive of tourism. As well, those who feel tourism causes community degeneration are less supportive of tourism. All of the personal characteristics variables, personal benefit from tourism and involvement in tourism also have indirect effects on support for tourism. Conclusion from the Arizona Study In sum, several variables emerge as particularly important to explaining Arizona resident attitudes towards tourism. Some of the resident characteristics variables are important. Age is related to attitudes with older residents perceiving more positive and fewer negative consequences of tourism than younger people even though they apparently perceive less personal benefit. Gender and education play weak roles as variables in the explanatory ability of community enhancement. The respondent’s frequency of visits to the tourism area of the community is a variable that is especially important, with those visiting more often being more involved in tourism, perceiving greater benefits, feeling tourism results in greater positive community impacts and that it does not result in negative impacts than those visiting less often. Undoubtedly those visiting the tourism area of the community are taking advantage of the amenities that tourists also enjoy and are thus positively inclined towards this enrichment of their quality of life. Where people live with respect to the tourism area of the community also is a predictor, though not strong, of some of the attitude items with those living farther away perceiving greater personal benefit as well as more economic improvement and fewer lifestyle costs than more proximate residents. Having lived in the area as a child is related only to the negative attitude variables, with those who spent at least part of their childhood in the community being more likely to disagree that tourism results in community costs. Arizona residents living in more tourism-dependent communities are less positive about tourism than those in communities with less tourism development. Though past research has found involvement variables to be related to resident attitudes, the Arizona study found involvement to be only a moderate predictor of community enhancement and not in the direction that might be expected. Personal benefit of tourism, however, has the
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TOURISM, RECREATION AND SUSTAINABIL
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TOURISM, RECREATION AND SUSTAINABIL
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Contents Contributors Preface to th
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Contributors Kathleen L. Andereck,
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Preface to the 2nd Edition When we
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1 Introduction: Pathways and Pitfal
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 3 1600
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 5 2. Su
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 7 and t
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 9 cause
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 11 acce
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 13 at h
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 15 Shum
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I Frameworks and Approaches STEPHEN
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2 Recreation Ecology in Sustainable
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 21 particularly
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 23 the selection
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 25 Amount of imp
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Table 2.1. Some recent examples of
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 29 Experience an
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 31 tour operator
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 33 References Bl
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 35 national park
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 37 Wall, G. and
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C.P. Dawson 39 the tourism experien
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C.P. Dawson 41 ism, sustainable tou
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C.P. Dawson 43 With these proposed
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Table 3.2. A proposed tourism oppor
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C.P. Dawson 47 level of development
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C.P. Dawson 49 Eagles, P.F.J. and N
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4 Hypothesizing the Shifting Mosaic
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D. Ioannides 53 because ‘to rejec
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D. Ioannides 55 related development
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D. Ioannides 57 including hotel cha
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D. Ioannides 59 the early stages of
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D. Ioannides 61 Acknowledging the n
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Table 4.1. Conflicting development
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Table 4.3. Conflicting development
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D. Ioannides 67 by national or regi
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D. Ioannides 69 further development
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D. Ioannides 71 can be thought of a
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D. Ioannides 73 Issues. Channel Vie
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D. Ioannides 75 (ed.) The Tourism A
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R.J. Payne et al. 77 Background The
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R.J. Payne et al. 79 inland and inc
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R.J. Payne et al. 81 economic, soci
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R.J. Payne et al. 83 auditing focus
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R.J. Payne et al. 85 traditional kn
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R.J. Payne et al. 87 North Communit
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R.J. Payne et al. 89 Table 5.2. For
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Table 5.4. Underlying attitudinal d
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R.J. Payne et al. 93 dimensions and
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R.J. Payne et al. 95 and tourists.
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R.J. Payne et al. 97 Ottawa, Parks
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R.J. Payne et al. 99 Western Lake S
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R.J. Payne et al. 101 Customers’
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6 Development and Evaluation of Sus
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 105 b
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 107 e
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 109
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 111 p
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 113 b
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 115 I
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II Tourism, Place and Community R.
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 119 to
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7 From ‘Guiding Fiction’ to Act
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A. Gill and P.W. Williams 123 Decli
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A. Gill and P.W. Williams 125 Curre
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A. Gill and P.W. Williams 127 these
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A. Gill and P.W. Williams 129 cal [
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8 Destination and Place Branding: a
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U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 133 binat
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U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 135 The m
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U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 137 their
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U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 139 Exist
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U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 141 Fan,
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J.L. Meyer 143 contrast, is an inta
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J.L. Meyer 145 integral to the fiel
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J.L. Meyer 147 summer of wildfires
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J.L. Meyer 149 affection is for thi
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J.L. Meyer 151 These studies reveal
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J.L. Meyer 153 Rockies’ gold rush
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J.L. Meyer 155 References Barbee, R
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J.L. Meyer 157 Schullery, P. (1980)
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R.E. Mitchell 159 Defining sustaina
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R.E. Mitchell 161 Building upon thi
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R.E. Mitchell 163 both culturally a
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R.E. Mitchell 165 accommodation on
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R.E. Mitchell 167 travel agencies a
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R.E. Mitchell 169 somewhat in 1997
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R.E. Mitchell 171 over the right to
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R.E. Mitchell 173 Impacts The surve
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R.E. Mitchell 175 Terrorism: severa
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R.E. Mitchell 177 would prefer tour
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R.E. Mitchell 179 Dense socio-polit
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R.E. Mitchell 181 References Arnste
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11 Local Participation and Attainin
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K. Horochowski and R.N. Moisey 185
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III Emerging Issues in Culture and
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12 Tourism and Poverty Alleviation:
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Dr A. Spenceley 199 Poverty tourism
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Dr A. Spenceley 201 developing coun
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Page 224 and 225: Table 12.7. Increasing participatio
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Page 228 and 229: Dr A. Spenceley 217 Goodwin, H. and
Page 230 and 231: Dr A. Spenceley 219 United Nations/
Page 232 and 233: R. Staiff 221 the Management Plan 2
Page 234 and 235: R. Staiff 223 research to national
Page 236 and 237: R. Staiff 225 within the orbit of
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Page 242 and 243: R. Staiff 231 8 In a provocative es
Page 244 and 245: R. Staiff 233 determinism) is polit
Page 246 and 247: R. Staiff 235 Rojek, C. and Urry, J
Page 248 and 249: K.L. Andereck and N.G. McGehee 237
Page 250 and 251: Table 14.1. Tourism attitude items
Page 272 and 273: A. Trau and R. Bushell 261 ment age
Page 274 and 275: A. Trau and R. Bushell 263 and in t
Page 276 and 277: A. Trau and R. Bushell 265 Bank, an
Page 278 and 279: A. Trau and R. Bushell 267 Educatio
Page 280 and 281: A. Trau and R. Bushell 269 healthy
Page 282 and 283: A. Trau and R. Bushell 271 1 4 Good
Page 284 and 285: A. Trau and R. Bushell 273 communit
Page 286 and 287: A. Trau and R. Bushell 275 The Aust
Page 288 and 289: A. Trau and R. Bushell 277 Notes ab
Page 290 and 291: A. Trau and R. Bushell 279 prepared
Page 292 and 293: A. Trau and R. Bushell 281 from the
Page 294 and 295: 16 Sustainable Tourism in the 21st
Page 296 and 297: R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 285 tou
Page 298 and 299: R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 287 Not
Page 300 and 301: R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 289 wha
Page 302 and 303: R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 291 nat
Page 304 and 305: Index Aboriginal 220-221, 260-265,
Page 306 and 307: Index 295 Overseas Development Init
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