Linking Culture and the Environment

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R. Staiff 235 Rojek, C. and Urry, J. (1997) Touring Cultures: Transformations in Travel and Theory. Routledge, London/New York. Rose, D.B. (1992) Dingo Makes Us Human. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Rose, D.B. (1996) Nourishing Terrains: Australian Aboriginal Views of Landscape and Wilderness. Australian Heritage Commission, Canberra. Ross, A. (1994) The Chicago Gangster Theory of Life: Nature’s Debt to Society. Verso, London/New York. Schama, S. (1995) Landscape and Memory. Harper Collins, London. Sheridan, L. (1999) Nature-based Tourism in the National Parks of Argentina, B.App.Sci. Honours thesis, University of Western Sydney, Australia. Simmons, I. (1993) Interpreting Nature: Cultural Constructions of the Environment. Routledge, London/New York. Smith, B. (1997a) Visitor Survey of Non-English Speaking Background (NESB) Visitors to Minnamurra Rainforest Centre, unpublished, undergraduate student work experience programme, Charles Sturt University, Albury, New South Wales, Australia. Smith, F. (ed.) (1997b) Environmental Sustainability: Practical Global Implications. St Lucie Press, Boca Raton, Florida. Snyder, J. (1980) Picturing vision. Critical Inquiry 6(3), 499–526. Snyder, J. (1994) Territorial photography. In: Mitchell, W. (ed.) Landscape and Power. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois. Sontag, S. (1977) On Photography. Penguin, Harmondsworth, UK. Soper, K. (1995) What is Nature? Culture, Politics and the Non-human. Blackwells, Oxford. Staiff, R. (1995) Imaging Felicitania: the Visual Culture of Colonial South Australia. PhD thesis, University of Melbourne, Australia. Staiff, R., Bushell, R. and Kennedy, P. (2002) Interpretation in national parks: some critical questions. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 10(2), 97–113. Sutton, P. (1988) Dreamings: The Art of Aboriginal Australia. Penguin Books, Ringwood/London. Suzuki, D. and Knudtson, P. (1992) Wisdom of the Elders: Honoring Sacred Native Visions of Nature. Bantam Books, New York. Thomas, M. (ed.) (1999) Uncertain Ground: Essays Between Art + Nature. Art Gallery of NSW, Sydney, Australia. Tuan, Y. (1974) Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes and Values. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. UNESCO MAB Reserve Directory. Available at: www.unesco.org/mab/br/brdir/asia/chi3.htm Urry, J. (1990) The Tourist Gaze. Sage, London. Urry, J. (1995) Consuming Places. Routledge, London/New York. Wallach, A. (1993) Making a picture of the view of Mt Holyoke. In: Miller, D. (ed.) American Iconology. Yale University Press, New Haven/London. Waterlow, N. and Mellick, R. (eds) (1997) Spirit + Place, exhib.cat., Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney, Australia. Wilson, A. (1991) The Culture of Nature. Between the Lines, Toronto, Canada. Worboys, G., Hall, P., Kennedy, P., Hahn, P., Collins, D. and Mills, K. (1995) Managing Ecotourism – Minnamurra Rainforest Centre (Budderoo National Park). NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service, Sydney, Australia.
14 The Attitudes of Community Residents Towards Tourism KATHLEEN L. ANDERECK 1 AND NANCY GARD MCGEHEE 2 1 School of Community Resources and Development, Arizona State University, Arizona, USA; 2 Department of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Virginia Tech University, Virginia, USA The Study of Attitudes Towards Tourism Tourism has great potential to affect the lives of community residents in both positive and negative ways. Before community leaders begin to allocate resources and facilitate the development of tourism, an understanding of residents’ opinions regarding prospective development is crucial. A commonly cited rationale for conducting the research that helps us understand residents’ attitudes and opinions about tourism is that without support from the community it is difficult to develop sustainable tourism. Menning (1995) noted development of tourism in a community is not simply a matter of matching product supply with tourist demand. Local acceptability must also be considered. Moreover, it is community residents who should ultimately have a voice in determining which tourism impacts are acceptable and which are unacceptable. As Richardson and Long (1991) argued, residents’ leisure needs and wants must take precedence over development for tourists. Concern with resident’s desires is obviously necessary to maintain support for tourism given their permanent status within the community. John (1988) proposed several keys to success for sustained growth in rural communities. He ultimately concluded that strategies for economic growth in rural areas must originate and be directed from within the community (a grass-roots strategy) in order to be successful. Further, when government organizations are involved in community development, they are ultimately accountable to community residents. This chapter will begin with a detailed review of the literature, covering both the early, ground-breaking work in resident attitudes as well as the most recent research. A resident attitude study conducted in Arizona will be used throughout the chapter as an illustration. The Arizona study will demonstrate the kinds of measure and analysis typically used in this type of research. Early quantitative studies of resident attitudes towards tourism generally had a ‘tourism impact’ focus. These works usually included either a ©CAB International 2008. Tourism, Recreation and Sustainability: 236 Linking Culture and the Environment, 2nd edn (eds S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey)
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TOURISM, RECREATION AND SUSTAINABIL
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TOURISM, RECREATION AND SUSTAINABIL
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Contents Contributors Preface to th
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Contributors Kathleen L. Andereck,
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Preface to the 2nd Edition When we
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1 Introduction: Pathways and Pitfal
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 3 1600
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 5 2. Su
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 7 and t
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 9 cause
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 11 acce
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 13 at h
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S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 15 Shum
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I Frameworks and Approaches STEPHEN
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2 Recreation Ecology in Sustainable
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 21 particularly
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 23 the selection
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 25 Amount of imp
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Table 2.1. Some recent examples of
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 29 Experience an
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 31 tour operator
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 33 References Bl
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 35 national park
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Y.-F. Leung et al. 37 Wall, G. and
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C.P. Dawson 39 the tourism experien
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C.P. Dawson 41 ism, sustainable tou
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C.P. Dawson 43 With these proposed
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Table 3.2. A proposed tourism oppor
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C.P. Dawson 47 level of development
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C.P. Dawson 49 Eagles, P.F.J. and N
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4 Hypothesizing the Shifting Mosaic
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D. Ioannides 53 because ‘to rejec
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D. Ioannides 55 related development
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D. Ioannides 57 including hotel cha
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D. Ioannides 59 the early stages of
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D. Ioannides 61 Acknowledging the n
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Table 4.1. Conflicting development
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Table 4.3. Conflicting development
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D. Ioannides 67 by national or regi
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D. Ioannides 69 further development
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D. Ioannides 71 can be thought of a
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D. Ioannides 73 Issues. Channel Vie
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D. Ioannides 75 (ed.) The Tourism A
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R.J. Payne et al. 77 Background The
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R.J. Payne et al. 79 inland and inc
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R.J. Payne et al. 81 economic, soci
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R.J. Payne et al. 83 auditing focus
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R.J. Payne et al. 85 traditional kn
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R.J. Payne et al. 87 North Communit
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R.J. Payne et al. 89 Table 5.2. For
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Table 5.4. Underlying attitudinal d
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R.J. Payne et al. 93 dimensions and
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R.J. Payne et al. 95 and tourists.
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R.J. Payne et al. 97 Ottawa, Parks
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R.J. Payne et al. 99 Western Lake S
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R.J. Payne et al. 101 Customers’
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6 Development and Evaluation of Sus
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 105 b
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 107 e
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 109
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 111 p
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 113 b
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M.E. Johnston and G.D. Twynam 115 I
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II Tourism, Place and Community R.
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 119 to
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7 From ‘Guiding Fiction’ to Act
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A. Gill and P.W. Williams 123 Decli
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A. Gill and P.W. Williams 125 Curre
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A. Gill and P.W. Williams 127 these
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A. Gill and P.W. Williams 129 cal [
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8 Destination and Place Branding: a
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U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 133 binat
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U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 135 The m
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U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 137 their
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U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 139 Exist
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U. Jamrozy and J.A. Walsh 141 Fan,
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J.L. Meyer 143 contrast, is an inta
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J.L. Meyer 145 integral to the fiel
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J.L. Meyer 147 summer of wildfires
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J.L. Meyer 149 affection is for thi
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J.L. Meyer 151 These studies reveal
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J.L. Meyer 153 Rockies’ gold rush
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J.L. Meyer 155 References Barbee, R
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J.L. Meyer 157 Schullery, P. (1980)
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R.E. Mitchell 159 Defining sustaina
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R.E. Mitchell 161 Building upon thi
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R.E. Mitchell 163 both culturally a
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R.E. Mitchell 165 accommodation on
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R.E. Mitchell 167 travel agencies a
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R.E. Mitchell 169 somewhat in 1997
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R.E. Mitchell 171 over the right to
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R.E. Mitchell 173 Impacts The surve
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R.E. Mitchell 175 Terrorism: severa
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R.E. Mitchell 177 would prefer tour
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R.E. Mitchell 179 Dense socio-polit
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R.E. Mitchell 181 References Arnste
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11 Local Participation and Attainin
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Page 206 and 207: III Emerging Issues in Culture and
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Page 210 and 211: Dr A. Spenceley 199 Poverty tourism
Page 212 and 213: Dr A. Spenceley 201 developing coun
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Page 216 and 217: Dr A. Spenceley 205 by tourism comp
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Page 226 and 227: Dr A. Spenceley 215 They recommend
Page 228 and 229: Dr A. Spenceley 217 Goodwin, H. and
Page 230 and 231: Dr A. Spenceley 219 United Nations/
Page 232 and 233: R. Staiff 221 the Management Plan 2
Page 234 and 235: R. Staiff 223 research to national
Page 236 and 237: R. Staiff 225 within the orbit of
Page 238 and 239: R. Staiff 227 The extensive calligr
Page 240 and 241: R. Staiff 229 crafted details posit
Page 242 and 243: R. Staiff 231 8 In a provocative es
Page 244 and 245: R. Staiff 233 determinism) is polit
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Page 250 and 251: Table 14.1. Tourism attitude items
Page 272 and 273: A. Trau and R. Bushell 261 ment age
Page 274 and 275: A. Trau and R. Bushell 263 and in t
Page 276 and 277: A. Trau and R. Bushell 265 Bank, an
Page 278 and 279: A. Trau and R. Bushell 267 Educatio
Page 280 and 281: A. Trau and R. Bushell 269 healthy
Page 282 and 283: A. Trau and R. Bushell 271 1 4 Good
Page 284 and 285: A. Trau and R. Bushell 273 communit
Page 286 and 287: A. Trau and R. Bushell 275 The Aust
Page 288 and 289: A. Trau and R. Bushell 277 Notes ab
Page 290 and 291: A. Trau and R. Bushell 279 prepared
Page 292 and 293: A. Trau and R. Bushell 281 from the
Page 294 and 295: 16 Sustainable Tourism in the 21st
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 285 tou
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 287 Not
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 289 wha
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R.N. Moisey and S.F. McCool 291 nat
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Index Aboriginal 220-221, 260-265,
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Index 295 Overseas Development Init
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